饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对中华绒螯蟹成体雄蟹生化组成的影响

为研究饲料中添加雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)粉对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)成体雄蟹成活、增重和生化组成的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的雨生红球藻粉,配制4种等氮等脂的育肥饲料,投喂生殖蜕壳后雄蟹60 d,计算各组成活率、增重率、特定生长率和肥满度,同时测定了组织中的常规营养成分、脂肪酸组成和类胡萝卜素含量,并对实验数据进行方差分析。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对成体雄蟹的成活率、增重率、特定生长率和肥满度均无显著影响。(2)雄蟹性腺中的粗蛋白及肝胰腺总脂含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.4%组最高,而肌肉水分含量随饲料中雨生红球藻粉含量的升高整体呈上升趋势(P0.05)。(3)性腺中的脂肪酸C20:0含量随饲料雨生红球藻粉添加水平的升高而显著上升,而C16:1n7、C18:2n6和C18:3n3含量分别在雨生红球藻粉0.6%组、0.4%组和0组最高(P0.05)。(4)肝胰腺中的脂肪酸C14:0、C18:0和C18:1n7含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.2%组最高,而C18:1n9和总单不饱和脂肪酸(∑MUFA)含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.6%组最高(P0.05)。(5)肌肉中的脂肪酸C14:1n5和C20:2n6含量在雨生红球藻粉0.2%组最高(P0.05),C16:0含量及二十二碳六烯酸/二十碳五烯酸(DHA/EPA)比例以雨生红球藻粉0.4%组最高,而C22:6n3、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)、∑n-3 PUFA和总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.6%组最高(P0.05)。(6)肝胰腺中的虾青素、β-胡萝卜素和头胸甲中的虾青素、叶黄素、玉米黄素含量随饲料中雨生红球藻粉含量的升高而显著上升(P0.05)。综上,饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对成体雄蟹成活率、增重率和肥满度无显著影响,但可提高性腺粗蛋白、肌肉总多不饱和脂肪酸、肝胰腺和头胸甲中的类胡萝卜素含量,雄蟹育肥饲料中适宜的雨生红球藻粉添加量建议为0.4%左右。     

育肥饲料中植物油混合替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹雄体脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的影响

为研究植物油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)脂肪酸代谢产生的影响, 通过荧光定量PCR (qRTPCR)技术研究了河蟹脂肪酸碳链延长酶(Es-FAE)、9脂肪酸去饱和酶(Es-FAD9)、6脂肪酸去饱和酶b (Es-FAD6b)、脂肪酸结合蛋白3 (Es-FABP3)、脂肪酸结合蛋白9 (Es-FABP9)和脂肪酸结合蛋白10 (Es-FABP10)基因在不同组织中的表达情况, 以及育肥饲料中不同鱼油替代水平(鱼油替代水平分别为0、25%、50%、75%和100%, 记为饲料1#5#组)对河蟹雄体肝胰腺中这些基因mRNA表达水平的影响, 以探讨育肥中鱼油替代对河蟹雄体成蟹脂肪酸代谢的影响。结果表明: (1) Es-FAE、Es-FAD6b和Es-FAD9均在肝胰腺中表达水平最高, 在心脏和血淋巴中表达水平较低, 不同基因在其他组织中的表达规律有所不同; Es-FABP3、Es-FABP9和Es-FABP10主要在肝胰腺、肌肉、输精管和副性腺中表达水平较高, 在胃、肠和心脏中表达水平较低。(2) 随着饲料中鱼油替代水平的提高, 肝胰腺中Es-FAE-mRNA有显著增加趋势; 就Es-FAD6b而言, 饲料3#组显著高于饲料2#组, 其余各组间差异不显著; 随着饲料中鱼油水平的降低, 饲料1#3#组肝胰腺中Es-FAD9-mRNA也有显著增加趋势, 但差异不显著。(3) 就Es-FABP3而言, 饲料2#和3#组肝胰腺中表达水平最高,且显著高于饲料1#组(P0.05), 其余各组间差异不显著; 随着鱼油替代水平的升高, 肝胰腺中Es-FABP9和Es-FABP10-mRNA水平均有先上升后下降趋势, 但各组间差异不显著。综上, 河蟹脂肪酸代谢和转运相关基因在肝胰腺中表达水平最高, 饲料中不同鱼油替代水平对肝胰腺中上述基因mRNA表达水平具有较大影响。     

n-3PUFA对高脂SHR 大鼠血压及血浆游离脂肪酸谱的影响

目的:观察高饱和脂肪酸及n-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食后对自发性高血压大鼠血压、静息心率、体重、血脂、血糖及游离脂肪酸谱的影响。方法:选择8周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)30只和同龄对照大鼠(WKY)30只,随机分为6组:SHR、WKY普通饲料组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂加鱼油饮食组各10只,持续喂养至16周龄。干预期间每两周测定血压和体重,干预前后测定静息心率、血脂、血糖及血浆游离脂肪酸谱。结果:(1)血压和静息心率的变化:SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;WKY大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组静息心率显著性增高(P=0.007),而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组静息心率有下降趋势,但差异无显著性(P=0.125),WKY大鼠静息心率各组间无明显差异。(2)血浆游离脂肪酸谱:与WKY大鼠比较,SHR大鼠中亚麻酸(Linolenic acid,ALA)、花生四烯酸(Linoleic Acid,AA)与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6PUFA含量增高,高脂饮食增加了饱和脂肪酸(Saturated fatty acid,SFA),有显著差异(P0.05),高脂鱼油组二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)及二十碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid,EPA)增加导致n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3PUFA)含量增加(P0.05),SHR大鼠高脂鱼油组亚油酸(Linoleic Acid,LA)、AA含量减低(P0.05)。结论:膳食补充n-3PUFA可能通过影响交感神经活性和血浆脂肪酸谱的组成而改善高饱和脂肪酸所致SHR大鼠的血压升高。     

中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)越冬前后脂肪酸和4种类胡萝卜素含量的变化

实验以越冬前后的中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹作为研究对象,利用高效气相色谱法分别检测一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺及头胸甲中脂肪酸含量变化、利用液相二级质谱法分别测定一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺、头胸甲和血淋巴中4种类胡萝卜素含量变化。结果表明:肝胰腺中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C20:0、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) C18:1n9作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,其含量越冬后显著下降(p0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)中的C18:3n3、C22:6n3越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。头胸甲的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C16:0、C18:0,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中的C18:1n7作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,越冬后含量下降显著(p0.05)。多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA) C18:2n6、C20:3n6越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。越冬后头胸甲中4种类胡萝卜素含量均极显著下降(p0.01)。其中,血淋巴中虾青素、叶黄素含量极显著升高(p0.05),β-胡萝卜素含量极显著下降(p0.05)。肝胰腺中虾青素与叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素变化趋势与血淋巴的一致,角黄素含量显著下降(p0.05)。越冬期间气温、水温的短暂升高可能使一龄幼蟹短暂摄食。越冬前经育肥的扣蟹越冬后能量物质无显著变化,越冬后根据肝胰腺颜色来判断一龄幼蟹质量的方法不科学。     

再投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响（英文）

为研究植物油替代鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)生长及肌肉脂肪组成的影响及重投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响,实验以大豆油分别替代饲料中的0(FO)、50(S1)、75(S2)和100%(SO)的鱼油配制等氮、等能的颗粒饲料,每组设置3个平行,养殖80d后,再投喂鱼油30d。结果表明,饲料中添加豆油不会显著影响瓦氏黄颡鱼的增重率、肝体指数和体成分(P0.05)。随着饲料中大豆油含量的增加,S2和SO组肌肉中C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6和单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著增加(P0.05),而C20:5n-3,C22:5n-3及n-3/n-6比例显著下降(P0.05)。再投喂鱼油30d后,SO组肌肉中C18:3n-6、C20:4n-6、Σn-9、Σn-6和S2组中C18:1n-9、Σn-6比例显著下降(P0.05),而S2和SO组肌肉中Σn-3多不饱和脂肪酸、C20:5n-3和C22:5n-3比例显著增加(P0.05)。在生产中,可采用先植物油饲料、后鱼油饲料的养殖方式提高瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉品质(增加有益人类健康的多不饱和脂肪酸)。     

中华绒螯蟹白化症、正常肝胰腺组织结构及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱、组织学及电镜技术分别对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹白化症肝胰腺与正常肝胰腺脂类和脂肪酸组成、显微及超微结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：正常肝胰腺的总脂含量（31.54%肝胰腺湿重）显著高于白化症肝胰腺（19.07%肝胰腺湿重）,两种蟹肝胰腺的脂类组成没有显著差异,但脂肪酸组成存在一定的差异,白化症肝胰腺中C18∶1的含量显著高于正常肝胰腺,中性脂和极性脂HUFA正常蟹肝胰腺含量都高于白化症蟹,但没有显著差异。组织学结果和超微结构观察表明：白化症肝胰腺肝小管的上皮细胞壁结构紊乱,微绒毛及微绒毛黏膜大部分脱落,细胞内仅见有零星的线粒体、脂肪滴分布,R细胞呈现空泡化。     

三疣梭子蟹软壳硬化阶段肝胰腺的营养成分及脂肪酸组成分析

采用常规营养物质测定方法和气质联用(GC-MS)技术,研究了三疣梭子蟹软壳硬化阶段肝胰腺的基本营养成分和脂肪酸组成。结果发现在其软壳硬化的过程中肝胰腺指数、粗脂肪和灰分含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白含量趋势相反;表明脂类是主要的能源物质。共检测出42种脂肪酸,其中C16:0(棕榈酸)、C18:1(n-9)(油酸)和C22:6(n-3)(DHA)是主要脂肪酸;蜕壳后0～6 h,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在肝胰腺中的含量显著降低(P<0.05),而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量则均有不同程度的上升;6～48 h,MUFA在肝胰腺中的含量逐渐上升,PUFA的含量则与其相反;SFA在6～24 h时降低,随后升高;∑EPA+DHA在肝胰腺中的含量与∑PUFA的含量变化趋势一致。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝生长和组织中脂肪酸含量的影响

用6种不同脂肪源:鱼油(FO)、亚麻油(LO)、大豆油(SO)、二十碳四稀酸(ARA)+花生油(APO)、花生油(PO)和猪油(PL),配制了6组含脂量为8%的等氮(44%粗蛋白)、等能(19.4 MJ/kg)饲料,喂养黄鳝10周后,其结果显示:饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝的生长有影响。PO组的特定生长率(SGR)最低,显著低于SO、FO组(P<0.05);SO组的SGR显著高于除FO组之外的其他各组(P<0.05)。黄鳝组织中的18:3n-3和18:2n-6含量与饲料中的对应脂肪酸含量呈线性相关,缺乏ARA的试验组黄鳝各组织中ARA的含量与饲料中的18:2n-6含量存在弱的线性相关;但在各组织中ARA的含量均显著低于APO组(P<0.05)。缺乏二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的LO、SO、PL、PO各组,卵巢中的EPA和DHA含量与饲料中的18:3n-3含量呈对数函数相关;但在各组织中EPA、DHA的含量均显著低于FO组(P<0.05)。结果表明n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是黄鳝生长重要的脂肪酸,黄鳝生长需要一个适宜的n-6/n-3比值;大豆油、亚麻油、猪油替代鱼油可基本满足黄鳝生长对脂肪酸的需要,其中以大豆油最佳。黄鳝可合成长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA),但合成LC-PUFA的量有限。     

亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油对大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad基因表达的影响

为了研究亚麻籽油(LO)和豆油(SO)完全替代鱼油(FO)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad (Δ6 Fatty acid desaturase)基因表达的影响。实验用豆油和亚麻籽油替代鱼油制备了3种等氮等脂的精制饲料, 在海水浮动网箱中进行了为期10周的养殖实验。实验结果表明: (1)鱼油组的增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于亚麻籽油组和豆油组(P<0.05), 但对成活率, 肝体指数和脏体指数没有显著影响(P>0.05); (2)亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油显著改变了鱼体肝脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成, 降低了肝脏和肌肉LC-PUFA (Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid)的相对含量(P<0.05), 在亚麻籽油组(LO)和豆油组(SO)中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 在各处理组中, 肌肉的n-3LC-PUFA的相对含量显著高于肝脏(P<0.05); (3)亚麻籽油和豆油显著上调了肌肉和肝脏中Δ6Fad基因的表达量(P<0.05), 其表达量在肝脏中分别升高了7.6和6.5倍, 在肌肉中分别上升了2.2和2.8倍。结果表明, 在实验条件下亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油对大黄鱼生长具有不利影响, 亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油降低了肝脏和肌肉中LC-PUFA的含量, 提高了Δ6Fad基因的表达量。     

不同类型脂肪酸对SD大鼠血清脂肪酸及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的分析中链饱和脂肪酸（MC-SFA,MCF组）、长链饱和脂肪酸（LC-SFA,LCF组）、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸（n-6 PUFA,SUF组）和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 PUFA,TUF组）四种脂肪酸对大鼠血清脂肪酸及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为5组,对照组给予普通日粮,高脂组给予脂肪热量比相同的高脂日粮。喂养10周,每18 d测定空腹血糖（GLU）、血清脂肪酸、血清胰岛素水平,根据胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）=ln1/（FPG×FINS）评定大鼠的胰岛素敏感性。结果10周后,LCF组和SUF组大鼠体重显著高于对照组和其它高脂组;LCF组血清胰岛素显著高于对照组（P﹤0.05）;LCF组、TUF组ISI显著低于对照组（P﹤0.05）;各组间血糖无明显差异（P〉0.05）。SUF组、TUF组血清LC-SFA浓度显著低于LCF组（P﹤0.05）;TUF组血清（n-3 PUFA）显著高于对照组和其它高脂组（P﹤0.05）。结论不同类型脂肪酸的高脂饲料对SD大鼠的血清脂肪酸组成和含量有显著的影响,SD大鼠脂肪沉积及胰岛素抵抗程度随血清脂肪酸代谢作用的不同而变化。     

裂叶荆芥不同部位香精油组成研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法,分别从裂叶荆芥的叶、茎和花三个不同部位提取香精油并进行气相色谱/质谱分析.结果发现,叶、茎、花的香精油分别含有23、29、26种组分.叶和花香精油的组成和含量基本相似,主要成分是含量分别为15.09%、14.51%的薄荷酮和29.26%、31.36%的(+)-胡薄荷酮等单萜化合物以及含量分别为17.09%、5.00%的α-律草烯等倍半萜.而茎香精油的萜类化合物含量较低,含薄荷酮为4.15%,(+)-胡薄荷酮为7.68%,但其乙酯含量相对较高,如(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯含量为11.92%,异戊酸乙酯为9.38%.     

石榴籽油的提取及成分分析

采用正交试验方法研究了超临界CO_2萃取石榴(Punica granatum L)籽油的技术体系,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对石榴籽油的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度30℃,分离温度55℃,萃取时间70min,在此条件下油脂产率为20.4%。GC-MS分析的结果显示,石榴籽油的主要成分是脂肪酸。饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚麻酸和亚油酸,占脂肪酸总量的86.86%。     

Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants

This study aimed to identify the main components of an essential oil produced from leaves of Ambrosia trifida and to evaluate its potential allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with both mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Total 69 compounds were identified, with limonene (20.7 %), bornyl acetate (15.0 %), borneol (14.7 %) and germacrene D (11.6 %) as the major components. The working solutions of the essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 % and 1 %, v/v). The results obtained showed that increase in essential oil concentration leads to decrease in seed germination, as well as shoot and radical length of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p<0.05) between control and 1 % and 0.5 % oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oil of A. trifida exhibited more powerful phytotoxic effects on lettuce, watermelon and tomato than on cucumber regarding germination and early seedling growth.     

下田菊挥发油化学成分的研究

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法、两相溶剂萃取法提取下田菊(Adenostemma lavenia(L.)O.Ktze.)地上部分的挥发油,提取10h的挥发油得率为0.990%。采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术结合计算机检索对该挥发油的化学成分进行了分析和鉴定,采用色谱峰面积归一化法计算了各成分的相对含量。从挥发油中共分离出36个峰,鉴定了其中的35种成分,占总量的99.56%,其中α-荜澄茄油烯(32.62%)、石竹烯(24.97%)和γ-榄香烯(5.53%)为主要成分,此外α-石竹烯(3.97%)、α-恰米烯(3.57%)、双环[4,3,0]-7-亚甲基-2,4,4-三甲基-2-乙烯基-壬烷(3.41%)、γ-萜品烯(3.07%)、d-柠檬烯(2.57%)、α-蒎烯(2.49%)及2-蒈烯(2.28%)的含量也较高。     

水酶法提取石榴籽油脂肪酸组成与氧化稳定性分析

通过气相色谱-质谱法分析了水酶法提取的石榴籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:石榴籽油含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总不饱和脂肪酸含量达94%以上。采用Schall烘箱法,以过氧化值(POV)为参考指标,研究了光线、温度及抗氧化剂对石榴籽油氧化稳定性能的影响。结果表明,温度、光线对石榴籽油的氧化过程都有影响,温度的影响更为显著;叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)对石榴籽油具有良好的抗氧化效果,并与抗坏血酸(VC)具有较好的协同增效作用;生育酚(VE)和没食子酸丙酯(PG)对石榴籽油无显著抗氧化作用。     

Effects of Two Highly Monounsaturated Oils on Lipid Composition and Enzyme Activities in Rat Jejunum

The effects of two monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oils, olive oil (OO)and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), with high content in oleic acid butdiffering in their non-fatty acid fraction, on brush-border membrane(BBM) lipid composition and fluidity and on mucosal enzyme activitiesof rat jejunum were studied. Animals were given semipurified diet withlinoleic acid to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (control group)or semipurified diet containing 10% of either OO or HOSO for 12weeks. There was a significant decrease in the content of jejunalBBM phospholipids together with an increase in the level of freecholesterol in both oil-fed rats, when compared to controlgroup. Although the increase in the BBM free cholesterol levelwas not statistically significant in HOSO-fed rats, a significantdecrease in the phospholipid/free cholesterol ratio was found inboth OO and HOSO-fed animals compared to control group. Rat jejunalBBM had a high level of free fatty acids which was increased in BBMisolated from OO and HOSO-fed animals. There was no statisticalsignificant difference in the phospholipid distribution between thecontrol and the OO group. However, HOSO-fed animals showed the lowestlevel of phosphatidylethanolamine together with the highestphosphatidylcholine content and the phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelinratio. The fatty acid pattern of jejunal BBM lipids was modifiedaccording to the major fatty acids in the oils. There was a decreasein both stearic acid (18:0) and linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), togetherwith an increase in oleic acid (18:1 n-9) in jenunal BBM isolatedfrom both oil experimental groups. All these results were accompaniedby a significant increase in the BBM fluidity (as assessed bysteady-state fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene) isolatedfrom oil-fed rat, when compared to control group. OO and HOSO-fedanimals had the lowest activities of sucrase and maltase, whilealkaline phosphatase activity only was decreased in HOSO-fedanimals. The specific activity of maltase was not modified in anyexperimental rats. In summary, both MUFA oils induced similar effectson jejunal BBM lipid composition, fluidity, sucrase, maltase andlactase activities. Furthermore, HOSO intake resulted in a lowestalkaline phosphatase activity which was accompanied by changes inindividual phospholipid composition. All these results suggest thateffects of MUFA oils on jejunal BBM lipid composition and hydrolaseactivities are most likely due to the presence of high content ofoleic acid rather than other components contained in the non-fattyacid of olive oil.     

Effect of γ Irradiation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean and Soybean Oil

Food irradiation is a form of food processing to extend the shelf life and reduce spoilage of food. We examined the effects of γ radiation on the fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation level, and antioxidative activity of soybean and soybean oil which both contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Irradiation at 10 to 80 kGy under aerobic conditions did not markedly change the fatty acid composition of soybean. While 10-kGy irradiation did not markedly affect the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, 40-kGy irradiation considerably altered the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, 40-kGy irradiation produced a significant amount of trans fatty acids under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Irradiating soybean oil induced lipid peroxidation and reduced the radical scavenging activity under aerobic conditions, but had no effect under anaerobic conditions. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition of soybean was not markedly affected by radiation at 10 kGy, and that anaerobic conditions reduced the degradation of soybean oil that occurred with high doses of γ radiation.     

Comparison of Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Different Botanical Organs of Pinus mugo Growing in Poland

The essential oils from needles, twigs, bark, wood, cones and young shoots of Pinus mugo were analyzed by GC, GC/MS, and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. More than 130 compounds were identified. The oils differed in the quantitative composition. The principal components of the oil from twigs with needles were 3‐carene (23.8 %), myrcene (22.3 %), and α‐pinene (10.3 %). The needle oil contained mainly α‐pinene (18.6 %), 3‐carene (11.3 %), and bornyl acetate (8.3 %). The oils from twigs without needles, young shoots, bark, and wood were dominated by 3‐carene (28.6 %, 15.0 %, 18.5 %, and 34.6 %, respectively) and myrcene (23.4 %, 24.0 %, 24.6 %, and 9.4 %, respectively). In the cone oil (E)‐β‐caryophyllene was the main constituent (24.0 %).     

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity against Tribolium Castaneum of Thapsia garganica L. Seed Essential Oil

Due to the several side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, and the development of pest resistance to insecticides, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. Recently, the use of essential oil obtained from aromatic plants has shown significant potential for insect pest management. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from seeds of Thapsia garganica L. was investigated for the first time for its chemical profile, and its toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum adults. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 18 organic volatiles representing 96.8 % of the total constituents. The main compounds were 1,4-dimethylazulene (51.3 %) followed by methyl palmitate (8.2 %), methyl linoleate (6.2 %) and costol (5.1 %). Concerning the repellent effect, results revealed that SEO (Seed Essential Oil) was very repellent towards T. castaneum adults, with 100 % repellency after 2 h of exposure. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited remarkable contact toxicity against T. castaneum (93.3 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 % (v/v). The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the topical application of the seed essential oil was 4.4 %. These encouraging outcomes suggested that the essential oil from T. garganica seeds could be considered a potent natural alternative to residual persistent and toxic insecticides.     

Interpopulation Variability in the Essential Oil Composition of Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus from Sardinia

Cistus genus is widespread in the Mediterranean regions with several species and is traditionally known as a natural remedy, but few previous phytochemical researches have been reported on Cistus species growing in Sardinia. The aim of this work was to study the interpopulation variability of the volatiles of C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus to find out the natural chemotypes of this taxon for chemotaxonomic purposes. Plant material was collected from seven wild populations in Sardinia. The oils from aerial part were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS enabling to identify 185 compounds. The seven samples showed appreciable variations in their chemical composition. MA was found almost exclusively linear hydrocarbons (85%) and MN presented fatty acids (36.97%) as major fraction. CP and MN had high quantity of non‐terpenic carbonylic compounds (63% and 69%, respectively) and in CP was found also sclareol, a well‐known antimicrobial compound. PCA analysis showed the existence of a high interpopulation variability within the essential oils of C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus growing in Sardinia. For example, MN and CP are very close to each other as CG is close to PM. BN is isolated from the others Cistus populations due to lacking essential oil. These data suggest that the basis of variation in the volatile composition of seven C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus populations depends on hybridization and that the sample without essential oil is the only one no‐hybridized.