高原鼠兔胃与结肠内容物食性分析方法的比较

小哺乳动物的食性是种群生态学的重要组成部分。本研究于2018年6—7月,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,通过显微组织分析法对12只高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）胃及结肠内容物进行了食性比较分析。结果表明：高原鼠兔胃内容物镜检到7科16种（属）植物碎片,主要组分包括垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）15.07%、棘豆（Oxytropis spp.）9.07%、嵩草（Kobresia spp.）7.38%、鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserine）7.11%;而结肠内容物只镜检到3科6种（属）植物碎片,主要组分包括嵩草21.99%、垂穗披碱草13.68%、早熟禾（Poa spp.）5.04%、鹅绒委陵菜2.00%。根据高原鼠兔的胃和结肠内容物镜检结果,分别计算其取食植物的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数、食物生态位宽度指数,分析高原鼠兔食物组成多样性,结果显示,除了均匀度指数,其它3种指数胃内容物均高于结肠内容物,且胃内容物和结肠内容物的识别率差异极显著（χ²=8.619,df=1,P<0.01）。上述研究结果表明,食性分析中胃与结肠内容物镜检结果显著不同,所得出的食物选择结果也大相径庭,胃内容物显微分析较结肠能更准确地反映高原鼠兔采食的植物种类以及对食物的选择性。     

洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠食性调查

于2009年4月至2011年6月,在洞庭湖区湖滩、滨湖农田、防洪堤坝3种生境中捕捉黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)223只,观察胃内容物,分析了洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠的食性。结果表明:洞庭湖区3种生境中黑线姬鼠的食物组成都以植物种子为主,总计达(66.55±2.37)%,其次为植物茎、叶,其比例为(19.01±2.13)%,植物根所占比例为(8.27±1.05)%,动物性食物为(6.05±0.97)%。但黑线姬鼠的食物组成会随着不同生境、季节而有一定的变化。种子资源相对较少的季节和生境,相应的黑线姬鼠的食物组成中的种子所占比例就会较低。同一生境中,幼年鼠和亚成年鼠的食物组成与成年鼠、老年鼠区别较大,孕期雌鼠与同季节、同生境的非孕期雌鼠相比也有较大差异。说明尽管黑线姬鼠以取食植物种子为主,但其食性会随着生境可获得资源的不同而有所调整。     

托勒南山半圈养白唇鹿食性分析

利用粪便显微分析法和选择指数(E)对白唇鹿粪样28份(暖季)和20份(冷季)进行研究。结果表明,粪样中可识别植物碎片9科15种(属),以莎草科、禾本科、豆科、蔷薇科和蓼科植物为主,莎草科占71.75%±0.74%,其次为禾本科(13.4%±0.89%)、豆科(3.23%±0.37%)、蓼科(2.19%±0.2%)、蔷薇科(1.62%±0.29%)。白唇鹿对食物有很强的选择性,栖息地主要植物有16科68种,而白唇鹿取食9科15种(属)食物,7种(属)植物呈正选择,1种(属)植物呈随机选择,4种(属)植物呈负选择。     

达乌尔鼠兔和布氏田鼠食物资源竞争关系的研究

布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔是内蒙古典型草原的两种主要害鼠。本文研究了重叠分布于内蒙古克什克腾旗阿其乌拉境内克氏针茅+冷蒿+羊草草场上的布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔的食物资源竞争关系。胃内容物显微组织学分析结果表明,夏季布氏田鼠取食羊草、杂花苜蓿、阿尔泰狗娃花等20种植物,而达乌尔鼠兔则选择羊草、菊叶委陵菜和杂花苜蓿等15种植物为食     

神农架地区4种啮齿类食性及脏器形态差异比较

生活在同一地域的物种,会因强烈的资源竞争而产生生态位重叠与分离,从而实现相互共存。以神农架地区啮齿动物为研究对象,比较分析不同啮齿类食性、脏器重量及消化道形态差异,探索其共存机制及其生理生态学上的适应策略。食性上,安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、社鼠(N.confucianus)、高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)、中华姬鼠(A.draco)均为杂食者,但各自喜食偏好不同,安氏白腹鼠的食物组成以植物枝叶和种子为主,社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠的食物组成均以种子和动物性食物为主。与各自生态习性及其食性相适应,不同啮齿动物的脏器重量及消化道形态发生相应的变化。脏器重量上,不同啮齿动物心鲜重、肺鲜重、脾鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。安氏白腹鼠的心干重、肺干重、肝鲜重和干重、肾鲜重和干重显著大于社鼠、高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠。消化道形态上,不同啮齿动物盲肠长、净鲜重和干重无显著差异,其它指标差异显著。其中,胃含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重,盲肠含内容物鲜重,大肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重均以安氏白腹鼠具较大值,但各自变化趋势不同;小肠长、含内容物鲜重、净鲜重和干重则以社鼠具较大值。且同属姬鼠属的高山姬鼠和中华姬鼠脏器重量及消化道形态各指标间均无显著差异。由于小泡巨鼠和猪尾鼠数量较少,未进行统计分析。以上结果显示:食物资源利用上的分化有利于安氏白腹鼠与其近缘物种社鼠及其他鼠类的同域共存,且为适应不同的食物资源利用模式,其脏器及消化道形态也发生了适应性的变化;同域分布的近缘物种高山姬鼠、中华姬鼠则有可能采取其它策略而非食物资源分化模式实现共存。     

金沙江上游干旱河谷植被

为了解金沙江上游奔子栏到羊拉约130 km河段范围内干旱河谷的植被特征,作者采用样带与典型样方相结合的方法,对该河段进行了植物群落调查。结果显示:(1)研究区域记录到野生维管植物51科95属111种(含种下等级),其中,蕨类植物4科4属6种;无裸子植物;被子植物中双子叶植物40科71属84种;单子叶植物7科20属21种。(2)群落物种以草本为主,达67种,占总物种数的60.36%;生活型以地面芽植物为主,占总物种数的32.43%,矮高位芽次之,占27.93%;叶型以微型和小型叶为主,微型叶有30种,占统计总数(50种)的60%,小型叶有11种,占总数的22%。(3)用双向指示种分析方法可将93个样方分为5个群系。分布最广、物种丰富度最高的是小叶荆+小叶野丁香(Form.Vitex microphylla+Leptodermis pilosa var.microphylla)群系。(4)根据对该河谷区域的气候特点、干旱程度、植被特征(植株矮化、叶片小、植物毛被发达、植株具刺、部分植物有吸湿反应性特征等)的分析,综合植物群落的外貌、结构、物种构成和植物形态,可以确认金沙江上游干旱河谷植被具有亚热带荒漠植被类型的特征。     

北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征

为了认识北京城市生态系统植物的构成特点、变化趋势及保护城市植物多样性 ,进而为北京城市绿化提供科学基础 ,对北京城区五环内各功能类型的植物进行了抽样调查、标本采集、鉴定和研究。结果表明 :(1)北京城区五环内共有维管束植物 99科30 7属 5 36种 ,其中北京本地种 2 79种 ,占总种数的 5 2 .0 5 % ,国内引进种 15 0种 ,占总种数的 2 7.99% ,国外引进种 10 7种 ,占总种数的 19.96 %。 (2 )北京城区植物属的区系地理成分以北温带成分为主 ,占城区总属数的 2 1.0 5 % ,远低于全北京植物北温带成分占 30 .30 %的比例 ;温带亚洲物种、旧世界温带物种、世界分布物种的比例都呈减少趋势 ;除旧世界热带物种成分外 ,其它热带物种成分的比例都有所增加。(3)城区各功能区物种丰富度从大到小的顺序为公园、学校校园、居民小区、道路、体育中心及单位场院、广场及公共建筑。公园、学校校园植物的总种数都占城区五环内植物总种数的 5 0 %以上 ,是城区植物的物种库。但本地植物物种比例在所有的功能区中均较低 ,甚至在公园与学校校园 ,本地物种的比例也分别只有 5 3.86 %与 5 2 .5 2 % ,居民小区和广场及公共建筑的北京本地种比例分别只有 4 1.39%和 4 0 .2 3%。 (4 )公园的乔、灌木植物多样性最高 ,荒地的草本植物     

黄河鼠兔Ochotona huangensis(Matschie,1907)的分类研究

黄河鼠兔(Ochotona huangensis)由Matschie(1907)发表,长期以来国内外学者意见纷纭,有人将它归入藏鼠兔(O.thibetana),有的则作为达乌尔鼠兔(O.daurica)的同物异名。经查对地模及邻近地模产地的标本,并与其相似种进行了仔细的对比,认为黄河鼠兔不同于藏鼠兔、甘肃鼠兔、达乌尔鼠兔,而是一有效物种。     

基于4个叶绿体基因识别蓑藓属(Macromitrium)植物的可行性研究

我国的蓑藓属植物形态变异式样复杂,分类问题多.DNA条形码技术是一种新的物种鉴定技术.本研究以采自浙江、福建、云南、广西、四川等省的蓑藓属(Macromitrium)7个物种及其外类群直叶藓Macrocoma tenue subsp. sullivantii和火藓Schlotheimia grevilleana的38份标本为对象,获得了它们的叶绿体基因trnL、trnG、psbT和rps4序列,基于这些基因的不同组合构建了15棵贝叶斯系统发育树,获得了相应的蓑藓属植物的物种识别率、种内和种间的遗传距离.发现基于trnL-rps4、trnL-trnG-rps4、trnL-psbT-rps4、trnG-psbT-rps4和trnL-trnG-rps4-psbT等5个组合能够较好地识别本研究中蓑藓属植物,均得到了100%的物种识别率.考虑到扩增和测序的成功率和得到的7种蓑藓属植物的系统发育关系,建议将trnL-trnG-psbT组合用于蓑藓属植物的系统发育分析和物种识别的DNA条形码.     

热带山地雨林木本豆科和樟科植物叶内生细菌群落:物种与功能群多样性及驱动因子

揭示热带木本豆科与樟科植物的叶内生细菌群落的物种与代谢功能群组成差异及其驱动因子有助于理解热带森林的植物适应性和生物多样性维持机制。本研究采用IlluminaMiseq测序平台检测海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林中豆科与樟科植物叶内生细菌,并采用FAPROTAX微生物地球化学循环代谢功能数据库注解内生细菌功能。从豆科植物的长脐红豆(Ormosia balansae)、软荚红豆(O. semicastrata)与樟科植物的厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis)、硬壳桂(C. chingii)共4种植物检测到叶内生细菌可操作分类单元(operationaltaxonomicunits,OTUs)达1,123个,隶属于21门36纲51目92科160属,其中有600个OTUs被鉴定为变形菌门,72个OTUs为酸杆菌门,分别占总细菌序列数的57.17%和15.12%;噬纤维菌目的薄层菌属(Hymenobacter)及根瘤菌目的甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)的细菌物种最丰富,分别达37和27个OTUs。叶内生细菌物种组成在豆科与樟科植物之间存在显著差异(ANOSIM:R=0.5...     

柯氏鼠兔在东昆仑山的生存现状

１９９９年６￣７月,对东昆仑山柯氏鼠兔的分布状况、栖息生境、生存现状及繁殖等内容做了调查,结合所掌握的资料,首次对该物种的生存现状做了初步的分析。     

基于ISSR标记和线粒体Cyt b基因分析高原鼠兔的遗传多样性及其遗传分化

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原的特有动物和关键种。本实验应用ISSR分子标记和细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因序列分析了雅鲁藏布江两岸高原鼠兔4个种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果显示,两种标记所得到的4个种群的遗传多样性都较高,并以Cytb基因为指标的遗传多样性水平在种群间体现出较大差异。在ISSR标记中,分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明种群间的遗传变异为13.50%,种群分化较低且UPGMA聚类时江北岸与南岸的种群有交叉;而在Cytb基因中遗传变异主要发生在种群间,占79.24%,种群间存在着显著的遗传分化,且江北岸和南岸的两个种群分别聚为一类。研究结果表明,mtDNA基因在反映种群遗传多样性和遗传分化上较ISSR分子标记相对具有优势。     

Joint study on the teratogenic sensitivity of the Pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens) to selected drugs

A collaborative study was conducted to investigate the teratological susceptibility of the Pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens) to selected teratogenic chemicals: cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, 6-aminonicotinamide, actinomycin D, ethylurethan, ampicillin, tetracycline, thalidomide, diphenylhydantoin, hypervitaminosis A, aspirin, dexamethasone, betamethasone and bredinin. Some of the chemicals were shown to be teratogenic in the Pika, but this animal was generally more resistant to their teratogenicity than the rabbit and rodents. In the Pika, thalidomide did not induce any typical limb defects, which have been produced in the rabbit. Pikas reproduce well and appear to have no substantial disadvantages as an animal species for teratological studies. Thus, the Pika may be useful as a new non-rodent species for teratological testings.     

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between 0. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. aythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. atrzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana. The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotona, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus     

高原鼠兔低氧适应机制的研究概况

综述了新型实验动物——高原鼠兔对高原低氧环境的适应特点,并与移居大鼠、人类及世居高原人群的生理变化进行了比较,对于高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制,从血液学、氧的摄取、氧利用及肺循环的结构和功能,进行了较为系统的阐述,对高原适应的生理研究及发展方向也做了扼要介绍。     

基于BIOMOD的青海湖流域高原鼠兔分布模拟

随着统计模型及空间信息数据的不断发展和完善,物种分布模型已经成为全球变化背景下研究大尺度物种分布情况的重要工具。高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原特有的关键物种,在青藏高原生态系统中占有重要地位。通过采集高原鼠兔的分布点数据及环境变量数据,基于R语言中BIOMOD包中的7个模型对其在青海湖流域的分布进行了模拟。结果表明,高原鼠兔主要分布于青海湖西岸和北岸、天峻县周边及布哈河流域上游,影响高原鼠兔分布的主要环境因子为距道路距离、距居民点距离、最暖月最高气温、NDVI标准差、最冷季和最干季降水量。BIOMOD组合模型中,推进式回归树模型(GBM)和最大熵模型(MAXENT)的模拟效果最好,广义线性回归模型(GLM)结果较差。而优化后的结果显示,模拟结果的集成和筛选能有效提高模型的精度和效果。     

Intraspecific Variability of the Shape of the Lower Third Premolar in Ochotona hyperborea (Pallas 1811)

Biology Bulletin - The shape variability of the chewing surface of the third lower premolar (p3) was analyzed in modern members of the Northern Pika (Ochotona hyperborea). The variability in the...     

American pika in a low‐elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature‐sensitive species

In 2010, the American pika (Ochotona princeps fenisex) was denied federal protection based on limited evidence of persistence in low‐elevation environments. Studies in nonalpine areas have been limited to relatively few environments, and it is unclear whether patterns observed elsewhere (e.g., Bodie, CA) represent other nonalpine habitats. This study was designed to establish pika presence in a new location, determine distribution within the surveyed area, and evaluate influences of elevation, vegetation, lava complexity, and distance to habitat edge on pika site occupancy. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted surveys for American pika on four distinct subalpine lava flows of Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Oregon, USA. Field surveys were conducted at predetermined locations within lava flows via silent observation and active searching for pika sign. Site habitat characteristics were included as predictors of occupancy in multinomial regression models. Above and belowground temperatures were recorded at a subsample of pika detection sites. Pika were detected in 26% (2011) and 19% (2012) of survey plots. Seventy‐four pika were detected outside survey plot boundaries. Lava complexity was the strongest predictor of pika occurrence, where pika were up to seven times more likely to occur in the most complicated lava formations. Pika were two times more likely to occur with increasing elevation, although they were found at all elevations in the study area. This study expands the known distribution of the species and provides additional evidence for persistence in nonalpine habitats. Results partially support the predictive occupancy model developed for pika at Craters of the Moon National Monument, another lava environment. Characteristics of the lava environment clearly influence pika site occupancy, but habitat variables reported as important in other studies were inconclusive here. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of the species’ current distribution and ability to persist under future climate conditions.     

高寒草甸地区小哺乳动物群落多样性的初步研究

高寒苹甸地区的人工草场、半人工草场、次生杂类草草场和撩荒地中共有4个小哺乳类群落;根田鼠+高原鼢鼠群落;根田鼠+甘肃鼠兔群落;高原鼠兔+高原鼢鼠群落;长尾仓鼠+高原鼠兔群落。小哺乳类群落种的多样性与植物群落种的多样性无显著相关关系,而与植被的高度、盖度呈显著负相关关系。高原鼢鼠是各生境中的广布种。根田鼠与甘肃鼠兔在植被郁闭度高的环境中为群落的主要组成者;植被郁闭度低的环境中,高原鼠兔和长尾仓鼠是群落的主要成员。它们的空间格局主要反映空间环境条件的差异。     

Climate Tolerances and Habitat Requirements Jointly Shape the Elevational Distribution of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps), with Implications for Climate Change Effects

Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefore, is critical for predicting responses to climate change. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is an ideal species for investigating distributions in relation to climate because of their unusual and well-understood natural history as well as observed shifts to higher elevation in parts of their range. We tested three hypotheses for the climatic or habitat characteristics that may limit pika presence and abundance: summer heat, winter snowpack, and forage availability. We performed these tests using an index of pika abundance gathered in a region where environmental influences on pika distribution have not been well-characterized. We estimated relative pika abundance via scat surveys and quantified climatic and habitat characteristics across two North-Central Rocky Mountain Ranges, the Wind River and Bighorn ranges in Wyoming, USA. Pika scat density was highest at mid-elevations and increased linearly with forage availability in both ranges. Scat density also increased with temperatures conducive to forage plant growth, and showed a unimodal relationship with the number of days below -5°C, which is modulated by insulating snowpack. Our results provide support for both the forage availability and winter snowpack hypotheses. Especially in montane systems, considering the context-dependent nature of climate effects across regions and elevations as well as interactions between climatic and other critical habitat characteristics, will be essential for predicting future species distributions.