水丝蚓对太湖沉积物有机磷组成及垂向分布的影响

以太湖常见底栖动物——水丝蚓为研究对象,借助室内流动培养装置和31P核磁共振技术(phosphorus-31 nuclearmagnetic resonance spectroscopy)(31P-NMR),研究生物扰动对太湖沉积物有机磷组成及垂向分布的影响。结果表明:短时间内水丝蚓扰动对沉积物有机磷化合物种类组成影响并不显著,但会引起上层沉积物中稳定性较差的有机磷化合物磷脂和DNA含量出现显著降低,同时沉积物中总磷和有机磷的垂向分布亦发生明显改变。此外,水丝蚓扰动下沉积物含水率、孔隙率和碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加,使活性较高的有机磷化合物分解加速,最终导致表层沉积物中的磷脂与DNA含量降低。     

太湖春季沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征及界面释放的影响

通过对太湖春季不同湖区水体和沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征研究,探讨了间隙水中磷的释放对上覆水环境的影响。结果表明,颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)是太湖水体中主要的磷形态,占总磷的58%～95%。不同湖区沉积物间隙水磷的剖面变化可能与生态特征及水动力引起的沉积物-水界面的扰动强度密切相关。湖心和西部沿岸沉积物扰动强烈,致使间隙水中磷含量向上逐渐降底,而梅梁湾和贡湖间隙水磷的垂向变化不大。东太湖和竺山湖沉积物界面间隙水中磷含量偏高,可能是由于表层沉积物的有氧环境使Fe2+被氧化固定下来,并促进了总磷(TP)和溶解态活性磷(DRP)的扩散释放。总体而言,间隙水中各形态磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势,其中DRP的扩散潜力最大,竺山湖沉积物-水界面DRP扩散通量高达11.42mg.m-2.d-1,表明春季浮游植物的复苏生长对DRP的迫切需求。     

摇蚊幼虫对沉积物中重金属复合污染评估

使用采自野外的6组沉积物作为受试沉积物,一龄摇蚊(Chironomus tepperi)幼虫作为受试物种,对摇蚊幼虫分别进行了5 d生长及20 d慢性毒性试验,分别观测了摇蚊幼虫头宽、体长,雄、雌性摇蚊平均羽化时间、摇蚊发育速率、存活率、羽化率、摇蚊性别比例共8项指标与沉积物中污染的响应关系。结果表明,摇蚊体长、存活率及羽化率均受到As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的污染而显著降低(P0.05),摇蚊发育速率、雄性摇蚊羽化时间及雌性摇蚊羽化时间显著提前(P0.05),摇蚊幼虫头宽与羽化后的雌雄比例与沉积物重金属间不存在显著相关,Cr、Ni、Co与摇蚊生长发育的各指标间并不存在显著相关。在所观测因素中,摇蚊幼虫体长、摇蚊平均羽化用时、羽化率、存活率在测试沉积物质量方面是需要重点考虑的因素。     

羽摇蚊幼虫和霍甫水丝蚓的生态毒理学研究

本文以羽摇蚊幼虫和霍甫水丝蚓为对象,进行了丁基磺毒杀作用的试验。结果表明,丁基磺不仅污染环境,而且对这两种水生生物均有较高的毒杀作用;这两种水生生物对其毒性都分别产生不同的症状;在低浓度下,亦产生不同效应;不同浓度丁基磺对摇蚊幼虫24小时毒理试验LC₅₀为256.2ppm,对水丝蚓LC₅₀为25.8ppm;不同季节出现的毒性效应均有差异。在试验结果的基础上,对水丝蚓中毒后出现了不同类型的症状;温度、酸碱度等不同生态因素对丁基磺毒性的影响以及加强水丝蚓生态毒理学工作的必要性等问题进行了讨论。     

三峡水库蓄水后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落结构的变化

2003年8月到2004年8月对长江三峡水库香溪河库湾的底栖动物进行了定量研究。共采到底栖动物26种,隶属4门6科,总平均密度为276ind./m2,总平均生物量为0.301g/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫。与其他同类型的水库比较香溪河库湾的现存量相对较低。研究结果同时显示随着蓄水时间的延长,底栖动物的现存量在逐渐增加。霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫等耐污种发展为优势种,表明水质有恶化的趋势,寡毛类的平缓发展说明目前香溪河库湾的沉积情况尚不严重。     

泉州湾红树林湿地沉积物中汞分布及形态特征

采集了泉州湾红树林湿地表层沉积物样品,测定了沉积物中不同形态汞的含量,研究了汞的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性.泉州湾红树林湿地表层沉积物中总汞含量范围0.03～0.22 mg·kg-1,除14#采样点外,其余各采样点均符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002) Ⅰ类标准;沉积物中不同形态汞占总汞的比例为可氧化态(84.0%)＞残渣态(14.0%)＞可还原态(1.8%)＞弱酸溶态(0.2%);沉积物中汞的生物有效性较高,对红树林生态系统存在一定的潜在危害.     

太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

为揭示现阶段太湖大型底栖动物群落现状及其对生态环境变化的响应, 于2007年2月至2008年11月对太湖大型底栖动物进行为期两周年的季度调查。30个采样点共记录底栖动物3门7纲19科40种, 底栖动物平均密度和生物量空间差异较大, 平均密度高值出现在梅梁湾、竺山湾及河口, 主要为寡毛纲颤蚓类; 平均生物量高值出现在贡湖湾、西湖区、东太湖和东部湖湾, 主要为软体动物。霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、中华河蚓(Rhyacodrilus sinicus)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)和钩虾属一种(Gammarus sp.)是现阶段太湖大型底栖动物的优势种。聚类分析将30个采样点分成3组, 相似性分析检验表明各聚类组大型底栖动物群落具有显著差异(P<0.05)。多样性分析结果表明, 东太湖和东部湖湾物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度最高, 优势种为腹足纲螺类; 梅梁湾、竺山湾及河口多样性最低、密度最高, 霍甫水丝蚓和中华河蚓在该区占据绝对优势; 贡湖湾、湖心和西湖区多样性处于中等水平, 其优势种为河蚬。研究结果表明营养水平、底质类型以及水生植被的分布是决定太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的关键因子。     

长江口潮滩生态系统氮微循环过程中大型底栖动物效应实验模拟

依据长江口滨岸潮滩大型底栖动物的自然分布特征,选取了两段典型的研究区域——崇明东部潮滩和浒浦岸段边滩,运用实验模拟和对比分析方法,定量地研究了大型底栖动物谭氏泥蟹和河蚬对潮滩生态系统中氮营养盐的界面扩散及其早期成岩变化的影响。研究表明,谭氏泥蟹主要通过掘穴活动增加沉积物-水-气三相接触界面,促进沉积物中的无机氮(NH 4- N、NO- 2 -N和NO- 3- N)向上覆水体中扩散,并且也加快了沉积物中氮的氨化作用和硝化作用速率,而河蚬则主要通过生理活动机制影响潮滩生态系统内氮素的迁移转化过程。研究结果深刻揭示了大型底栖动物通过生物扰动和生理活动作用机制,促进了长江口潮滩生态系统内氮素的生物地球化学循环过程速率。     

太湖沉积物中氮循环菌的微生态

采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,对梅梁湾和贡湖湾湖区沉积物中微生物的主要种群,及氮循环功能微生物的数量和分布进行了研究,发现随着深度增加,细菌和古菌数量均逐渐减少,但古菌在总菌数中所占比例有所增加;梅梁湾沉积物中氨氧化细菌及亚硝酸氧化细菌的数量均高于贡湖湾,随深度增加,两者数量均逐渐减少,但在贡湖湾其占总菌数的比例高于梅梁湾,表明水生植物可能对沉积物中微生物组成及氮循环有重要影响。泉古菌在太湖沉积物中普遍存在且数量高于氨氧化细菌,说明其在淡水湖泊中对氮循环可能有重要作用。     

基于VGPM模型和MODIS数据估算梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力

基于MODIS影像数据反演的2009年2月份至12月份太湖梅梁湾水域表面叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度以及水温数据,结合初级生产力垂向归纳模型(Vertically Generalized Production Model:VGPM)估算获得梅梁湾2009年逐月平均日初级生产力时空分布。结果表明,梅梁湾2009年年平均日初级生产力及逐月平均日初级生产力空间分布差异显著,呈现从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势。时间序列分析显示,梅梁湾初级生产力季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,全年初级生产力主要集中在夏季,占47.4%。通过分析VGPM模型中几个输入参数对初级生产力的影响,发现悬浮物浓度与标准化初级生产力存在显著负冥函数关系,反映沉积物再悬浮引起的悬浮物浓度增加能降低水体初级生产力。温度对初级生产力也有一定的调控与制约,与初级生产力呈现正相关趋势,在低于21℃的温度范围内与最大光合作用速率呈现正相关。     

Oxygen concentration profiles and exchange in sediment cores with circulated overlying water

SUMMARY. 1. The overlying water of intact sediment cores was constantly stirred with an impeller at a rate sufficient to mix turbulently the water column and maintain the diffusive boundary layer at a determined thickness. The system allowed standardization of water circulation in laboratory sediment core experiments.
2. Both oxygen concentration and oxygen penetration depth in the sediments decreased, the former by 70% and the latter from 4.2 mm to 2.0 mm, when the overlying water was not stirred for 24 h, as measured with oxygen microelectrodes in a lake sediment core.
3. Oxygen profiles measured in sediment cores in the laboratory were similar to those measured in situ when the overlying water was stirred with an impeller at such a rate that a similar thickness of the diffusive boundary layer at the sediment-water interface developed in the laboratory as that in situ.
4. Sediment oxygen consumption was calculated from: (1) measured oxygen profiles in the diffusive boundary layer and the molecular diffusion coefficient for oxygen in water; (2) the measured oxygen decrease in the top of the sediments and the estimated diffusion coefficient in the sediment; and (3) by oxygen differences in the overlying water after incubation of sediment cores.     

Imaging Oxygen Distribution in Marine Sediments. The Importance of Bioturbation and Sediment Heterogeneity

The influence of sediment oxygen heterogeneity, due to bioturbation, on diffusive oxygen flux was investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out with 3 macrobenthic species presenting different bioturbation behaviour patterns: the polychaetes Nereis diversicolor and Nereis virens, both constructing ventilated galleries in the sediment column, and the gastropod Cyclope neritea, a burrowing species which does not build any structure. Oxygen two-dimensional distribution in sediments was quantified by means of the optical planar optode technique. Diffusive oxygen fluxes (mean and integrated) and a variability index were calculated on the captured oxygen images. All species increased sediment oxygen heterogeneity compared to the controls without animals. This was particularly noticeable with the polychaetes because of the construction of more or less complex burrows. Integrated diffusive oxygen flux increased with oxygen heterogeneity due to the production of interface available for solute exchanges between overlying water and sediments. This work shows that sediment heterogeneity is an important feature of the control of oxygen exchanges at the sediment-water interface.     

The role of environmental factors in the ecology of tubificid oligochaetes - an experimental study

The effects of temperature, oxygen and substrate on growth rates of three tubificid oligochaetes were examined in the laboratory. Two species Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) had similar narrow temperature ranges over which growth occurred, from 10–13°C and both showed a considerable tolerance to extended periods of anoxia, of at least 16 and 10 weeks respectively. However no growth was observed under anoxic conditions. A third common species Ilyodrilus templetoni was sensitive to anoxia and could not survive more than four weeks. There was no evidence of differences in substrate quality affecting growth rates of either T. tubifex or L. hoffmeisteri . The temperature and oxygen responses of these three species may explain their distribution in some lakes of the English Lake District.     

Seasonal distribution of nitrifying bacteria and rates of nitrification in coastal marine sediments

The distribution of nitrification potential (NP) with depth in sediment and season was investigated in a shallow sandy sediment (0.5 m water) and a deeper muddy sediment (17m water). In both sediments, nitrifying bacteria were present in the anoxic strata (oxygen penetration was 5 mm below the surface). The NP at 6–8 cm depth in the sediment was 50% and 10% of the surface NP at the sandy and muddy sediment, respectively. It is suggested that bioturbation and physical disturbance of the sediment were the most likely reasons for this distribution. The NP increased as sediment temperature decreased. This effect was less marked in the muddy sediment. It is concluded that during the summer, the numbers or specific activity of nitrifying bacteria diminished for the following reasons: There was decreased O₂ penetration into the sediment and increased competition for O₂ by heterotrophs; there was increased competition for NH₄ ⁺ and there was inhibition by H₂S. These effects counteracted the potentially higher growth rates and increased rates of NH₄ ⁺ production at the elevated summer temperatures. The potential nitrification rates in the upper 1 cm, which were measured at 22°C, were converted to calculated rates at the in situ temperature (Q₁₀=2.5) and in situ oxygen penetration. These calculated rates were shown to closely resemble the measured in situ rates of nitrification. The relationship between the in situ rates of nitrification and the nitrification potential is discussed.     

In situ study of the effect of oyster biomass on benthic metabolic exchange rates

Oxygen consumption and dissolved nitrogen fluxes at the water-sediment interface of an oyster-bed were measured in situ using transparent enclosures inserted on undisturbed sediment. Experiments were performed in summer, under dark and light conditions, with various densities of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (0–150 animals m ^{– 2}). The influence of oyster biomass on oxygen and ammonia exchange rates was similar in both lighting conditions. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing biomass, though not at the level of prediction for the highest biomasses, suggesting a depressed respiration rate. Ammonia release never matched the rates predicted by adding sediment efflux to oyster excretion, when biomass exceeded 100 g DW m ^{– 2}. The coupling between oxygen consumption and ammonia release (O : N ratio) was thus influenced by oyster biomass. Stabilization of nitrogen release was related to enhanced nitrification in the presence of oyster and/or sediment uptake of ammonia against the molecular gradient. Urea release was erratic but appeared uninfluenced by oyster biomass. Fluxes of oxygen and of each nitrogen compound displayed thus a specific response to modifications of the oyster biomass. Both the organisms and the sediment are involved in regulation processes of metabolic exchange rates at the water-sediment interface.     

滆湖底栖动物群落的时空变化及水质生物学评价

2009年5月-2010年2月对滆湖底栖动物群落进行了调查,并根据底栖动物群落结构对水质进行了生物学评价。结果表明:采集到底栖动物共35种,隶属于3门25属;优势种类为中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、克拉泊水丝蚓(L.claparedeianus)、中华河蚓(Rhyacodrilussinicus);滆湖底栖动物的年均密度为374.1ind·m-2,寡毛类对密度的贡献最大,占年均密度的77.4%,最大密度出现在夏季,春季最低,St14年均密度高于其他站点;滆湖底栖动物的年均生物量为17.78g·m-2,软体动物对生物量的贡献最大,占年均生物量的97.4%,夏季生物量最大,冬季最低,St14年均生物量明显高于其他各个站点;底栖动物的密度和生物量随季节变化明显,密度的季节变化表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,生物量变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值(H’)、Margalef多样性指数值(D)、Pielou均匀度指数值(J)和BI指数值表明滆湖水体处于中度到重度污染状态。     

Seasonal changes in vertical distribution, biomass and faecal production of tubificids in the profundal region of a shallow Japanese lake

Two tubificid species Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and L. claparedeianus formed more than 93% of the total number of oligochaetes in the profundal. Limnodrilus spp. worms were found down to 33 cm in the sediment but in great numbers in the upper zone in June and October. Worms confined to the top 15 cm of sediment accounted for 53-92% of the total number. There were two annual maxima in population density and biomass, one in late spring (66000 inds m⁻², 17 g wet wt m⁻²) and the other in mid autumn (97000 inds m⁻², 176 g wet wt m⁻²). Two regression lines describing the effect of temperature on faecal production rate were obtained; Log F = 0.0604 T (°C) −0.7660 (below 15°C), Log F = 0.0266 T – 0.2170 (above 15°C). In total 26.8 kg dry wt m⁻² of sediment was defecated annually by Limnodrilus spp. The sediment in the 0–10 cm stratum may pass through the guts of the worms 2.3 times a year. Sedimentation rates in profundal region were very low with respect to the faecal production rates of the tubificids.     

Methane oxidation by methanotrophs and its effects on the phosphate flux over the sediment-water interface in a eutrophic lake

The effect of methane oxidation in aerobic sediment on oxygen consumption and phosphate flux was investigated in diffusion chambers. The diffusion chambers consisted of two compartments separated by a Teflon membrane. In the upper chamber a thin sediment layer was present and the lower chamber was continuously flushed with gas. The hydrophobic membrane allowed for diffusion of gases from the lower chamber through the sediment layer toward the headspace of the upper chamber. In experiments with a methane oxidation rate of 9.8 mmol m^–2 day^–1, the oxygen consumption rate increased by a factor of two compared with controls without methane oxidation (8.6 vs 17.7 mmol m^–2 day^–1). Methane oxidation significantly decreased oxygen penetration depth (2.5–4.0 vs 1.0–2.0 mm). However, despite the shrinkage of the oxidized microlayer, no differences were found in phosphate flux across the sediment water interface. Batch experiments with standard additions of methane revealed that the growth of methanotrophic bacteria contributes to the phosphate uptake of aerobic sediment. From the batch experiments a molar ratio of carbon to phosphate of 45 mol:mol was calculated for the growth of methanotrophs. Results suggest that a decrease in chemical phosphate adsorption caused by a decrease in the oxygen penetration depth could be compensated for entirely by the growth of methanotrophic bacteria. Send offprint requests to: A.J.C. Sinke     

Oxygen requirements of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in embryo toxicity tests with environmental samples

The zebrafish embryo test is a widely used bioassay for the testing of chemicals, effluents and other types of environmental samples. Oxygen depletion in the testing of sediments and effluents is especially important and may be a confounding factor in the interpretation of apparent toxicity. In order to identify oxygen levels critical to early developmental stages of zebrafish, oxygen consumption of zebrafish embryos between 0 and 96h post-fertilization, minimum oxygen levels required by the embryos for survival as well as the effects of oxygen depletion following exposure to model sediments were determined. No significant effects on zebrafish embryo development were observed for oxygen concentrations between 7.15 and 3.33mg/L, whereas at concentrations between 3.0and 2.0mg/L minor developmental retardations were observed, yet without any pathological consequences. Oxygen concentrations lower than 0.88mg/L were 100% lethal. In the sediment contact tests with zebrafish embryos, native sediments rich in organic materials rapidly developed strongly hypoxic conditions, particularly at the sediment-water interface (0 to 500μm distance to the sediment).