强光下SO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-对盐藻叶绿素荧光的影响

强光下（1000μmolm-2s-1）用低浓度（1mmol／L）处理盐藻1h,其Fv／Fm、qN,qp和PSⅡ都较暗对照高。随着SO浓度（5,25,50,100mmol／L）的提高,Fv／Fm、qN、qp和ΦPSⅡ下降。20mmol／L的HCO3-可减缓这种下降趋势。强光下1mmol／LHCO3-对25mmol／LSO产生的光抑制不但没在减弱反而有所加强,提高HCO3-浓度则有减弱作用,尤以50mmol／L的效果最好,而且qN可随HCO3-浓度的增高而上升,至100mmol／L才略有下降。低浓度下SO（5mmol／L）强光的光抑制在随后的低光条件下（40μmolm-2s-1）放置2h能完全恢复,高于此浓度引起的光抑制不能完全逆转。低光下HCO3-能促进光抑制的恢复。     

蛋白质修饰剂、变性剂和活性氧对菠菜叶片光系统Ⅱ光失活的影响

菠菜叶圆片以活性氧、蛋白质修饰剂和变性剂结合强光处理半小时,检测叶绿素荧光动力学并与单照强光的对照作比较。加人H2O2、·O2、OH·和O2等活性氧加剧了PSⅡ的光抑制作用,Fv／Fm,qp和PSⅡ降低,qn和1—qp相应上升。4种蛋白质修饰剂NBS、DEPC、BDE和pCMB的处理,使叶片的Ch1荧光参数发生了与活性氧作用相类似的变化,尤以精氨酸残基修饰剂BDE的影响较为显著。SDS明显地影响FV和qp但未改变qN值。Gu－HC1导致qp完全丧失,qN达最大值。低浓度的脲素和DMSO略为降低PSⅡ活性和增大qN。结果认为对叶绿体蛋白构象或结构的任何改变皆引起光下PSⅡ光失活作用的增强。     

水稻淡黄绿叶色突变体的光氧化特性研究

为了解水稻淡黄绿叶色突变体‘标810S’的光保护机制,在自然强光条件下对突变体‘标810S’及其野生型‘810S’连体剑叶经5mmol/L甲基紫精(MV)处理后的光氧化特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,在MV处理条件下,突变体‘标810S’剑叶净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(ФPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭(qP)下降幅度明显低于野生型‘810S’,而非光化学淬灭(qN)上升幅度及PSⅠ和PSⅡ活性则明显高于‘810S’;同时,‘标810S’剑叶抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)含量以及超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性均明显高于‘810S’,而超氧阴离子(O-·2)产生速率、膜脂过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量则明显低于‘810S’。研究认为,在光氧化处理下淡黄绿叶色突变体‘标810S’是通过增加热耗散、提高抗氧化物质含量和保护酶活性、减少超氧阴离子和丙二醛的积累来维持较高的光系统活性和光合能力,从而表现出耐光抑制(光氧化)的生理特性。     

外源抗坏血酸和过氧化氢对小麦离体叶片衰老的调节（简报）

以1、5mmol·L(-1)抗坏血酸及0．1、0．5mmol·L(-1)过氧化氢于暗中处理小麦离体叶片的结果表明：前者明显提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性,减少脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的产生,使小麦叶片衰老延缓;后者对抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性影响不大,略微降低过氧化氢酶活性,也明显促进蛋白水解酶活性的上升,导致可溶性蛋白质含量下降加速,从而促进小麦叶片衰老。     

高温强光胁迫下外源钙对甜椒(Capsicum fructescens L.)幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为探讨钙(Ca2+)对甜椒幼苗生长的影响,以甜椒品系156为试材,分别喷施清水(对照)、5 mmol·L-1(T5)和10 mmol·L-1Ca Cl2(T10),研究了高温(37℃)强光(1 200μmol·m-2·s-1)胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片光合作用及叶片中活性氧(ROS)清除酶活性的变化。结果表明,高温强光胁迫条件下,与对照植株相比,外源施钙可维持较高的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及较低的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。甜椒幼苗功能叶在高温强光胁迫处理后,T5和T10叶片的1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)活性及叶片PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)较高,表明Ca2+有利于减轻胁迫条件下甜椒幼苗叶片的光抑制现象。另外,高温强光胁迫条件下,植株叶片活性氧清除酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量明显增加,且Ca2+处理(T5和T10)的植株高于对照植株,丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率则明显低于对照,这些结果均表明胁迫条件下外源施钙可以通过提高幼苗叶片ROS清除酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来保护光系统反应中心,从而减轻外界胁迫对植物的伤害。     

4个二价金属氯化盐对玉米幼苗生理指标影响的比较研究

比较研究了4个二价金属的氯化盐(CaCl2、MgCl2、CdCl2和CuCl2)对玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.用10 μmol·L-1 CdCl2和CuCl2处理10 d明显减少玉米幼苗根系和地上部干物重,抑制根系伸长生长.同时,叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值、Fv/Fm、F0、Fm、qP、qN和Yield(实际量子产额)都呈明显下降;而抗氧化系统酶(SOD、CAT、POD、GR和APX)活性明显上升.10 μmol·L-1 CdCl2处理下叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、qP、Yield、还原型GSH含量以及抗氧化酶活性均高于10 μmol·L-1 CuCl2处理.10 μmol·L-1 CdCl2处理还明显降低叶片水势和蒸腾速率,增加叶片气孔阻力,表现出水分胁迫;而10 μmol·L-1 CuCl2处理对叶片水势和蒸腾速率没有显著影响.10 μmol·L-1 CaCl2处理显著增加叶绿素含量和根系净伸长,10 μmol·L-1 MgCl2也增加根系净伸长,但10 μmol·L-1 CaCl2和MgCl2处理对叶绿素荧光参数、水分和抗氧化系统等指标均无明显影响.     

强光及外源活性氧对莴苣叶绿素荧光的影响

莴苣叶绿体在强光处理下发生先抑制,主要表现为叶绿素荧光参数Fv／Fm和ΦPSⅡ降低;外源活性氧H2O2、O2·OH和1O2均能引起叶绿体PSⅡ光化学效率Fv／Fm不同程度的下降,其中以1O2影响最明显;H2O2在诱导叶绿体荧光猝灭过程中,引起荧光产量降低,而使qp、qN、ΦPSⅡ、KD上升;在H2O2诱导的叶绿体荧光猝灭过程中,Fe2 能使qN和KD低于对照;由于1O2的产生对PSⅡ反应中心造成了损伤,引起qp和ΦPSⅡ下降。     

ABA对水稻幼苗叶片光抑制的光保护作用

经ABA处理的水稻幼苗叶片和对照相比 ,PSII光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)和非光化学猝灭系数 (qN)显著受抑制。经高光处理 1h后 ,ABA处理的水稻幼苗叶片光抑制程度比对照小 ,这暗示ABA对高光光抑制具有一定的光保护作用 ,且间接表明ABA提高水稻幼苗抗光抑制的能力与叶黄素循环密切相关。     

毛白杨细胞质抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因的克隆及表达分析

利用同源克隆技术得到1个毛白杨细胞质抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因,命名为PcAPX。该基因编码249个氨基酸残基,预测分子量为33.01kD。采用原核表达技术在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化该蛋白并进行酶活性分析,结果表明:重组PcAPX蛋白对抗坏血酸(AsA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)有很高的活性,其对抗坏血酸的米氏常数(Km)和最大反应速度(Vmax)分别为(0.71±0.03)mmol·L-1和(0.41±0.02)mmol·L-1·min-1·mg-1;对过氧化氢的Km和Vmax分别为(0.60±0.21)mmol·L-1和(0.35±0.12)mmol·L-1·min-1·mg-1,表明PcAPX对AsA和H2O2拥有较高的催化底物的能力和催化效率。利用实时定量RT-PCR分析毛白杨PcAPX基因的表达模式,结果表明其在老叶中表达量高于新叶、韧皮部、形成层和根部。该研究结果将进一步促进毛白杨APX基因家族成员参与植物生长调控的研究。     

不同浓度Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响水

以骆驼蓬幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0、50、100、200、400 mg·kg-1)Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性及生长状况的影响.结果表明:随着Ni浓度的增加,骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产率(φpsⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)及各项生长指标均呈显著下降趋势,而细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭系数(qn)呈显著增加趋势,其中Pn的下降主要是由非气孔限制所致;骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci、Fv/Fm、φpsⅡ、qp及各项生长指标均在50 mg·kg-1Cu处理时达到峰值,叶绿素a和b、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci、Fv/Fm及各项生长指标值在100 mg·kg-1Cu处理时仍微高于对照,而后随Cu浓度的增加,光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci、Fv/Fm、φpsⅡ、qp及各项生长指标均呈下降趋势,qN呈增加趋势,其中Pn的下降主要是由气孔限制所致.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.