我国有尾动物分类中几个问题的研究

本文对有尾两栖类小鲵科Hynobiidae山溪鲵属、巴鲵属、小鲵属分类研究中的同物异名,以及属称的订正方面进行了进一步探讨,认为我国山溪鲵属应为5种,无唇褶山溪鲵B.cochranae应为北方山溪鲵Batrachuperus ti-betanus同物异名。巴鲵属是一个有效属称,义乌小鲵Hynobius yiwuensis应为中国小鲵H.chinensis的同物异名,黄斑拟小鲵Pseudohynobius flavonaculatus可以暂定为秦巴北鲵Ranodon tsinoaensis的同物异名。黑抓异鲵Xenobius melanonychus是否有效种有待确定。     

龙洞山溪鲵精子的超微结构

应用透射电镜和扫描电镜对龙洞山溪鲵(Batrachuperuslongdongensis)精子的超微结构进行观察和研究,探讨山溪鲵属以及小鲵科物种精子的结构特征,并探讨有尾两栖类精子结构特征的演化及其与生殖进化的关系。结果表明:1)龙洞山溪鲵的精子具小鲵科物种精子的共同特征,即精子无顶体钩,顶体呈三叶草状,尾部无线粒体,轴纤维粗大呈圆柱状等特征;2)龙洞山溪鲵精子核脊的形态结构与小鲵科其它属物种以及有尾类其它科物种精子的核脊存在明显的差别,由此可见核脊形态结构具有属或种的特异性。此外,与已有报道的有尾两栖类物种精子的结构特征进行分析比较表明:1)有尾类精子特征的分化与其受精方式的变化是一致的;2)精子结构特征支持隐鳃鲵超科为单系的推测     

中国小鲵科属、种分类变更的回顾

小鲵科为亚洲特有的有尾两栖动物,是现生有尾目10科中第三大科.中国是小鲵科动物属、种分布的主要区域,且研究其分类历史较久,学者较多,故导致学术观点差异较大.本文对中国小鲵科分类地位发生变更的部分属(巴鲵属Liua、拟小鲵属Pseudohynobius、肥鲵属Pachyhynobius)、种(秦巴巴鲵L. tsinpaensis、满洲小鲵Hynobius mantchuricus、豫南小鲵H. yunanicus、弱唇褶山溪鲵Batrachuperus cochranae和太白山溪鲵B. taibaiensis)的变更历史进行回顾,旨在为小鲵科动物的分类提供一个清晰的背景知识.     

山溪鲵属的分类探讨及一新种的描述

山溪鲵属Batrachuperus隶蝾螈目Salamandriformes小鲵科Hynobiidae。我国的山溪鲵主要分布于四川西部及相邻省(区)的边缘地区。多年来,由于已发表的某些种的鉴别特征难于掌握,有的又无模式标本查对,在分类上发生一些混乱。近年来,我们在收集了各个地区(包括模式产地和近模式产地)的大量标本和资料的情况下,较深入地进行了研     

西藏山溪鲵繁殖生态的初步观察

本文作者于1987年3月至1988年3月,在甘肃临夏与甘南交界的太子山中,对西藏山溪鲵的栖息地和习性、产卵的外部条件、卵袋特征、生殖腺的季节变化进行了观察。证明该鲵一年中产卵期集中在4月,在夏季有上岸的习性。并对西藏山溪鲵的繁殖生态、生物学意义进行了初步探讨。     

浙江近海鰓属鱼类形态描述及中国鰓属鱼类分子系统发育分析

为明确浙江近海鲵属鱼类物种组成, 对采自舟山和温州近海共计411尾鲵鱼样品进行形态学测定, 并基于线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因片段探讨其序列差异及系统发育关系。结果显示: 浙江近海的鲵属鱼类为少鳞鲵和中国鲵, 两种鲵鱼形态特征鲜明, 鱼鳔形态差异明显。所测得的少鳞鲵和中国鲵COⅠ基因片段长度均为600 bp, 平均GC含量分别为46.6%和49.9%。依据Kimura-2-parameter模型(K2P), 少鳞鲵和中国鲵的种内平均遗传距离分别为0.002和0.000, 两种间平均遗传距离为0.211。采用邻接法构建的系统发育树显示, 中国鲵先和邵氏鲵聚为一支, 然后与少鳞鲵聚为一支, 再与其他鲵属鱼类聚类。研究结果明确了浙江沿海鲵属鱼类的物种组成, 并为探讨少鳞鲵和中国鲵的系统发育关系及基于COⅠ基因的鲵属鱼类物种鉴定提供了参考。     

山溪鲵头部肌肉大体解剖

通过染色、解剖、观察和绘图对山溪鲵头部肌肉做了详细描述.山溪鲵头部肌肉包括头侧肌肉、头腹肌肉、眼部肌肉及喉部肌肉.其肌肉组成与有尾类头部肌肉的一般构成基本一致.从第二鳃弓游离端内侧发出一细条状肌纤维,附着在三角骨外侧末端,此种情况在以前其他有尾类肌肉系统研究中未见报道.     

秦岭地区的山溪鲵

山溪鲵(Batrachuperus pinchonii)也叫山辣子,是一种药用动物。 1979年7月25日至8月16日,1980年10月6—21日,我们先后在留坝县的庙台子公社大巴沟(海拔1500米)和闸口石公社的宽沟(海拔1700米),对山溪鲵的生活习性做了观测,并分别采到雌雄成幼体标本。     

大鲵和山溪鲵甲状腺和肾上腺的观察

大鲵和山溪鲵都有一对甲状腺,腺体结构相似而分布位置不同。大鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的前端背面、山溪鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的后部外侧。二种动物的肾上腺由许多分布手肾脏腹面的一肾上腺小体组成,小体呈斑状,由类固醇分泌细胞群和嗜铬细胞群构成。另外,在大鲵的生殖系膜等处可见到肾上腺小体。     

山溪鲵消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖

对山溪鲵的消化系统和呼吸系统进行解剖观察,结果表明,山溪鲵的犁骨齿排列方式变异较大,有呈′‵型、ˋˊ型、--型和⌒⌒型;消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;消化腺有肝脏和胰腺,肝脏前方约80%完整不分叶,后方约20%分为三叶;喉部没有软骨,气管直接连接两肺,无支气管.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparison of in vitro decomposition of bryophytic and tracheophytic plant material

The fossil record of bryophytes is generally poor and infertile plants attributable to liverworts and mosses could also be thalloid vascular plant gametophytes or herbaceous lycophytes respectively. The paucity of the bryophytic record could be the result of relatively rapid degradation of bryophytic material in comparison to that of vascular plants, the absence of lignified cells in bryophytes sustaining this belief. However, certain organs of bryophytes are as robust as those of vascular plants (e.g. spores) and the hydroxybenzofuran polymers produced by some mosses could be of similar preservational resistance to lignins. A simplistic experiment to test the relative resistance to decay of bryophytic material has been undertaken. Its findings suggest that bryophytic plant material has a similar preservational potential to that of a selected vascular plant, particularly in organic rich sediments. This result may be construed to imply that bryophytes were indeed less abundant in the preservational environments of the Coal Measures than might be expected on the basis of current palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Genetic Analysis of an Emerging GII.P2–GII.2 Norovirus Associated with a 2016 Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in China

<正>Dear Editor,Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to Caliciviridae and account for more than 50%of all acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks worldwide and cause an estimated 200,000 deaths per year among children\5 years of age, primarily in developing countries (Hall et al. 2012; Glass et al. 2009). The norovirus genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs).     

Development of functional antibodies against influenza B virus by activation-induced cytidine deaminase in hybridoma cells

Highlights
1. Class-switch recombination was mimicked in hybridomas through a controllable expression system of activation-induced cytidine deaminase.
2. IgG antibodies were generated through this system in an anti-Flu B IgM hybridoma 7G1.
3. IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes of 7G1 present improved antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo.     

Development of a biosensor assessing SARS-CoV-2 main protease proteolytic activity in living cells for antiviral drugs screening

Highlights:
The biosensor reported in our study can monitor SARS-CoV-2 M^pro activity in living cells instead of in vitro solutions.
The biosensor reported in our study is sensitive and easy to operate.
It is suitable for high-throughput screening.
It has the potential to be used in small animal models.     

The structure of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Gc is revealed; many more still need an answer

Highlights
1. The structure of glycoprotein Gc, responsible for mediating membrane fusion between cell and CCHFV, is revealed, but many more mysteries remain.
2. Why do only antibodies against Gc have neutralizing effect, but not the one against Gn?
3. Why can NAbs against Gc only be protective in the animals in preventive settings, but not in the therapeutic administration?