荣成天鹅湖湿地越冬大天鹅食性分析

2005年12月～2006年3月以大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)为对象,研究其越冬期间的食性,利用粪便显微组织分析法定量调查其食物组成。结果表明,大天鹅的越冬食物主要为小麦(Triticum aestivum)、海带(Laminaria japonica)和大叶藻(Zostera marina),其中,小麦的比例最大,分别占冬季食物组成的99.67%和早春的90.17%。对冬季与早春的食物组成的差异进行分析,发现大天鹅在天鹅湖保护区发生了食物替代现象。结合以往资料,认为生态污染和湿地结构性破坏导致大天鹅传统食物减少,致使食物替代现象的发生。     

包头南海湿地保护区大天鹅春季行为时间分配及日活动节律

2013年1月11日—3月17日,2014年2月10日—4月15日,采用焦点动物观察法和瞬时扫描法,对内蒙古包头南海湿地保护区内大天鹅Cygnus cygnus的昼间行为进行观察.结果表明:大天鹅的主要行为有取食、休息、运动、保养、警戒和其他,共计6类12种.在时间分配方面,大天鹅主要用于取食(45.8%)、休息(34.1%)、运动(11.1%)和保养(6.8%)行为,且4种行为有明显的节律性变化.另外,1—2月和3—4月取食、休息和保养行为差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),而运动行为差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).相关分析表明:除警戒行为外,其他行为之间存在显著相关性.1—2月为越冬期,大天鹅主要时间用于休息,3—4月为迁徙期,大天鹅主要时间用于取食,为再次迁徙积累能量.     

基于卫星跟踪大天鹅春季迁徙时间及其影响因素

候鸟春季迁徙时间与其能否顺利完成迁徙过程,以及对繁殖地的成功选择和繁殖成效密切相关,通过对大天鹅越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间选择原因及其影响因素进行分析,有助于深入理解候鸟春季迁徙时间策略和栖息地保护状况。2015年2月和12月,在河南三门峡湿地捕捉了60只越冬大天鹅并佩戴卫星跟踪器,获取了详细的大天鹅在越冬地和停歇地的春季迁徙时间等信息,并进一步分析了春季迁徙时间与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,大天鹅主要在夜间22：00-0：00和0：00-1：59迁离越冬地。大天鹅迁离越冬地的日期与温度呈显著性正相关,迁离时多选择顺风且风速较小的天气。大天鹅迁离越冬地后主要是在夜间飞行,而迁离停歇地后主要是在日间飞行。越冬地的温度越高,越有利于植物的生长,大天鹅可以快速地积累能量,提前开始春季迁徙。野外调查表明,内蒙古黄河中上游作为迁徙的重要停歇地,春季两岸捕鱼、农耕和放牧等为活动较多,因此大天鹅多选择在夜间觅食补充能量,在日间迁离。最后,针对黄河流域大天鹅栖息地的保护现状,提出了禁止经济开发项目、建立保护区和开展宣传教育等保护建议。     

内蒙古包头南海子湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

为了解包头南海子湿地鸟类资源现状,2006年8月至2007年10月,对内蒙古包头市南海子自然保护区的鸟类物种多样性和群落结构进行了调查,共记录到鸟类128种,隶属于15目37科.其中,古北界鸟类110种,占调查区鸟类种数的85.94%.居留型主要以夏候鸟和旅鸟为主.根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区的鸟类划分为4个群落.其中,浅水沼泽的鸟类数量最多,多样性指数、均匀度指数均最高.南海子自然保护区对包头市生态旅游产业以及自然保护教育具有重要意义.     

三门峡湿地成幼大天鹅昼间越冬行为差异分析

冬季幼鸟与成鸟面临着不同的生存压力,成鸟负责照顾幼鸟使其获得最大的生存率,这使得它们的行为选择不同。2016年12月—2017年3月,在河南省三门峡湿地,采用瞬时扫描法记录了成、幼大天鹅Cygnus cygnus的行为类型,并对越冬期成、幼大天鹅昼间行为选择的差异进行了分析。结果表明,在整个越冬期,成鸟占比最高的行为是警戒(29.1%),并高于幼鸟(18.5%);幼鸟占比最高的行为是运动(22.7%),并高于成鸟(18.2%)。对不同越冬阶段的行为差异分析表明,成鸟在越冬初期占比最高的行为是警戒(27.6%),幼鸟的是觅食(26.5%)。在越冬初期,幼鸟经过长时间的迁徙,急需补充能量,因此觅食行为占比最高,此时成鸟为保护幼鸟的安全,在警戒上的时间较其他行为更多;进入越冬中期,成、幼鸟的警戒行为均有所增加(成鸟:32.3%;幼鸟:20.8%),占比最高,此时湖面结冰,大天鹅受到天敌攻击的几率增加,因此成、幼鸟警戒行为均有所增加,且此时天然食物减少,成、幼鸟的觅食行为有所下降(成鸟:8.8%;幼鸟:13.5%),并增加了休息时间,以减少能量消耗来抵御严寒;到了越冬后期,成鸟的警戒行为(27.2%)仍是占比最高的行为,但与前期、中期相比,后期有所下降,幼鸟占比最高的行为是运动(26.3%),如飞行等,此时春季迁徙即将来临,幼鸟需要增加运动来锻炼飞行能力;成鸟此时也需积累能量,因此警戒行为与其他2个时期相比有所下降。在整个越冬阶段,成鸟警戒的比例都是最高的,表明成鸟始终以减少觅食和休息时间来保证幼鸟的安全作为首要任务。     

江西南矶湿地斑背大尾莺食性初步分析

为了填补斑背大尾莺食性研究的空白和比较其繁殖期和非繁殖期是否有食性差异,于2011年4月繁殖期,在江西南矶湿地用望远镜观察和录像机拍摄斑背大尾莺亲鸟育雏行为,记录育雏食物的种类和数量;在11月秋季非繁殖期,斑背大尾莺专项环志过程中采集7只意外死亡的个体,进行实验室胃容物解剖分析。两种分析方法分别得出:1)春季取食动物性食物,主要有直翅目蝼蛄科成虫或幼虫、鳞翅目成虫或幼虫、蜻蜓目的成虫,蛛形纲的小型蜘蛛;2)秋季食物由动物性食物(70.24%)和植物性食物(29.76%)组成,动物性食物主要为鞘翅目、直翅目、蜻蜓目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目等节肢动物,植物性食物为一些植物种子和少量的叶片组织。本研究表明,繁殖期和非繁殖期斑背大尾莺食性有差异,这种差异性是随季节变化生境中的食物组成不同,及育雏期雏鸟需高蛋白营养食物而导致的。     

兰州北山三种蜥蜴春季食性分析

兰州地区密点麻蜥、丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥的春季食物均为动物食物。无论在栖息地重叠地区还是非重叠地区,三种蜥蜴的食物种类在种间均无显著差异（Ｆ＝０．８６１,ｄｆＴ＝２,ｄｆＥ＝３６,Ｐ〉０．０５）。种内不同性别和年龄食性无显著差异。     

陕西凤县林麝的冬、春季食性的初步研究

利用粪便显微组织分析法对陕西凤县野生林麝冬季和春季的食性进行了研究.结果表明:林麝冬季主要取食常绿或半常绿灌木和乔木的落叶,经检验确认的有14科16种;春季主要以当年生枝条以及非禾草类草本植物为食,共确认17科18种.其中黄瑞香Daphne giraldii和色木槭Acer mono分别为冬季和春季主要食物,分别占该季食物的20.51%和11.16%.另外,林麝也取食禾草类植物,取食量从冬季的3.01%上升至春季的9.02%.     

3种鹎科鸟类春季食性的分析和比较

白喉红臀鹎Pycnonotus aungaster、白头鹎Pycnonotus saneness和红耳鹎Pycnonotus jocosus 3种鹎科鸟类为玉林市东郊挂榜山区域优势种.2005年1～5月,用网捕法捕获标本共43只,胃检法对这3种鸟类食性进行了初步分析.结果显示:3种鸟类在春季均为杂食性鸟类,以植物性食物为主,植物性食物体积比分别为:58%、75%、76%,食物类群相似指数分别为0.63、0.69、0.72.     

贺兰山野化牦牛冬春季食性

2008年11-12月和2009年4-5月对贺兰山野化牦牛的冬季和春季食性进行了分析,在其分布的哈拉乌沟收集冬季粪样500 g,春季粪样498 g,利用粪便显微分析法分析贺兰山牦牛取食植物的种类组成和比例,结果表明,冬季牦牛取食11科20种(属)植物,主要取食禾本科(59.10%)和菊科(26.05%)植物,其中针茅(35.86%)、冷蒿(23.96%)、冰草(8.28%)、莎草(7.60%)、虎尾草(6.81%)、芦苇(6.58%)构成了冬季食物总量的89.09%,为冬季主要食物。春季取食植物11科21种(属)植物,主要取食禾本科(52.76%)和莎草科(18.80%)植物,其中针茅(22.72%)、莎草(18.80%)、冰草(13.23%)、狗尾草(9.93%)、唐松草(6.46%)、冷蒿(6.31%)占春季食物总量的77.45%,为春季主要食物。此外,冬春季均取食一定量的毛茛科和豆科植物。冬春季针茅都是贺兰山野化牦牛的大宗食物。冬季食物生态位宽度低于春季,而Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于春季。     

环境温度对大天鹅越冬行为和活动区的影响

环境温度变化通过影响鸟类的行为进而使其活动区也发生变化,探讨三者之间的关联性有助于理解鸟类是如何通过行为调整以适应周围环境的变化,来满足自身的生理需求.本研究通过卫星跟踪的方法获得了在河南三门峡湿地越冬的31只大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)详细位点数据,在ArcGIS和R语言中采用核密度估计法计算大天鹅的活动区面...     

Intracellular localization of lead in tissues of the mute swan

The aim of this study was to examine the ultrastructure of kidney, liver, blood and intestine of a lead-poisoned bird and compare these with tissues of a healthy bird. From these results it was hoped to reveal that any abnormalities observed were due to lead poisoning and consequently suitable sections were also selected for X-ray analysis. Renal intranuclear inclusions were present in the lead-poisoned swan. X-ray analysis clearly demonstrated that these granules consist of an amorphous mass of lead probably as lead phosphate. Large numbers of electron dense granules were observed in the liver of the lead-poisoned bird and occasionally in the healthy swans liver. X-ray analysis demonstrated that these granules contain iron. Some of the red blood cells of the lead-poisoned swan have opaque granules associated with the plasma membrane, these were not observed in the healthy swan.     

Diets of prairie dogs (Cynomys mexicanus) co-existing with cattle or goats

Diets of prairie dogs (Cynomys mexicanus) co-existing with goats or cattle were examined using microhistological fecal analysis in a 1-year study on a grassland of northern Mexico. Consumption of forbs was generally higher (33% versus 21% across all seasons; P< 0.05) in prairie dog diets co-existing with cattle compared to prairie dogs co-existing with goats. The diet of prairie dogs grazing with goats was based around grasses (79% of total forage ingested versus 68% for prairie dogs on the pasture grazed by cattle all seasons; P<0.05). In general, prairie dogs showed a higher preference for forbs in the pasture grazed by cattle than in the pasture grazed by goats. Data for dietary overlap (69% across all seasons) pointed to a moderate diet similarity between prairie dogs grazing with goats or cattle. Prairie dogs co-existing with goats had a higher (P<0.05) fecal N concentration in the fall than prairie dog co-occurring with cattle (2.4±0.1 versus 2.1±0.1). In spring and summer, prairie dogs in the pasture shared with goats had higher (P<0.05) fecal P concentrations than prairie dog co-existing with cattle (3.0±0.4 versus 2.5±0.2 and 1.6±0.1 versus 1.0±0.1, respectively). The results of this study indicate distinct differences in diets of prairie dogs co-existing with goats or cattle, although these foraging differences did not affect negatively the diet quality of prairie dogs (based on fecal N and P data) grazing with goats, despite the highly degraded range in this site. Prairie dogs showed a high feeding adaptability, which allowed them to meet their nutritional needs in a highly degraded site around the goat's pens in a settlement with communal grazing land.     

Ecogeographic variation in Neandertal dietary habits: evidence from occlusal molar microwear texture analysis

In the late Middle and early Late Pleistocene, Neandertals inhabited a wide variety of ecological zones across western Eurasia during both glacial and interglacial times. To elucidate the still poorly understood effects of climatic change on Neandertal subsistence patterns, this study employs dental microwear texture analysis to reconstruct the diets of Neandertal individuals from various sites across their wide temporal and geographic ranges. The results of this study reveal environmentally-driven differences in the diets of Neandertal groups. Significant differences in microwear signatures, correlated with paleoecological conditions, were found among Neandertal groups that lived in open, mixed, and wooded environments. In comparison to recent hunter-gatherer populations with known, yet diverse diets, the occlusal molar microwear signatures of all the Neandertal groups indicate that their diet consisted predominantly of meat. However, the results of this study suggest that plant foods did form an important part of the diet of at least some Neandertal groups (i.e., those that lived in mixed and wooded habitats). Overall, the proportion of plant foods in the Neandertal diet appears to have increased with the increase in tree cover.     

Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima

Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima, southwestern Japan, were studied for 2 years by means of fecal analysis. The altitudinal range of fecal samples collected was 30 m to 1,203 m above sea level, and it was divided into three zones: low-zone forest (0–399 m), middle-zone forest (400–799 m), and high-zone forest (800 m–1,230 m). There was a considerable altitudinal and seasonal variation in the macaques' diet. Seed/fruit and animal matter were eaten more in the lower zones, whereas more fiber and fungi were consumed in the higher zones. In all of the zones, they ate seed/fruits the most in autumn (September–November) and the least in spring (March–April). They ate fibrous food the most in spring and the least in autumn. Macaques relied on seed/fruits heavily in the lower zone for a longer period than in the higher zones. Macaques in the high-zone forest ate almost no seed/fruit foods from March to May. Altitudinal variations in availability of seed/fruit foods seem to have influenced the altitudinal variations in diet. Total basal area of seed/fruit-food trees, species richness of seed/fruit-foods, main seed/fruit-food types available, and annual fleshy-fruit production all decreased with increasing altitude. Both interannual variation and annual cyclicity of diet were found in all zones. Electronic Publication     

黄河三门峡库区越冬大天鹅的种群现状

2015年初,黄河三门峡库区发生了大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)等野鸟感染高致病性禽流感病毒的疫情,我们通过对三门峡大天鹅越冬种群的监测和环志回收的分析,了解大天鹅的越冬种群现状和活动状况,希望研究结果有助于我国对大天鹅种群的保护。调查表明,近些年来大天鹅越冬种群数量呈上升趋势,特别是三门峡天鹅湖由2010年410只增加到2014年6 317只,大天鹅种群数量在12月中旬至翌年1月达到高峰,2月下旬陆续离开,至3月下旬全部北迁。根据彩色颈环标记的回收结果,大天鹅对三门峡库区作为越冬地的选择是较为稳定的,不同个体在库区内的各地点之间还存在游荡行为,此外,还观察到带有彩色颈环的119只个体,已经被证实是由蒙古北部和中部的19个湖泊迁徙而来。三门峡湿地公园大天鹅越冬种群数量增加较快,是由于湖泊水质改善且人为大量投食玉米饲料,吸引了众多大天鹅前来越冬。蒙古环志的大天鹅连续多年在三门峡库区越冬也间接反映了这里有良好的栖息环境和丰富的食物资源。然而,初步推测,2015年这次大天鹅感染禽流感病毒可能与种群密度过高有较大的关系,建议当地政府合理投食补饲,不要盲目追求较多的种群数量;同时采取合理有效的措施促进大天鹅种群扩散,如在附近建立适宜的栖息地,这对于大天鹅种群保护具有重要意义。     

新疆巴音布鲁克繁殖期大天鹅的生境选择

2011年和2012年的6-8月,考察了分布于巴音布鲁克自然保护区的大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)种群,分析了大天鹅巢址选择特征和育雏期生境选择特征。在野外共记录到了26个大天鹅巢址。与对照样方比较发现,植被高度、水深、所在水域面积、距干扰源距离和安全等级存在显著差异。进一步逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,植被高度、水深和安全等级是影响大天鹅巢址选择的最主要的3种生境因子。采用样线法对育雏期大天鹅的生境选择进行了调查,发现大天鹅对沼泽湿地表现出正选择性,对草地表现出负选择性。样方法调查中,利用样方与对照样方比较发现,9种生境因子均存在显著差异,逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,距干扰源距离和安全等级是影响大天鹅育雏期生境选择的最重要的两种因子。这样的选择机制有利于大天鹅更好的躲避敌害,顺利完成孵化和育雏工作。     

Next-generation sequencing analysis of Pardosa pseudoannulata&#x27;s diet composition in different habitats

Spiders are the most common and predominant predators in terrestrial ecosystems. The predatory behavior of spiders affects the energy flow across the food web within an ecosystem. Traditiaonal methods for analyzing spider diets such as field observation, anatomy and faeces analysis are not suitable for spider experiments due to spiders’ special dietary behavior. The molecular method based on the specific primers of prey DNA seems to be inefficient either in spite of its wide application in diet analysis. As the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology becomes prevalent in many different areas, several cases of the NGS-based analysis of mammal diets have been published. This study analyzed the diet differences of Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) in four habitats (a wetland, a tea plantation, an alpine meadow and a paddy field) by using the NGS technology, combined with the DNA barcode method. The results suggested that the Pardosa pseudoannulata feed on a broad range of prey, and 7 orders and 24 families of insects were detected in the four investigated habitats. Moreover, it is found that the diet diversity of Pardosa pseudoannulata is greatly influenced by their living environments and seasons. In a nutshell, this study established an NGS-based methodology for spider diets analysis, and the results provided some basic materials to inform the protection and utilization of the Pardosa pseudoannulata as a potential eco-friendly predator against pests.