Challenges of reducing excess nitrogen in Japanese agroecosystems

Fertilizer N use in Japan has decreased by about 30% from 1960 to 2000, while keeping a little increase in cereal yields. This has resulted in a significant increase in apparent nitrogen use efficiency, in particular for rice. On the other hand, national N Icad on the environment associated with the production and consumption of domestic and imported agricultural products has almost tripled during this period, mainly due to the dramatic increase of imports of food and feedstuffs. The environmental problems, including water and air pollution, caused by the excessive loads of N are serious public concerns and there is an urgent need to minimize N losses from agricultural production. In order to meet the necessity for reducing the environmental impacts by excess N, political and technological measures have been taken at regional and country levels. In recent years, the Japanese government has embarked on a series of policies to encourage transition to an environmentally conscious agriculture. Promoting proper material circulation with reducing fertilizer impact and utilizing biomass and livestock wastes is emphasized in these policies. The effectiveness of environmental assessment and planning for reducing regional and national N Icad has been discussed. Implementation of environmentally friendly technologies and management, both conventional and innovational, have been developed and adopted in Japanese agriculture. The effectiveness of conventional technologies in reducing environmental reactive N has been re-evaluated. Innovative technologies, such as use of controlled availability fertilizers and livestock wastes compost pellets, are being investigated and extended.A comprehensive approach that applies political and technological measures with closer cooperation is necessary to control reactive N in the environment.     

砒砂岩区不同施氮水平下5种潜在适生植物氮素利用比较研究

鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩区土壤贫瘠、水土流失强烈,土壤氮素养分也是该区域植被恢复重建的主要限制因子.该研究以3种乡土种芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)、长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)和沙棘(Hippo-phae rhamnoides)与2种外来种掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatu...     

青冈常绿阔叶林氮的生物循环

对分布于浙江建德的青冈常绿阔叶林N的生物循环进行了研究.群落各代表种类的N浓度在0.49%～1.64%之间,其中下木层、草本层和藤本植物中N的浓度远大于乔木层和亚乔木层的种类;乔木层和亚乔木层4种器官中N的浓度基本为叶＞枝＞根＞干,其他层次的种类则为地上部分＞地下部分.乔木层青冈不同器官中N浓度的高低顺序为花序＞嫩叶＞老叶＞嫩枝＞老枝＞细根＞树干、粗根.各器官中N浓度的季节变化不是很大,其根、枝和叶中的N浓度均在秋季(10月份)最高;下木层青冈各部位N浓度在1月份最高.不同径级青冈中N浓度变化无明显规律.N元素在不同类型凋落物中的浓度范围为0.74%～2.30%,降水和穿透水中的N浓度分别为0.000038%和0.00009%,N在死地被层中的浓度为1.94%,土壤中N的浓度为0.59%.N在植物群落中现存量为1025.28 kg/hm2,死地被层中积累量为224.88 kg/hm2,土壤(A0～B层)中储存量为55151kg/hm2.群落中N的存留量为119.47 kg/(hm2·a);归还量为84.13 kg/(hm2·a),其中通过凋落物的为78.49kg/(hm2·a),通过穿透水的为5.64 kg/(hm2·a);吸收量为203.60 kg/(hm2·a).降水输入了4.88 kg/(hm2·a)的N.     

Challenges of reducing excess nitrogen in Japanese agroecosystems

Fertilizer N use in Japan has decreased by about 30% from 1960 to 2000, while keeping a little increase in cereal yields. This has resulted in a significant increase in apparent nitrogen use efficiency, in particular for rice. On the other hand, national N load on the environment associated with the production and consumption of domestic and imported agricultural products has almost tripled during this period, mainly due to the dramatic increase of imports of food and feedstuffs. The environmental problems, including water and air pollution, caused by the excessive loads of N are serious public concerns and there is an urgent need to minimize N losses from agricultural production. In order to meet the necessity for reducing the environmental impacts by excess N, political and technological measures have been taken at regional and country levels. In recent years, the Japanese government has embarked on a series of policies to encourage transition to an environmentally conscious agriculture. Promoting proper material circulation with reducing fertilizer impact and utilizing biomass and livestock wastes is emphasized in these policies. The effectiveness of environmental assessment and planning for reducing regional and national N load has been discussed. Implementation of environmentally friendly technologies and management, both conventional and innovational, have been developed and adopted in Japanese agriculture. The effectiveness of conventional technologies in reducing environmental reactive N has been re-evaluated. Innovative technologies, such as use of controlled availability fertilizers and livestock wastes compost pellets, are being investigated and extended. A comprehensive approach that applies political and technological measures with closer cooperation is necessary to control reactive N in the environment.     

广西猫儿山不同海拔常绿树种和落叶树种光合速率与氮的关系

分析广西猫儿山不同海拔常绿和落叶树种的光合作用-氮关系,探讨光合氮利用效率(PNUE)是否受到叶片习性和海拔的影响。落叶树种的PNUE都显著高于常绿树种,这与前者有较低的比叶重(LMA)和较高的单位叶重光合速率(Amass)、氮含量和气孔导度(gs)有密切关系。高海拔树种的PNUE显著低于中低海拔树种的PNUE,这与前者较高的LMA和较低的Amass和gs相关。PNUE和相关的叶片特征的主成分分析表明常绿-落叶树种和低海拔-中海拔-高海拔树种的分布是一个自然过渡的过程。此外,PNUE与土壤碳:氮比没有显著相关性,但与年均温正相关,这表明温度气候是调节PNUE沿海拔变化的主要环境因素。因此,这种叶片习性和温度气候调节的PNUE变化可能是调节猫儿山常绿树种沿海拔形成双峰分布的一种机制。     

The impact of humans on the nitrogen cycle,with focus on temperate arable agriculture

The 6 billion people alive today consume about 25 million tonnes of protein nitrogen each year, a requirement that could well increase to 40–45 million tonnes by 2050. Most of them ultimately depend on the Haber-Bosch process to fix the atmospheric N₂ needed to grow at least part of their protein and, over the earth as a whole, this dependency is likely to increase. Humans now fix some 160 million tonnes of nitrogen per year, of which 98 are fixed industrially by the Haber-Bosch process (83 for use as agricultural fertilizer, 15 for industry), 22 during combustion and the rest is fixed during the cultivation of leguminous crops and fodders. These 160 million tonnes have markedly increased the burden of combined nitrogen entering rivers, lakes and shallow seas, as well as increasing the input of NH₃, N₂O, NO and NO₂ to the atmosphere. Nitrogen fertilizers give large economic gains in modern farming systems and under favourable conditions can be used very efficiently. Losses of nitrogen occur from all systems of agriculture, with organic manures being particularly difficult to use efficiently. Although nitrate leaching has received much attention as an economic loss, a cause of eutrophication and a health hazard, gaseous emissions may eventually prove to be the most serious environmentally. Scientists working on the use and fate of nitrogen fertilizers must be careful, clear headed and vigilant in looking for unexpected side effects.     

氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响

连续2年在西南冬麦区的重庆、仁寿、广汉、西昌4个地点,开展3种施氮水平(每公顷纯氮0、120、180 kg,简写为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀)和3种氮肥分配模式(N_A:底肥100%;N_B:底肥70%+苗肥30%;N_C:底肥60%+拔节肥40%)的田间试验,监测小麦花后冠层叶片SPAD值、群体光合速率(CAP)、光能利用等生理参数和籽粒产量,计算氮素利用效率、光能利用率等.结果表明: 随施氮水平增加,小麦上三叶SPAD值、CAP、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率和产量均呈增加趋势,而氮肥农学利用效率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率呈降低趋势.氮肥后移的增效作用因施氮水平而异,SPAD于N₁₈₀增效明显,而CAP于N₁₂₀增效明显,不同氮肥管理模式的光能利用率因地点而异.氮肥后移能明显提高小麦氮肥农学效率、生产效率、吸收效率和氮素表观回收率,但氮肥利用效率则略有减少.氮肥后移效果N_C总体优于N_B处理.不同地点比较,广汉的SPAD值、CAP、PAR截获率、氮肥利用参数较高,其产量也相应最高;西昌的产量、SPAD值及氮素利用效率较高,但其光能利用率和CAP较低;重庆和仁寿的SPAD值、光能利用率及氮素利用效率均较低,其产量也最低.小麦生物产量与各地点的籽粒产量、CAP、SPAD值和PAR累积截获量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.表明不同生态区域增施氮肥都能促进小麦增产,氮肥后移可进一步优化产量结构、改善氮肥和光能利用效率,但存在年份和地点差异,各地需要制定有针对性的氮肥管理模式.     

Sources,fates, and impacts of nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems: review and synthesis

The relative importance of nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and biological fixation is reviewed in a number of diverse, non-agricultural terrestrial ecosystems. Bulk precipitation inputs of N (l–l2 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) are the same order of magnitude as, or frequently larger than, the usual range of inputs from nonsymbiotic fixation (< 1=" –=" 5=" kg=" n=">^–1 yr^–1), especially in areas influenced by industrial activity. Bulk precipitation measurements may underestimate total atmospheric deposition by 30–40% because they generally do not include all forms of wet and dry deposition. Symbiotic fixation generally ranges from 10–160 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) in ecosystems where N-fixing species are present during early successional stages, and may exceed the range under unusual conditions.Rates of both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic fixation appear to be greater during early successional stages of forest development, where they have major impacts on nitrogen dynamics and ecosystem productivity. Fates and impacts of these nitrogen inputs are important considerations that are inadequately understood. These input processes are highly variable in space and time, and few sites have adequate comparative information on both nitrogen deposition and fixation.

Comparison of the litterfall and forest floor organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin

It has been suggested that a feedback exists between the vegetation and soil whereby fertile (vs infertile) sites support species with shorter leaf life spans and higher quality litter which promotes rapid decomposition and higher soil nutrient availability. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize and compare the C and N dynamics of dominant upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin, (2) compare the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of these forests, and (3) examine the relationship between NUE and site characteristics. Analyzing data from 24 stands spanning a moisture / nutrient gradient, we found that resource-poor stands transferred less C and N from the vegetation to the forest floor, and that N remained in the forest floor at least four times longer than in more resource-rich stands. Analyzing data by leaf habit, we found that less N was transferred to the forest floor annually via litterfall in conifer stands, and that N remained in the forest floor of these stands nearly three times longer than in hardwood stands. NUE did not differ among forests with different resource availabilities, but was greater for conifers than for hardwoods. Vitousek's (1982) index of nutrient use efficiency (I_NUE1)=leaf litterfall biomass / leaf litterfall N) was most closely correlated to litterfall specific leaf area and percent hardwood leaf area index, suggesting that differences in species composition may have been responsible for the differences in NUE among our stands. NUE2, defined as ANPP / leaf litterfall N, was not closely correlated to any of the site characteristics included in this analysis.     

农田水氮关系及其协同管理

作物施氮反应及其氮肥利用率不仅取决于氮肥管理,还与水资源管理有关,并且受到地区气候因素的影响。针对中国灌溉农区氮肥环境污染问题日益突出,协调农田水氮管理,如通过改善水资源管理,发挥水氮协同效应,以提高水分利用效率来改善氮肥利用率,实现水氮利用率双赢,是当前农业水氮管理中亟待探讨和回答的问题。通过对农田水氮协同相关研究文献资料的综述,以华北平原集约种植体系水氮管理为例,根据历年统计数据,分析了该区年水热条件下粮食产量与水、氮及水氮利用效率之间的关系。研究表明,水和氮与作物产量在一定范围表现为水氮的协同效应。水分利用效率一般随灌溉水量减少及氮肥用量增加而提高;氮肥利用效率随氮用量增加而下降。适量节水和减氮分别有助水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率的改善。在气候变暖、变干条件下,适量施氮成为改善水氮利用效率的关键对策。     

Nitrogen cycling in low input legume-based agriculture,with emphasis on legume/grass pastures

Low input legume-based agriculture exists in a continuum between subsistence farming and intensive arable and pastoral systems. This review covers this range, but with most emphasis on temperate legume/grass pastures under grazing by livestock. Key determinants of nitrogen (N) flows in grazed legume/grass pastures are: inputs of N from symbiotic N₂ fixation which are constrained through self-regulation via grass/legume interactions; large quantities of N cycling through grazing animals with localised return in excreta; low direct conversion of pasture N into produce (typically 5–20%) but with N recycling under intensive grazing the farm efficiency of product N: fixed N can be up to 50%; and regulation of N flows by mineralisation/immobilisation reactions. Pastoral systems reliant solely on fixed N are capable of moderate-high production with modest N losses e.g. average denitrification and leaching losses from grazed pastures of 6 and 23 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Methods for improving efficiency of N cycling in legume-based cropping and legume/grass pasture systems are discussed. In legume/arable rotations, the utilisation of fixed N by crops is influenced greatly by the timing of management practices for synchrony of N supply via mineralisation and crop N uptake. In legume/grass pastures, the spatial return of excreta and the uptake of excreta N by pastures can potentially be improved through dietary manipulation and management strategies. Plant species selection and plant constituent modification also offer the potential to increase N efficiency through greater conversion into animal produce, improved N uptake from soil and manipulation of mineralisation/immobilisation/nitrification reactions.     

油蒿资源利用效率在生长季的相对变化及对环境因子的响应

为了探明西北半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)叶水平资源利用效率的相对变化及对环境因子的响应机制, 该研究于2018年5-10月, 使用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了毛乌素沙地油蒿叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(E)、叶表面光合有效辐射(PAR_l)、叶表面温度(T_l)、叶表面相对湿度(RH_l), 在实验室计算叶片单位面积氮含量(N_area), 分析了叶片氮利用效率(NUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光利用效率(LUE)与环境因子之间的关系及NUE、WUE、LUE之间的相对变化。研究结果表明, 在充足且稳定光强下油蒿的P_n主要受温度的影响, NUE、WUE与VPD_l、T_l之间具有显著负相关关系, NUE、WUE与LUE间为正相关关系, NUE、WUE和LUE最大值分别发生在5、7和9月, 分别为9.43 μmol CO₂·g^-1·s^-1、3.86 mmol·mol^-1、0.04 mol·mol^-1, 资源利用效率的变化主要受P_n的影响。温度通过影响植物N分配来改变P_n, 进而影响着资源利用效率, WUE与LUE显著正相关, 对构建荒漠区生态系统能量交换过程模型有重要意义。     

不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究 Ⅲ.影响利用效率的因素分析

用盆栽试验研究了12个冬小麦品种（系）在成熟期以生物学产量为基础的利用效率（UtEB=生物学产量／吸氮量）、收获系数、氮素收获系数和籽粒氮浓度对以籽粒产量为基础的利用效率（UtEG=籽粒产量／吸氮量）的影响。相关分析证明,这4个因子对UtEG的影响各不相同。无论是低氮还是高氮处理,UtEG与UtEB和收获指数呈正相关,而与籽粒氮浓度呈负相关,与氮素收获指数的相关性较差。从相关系数的高低判断,在这名个因子中,籽粒氮浓度对UtEG的影响最大,其次是UtEB和收获指数。虽然氮素收获指数与UtEG的相关性较差,但它在高氮处理的水平较低,致使利用效率（UtEG）降低。此外还分析了开花期单株顶3叶叶绿素含量与利用效率（UtEG和UtEB）的关系。开花期单株顶3叶叶绿素含量与吸氮量的比值（UtEC）因品种（系）而异,且大多数品种（系）的UtEC受供氮水平的影响小,推测该性状可能受遗传控制。相关分析表明,在低氮处理中,UtEC分别与UtEG和UtEB呈显著或极显著正相关,说明UtEC可能是导致品种间利用效率差异的内在因素之一。在高氮处理中,由于叶绿素含量不是光合作用的限制因素,UtEC与UtEG、UtEB相关性较差,对其原因的深入研究,可为采取措施提高高肥条件下的利用效率提供理论依据。     

红壤小流域不同利用方式氮磷流失特征研究

从红壤小流域坡地资源合理利用和保护的角度研究了不同利用方式土壤氮、磷流失的特征,结果表明：恢复保护性植被的试验区3,由于其水土流失量最低,氮、磷流失量最小。侵蚀严重的试验区5,由于水土失量最大,磷的流失量最大,但其有效磷、水溶性磷及氮素流失量低于不注重水土资源保持经营利用的试验区1、注重水土保持措施的试验区2和试验区4。由于采用了水土保持综合农林措施,有效地减轻了水土流失,试验区2和试验区4的土壤氮、磷流失量明显小于试验区1土壤氮、磷流失量,红壤小流域不同利用方式中水土保持综合措施能有效地控制土壤养分流失。2000年不同试验区土壤氮、磷的流失主要集中于5、6及8月份,其流失量占全年氮、磷流失量的90％以上,这与当地的降雨季节性分配特征有关。土壤氮、磷的坡面流失方式为推移质流失和径流流失,磷的流失形态主要为泥砂结合态,约占总磷流失量的70％以上。除试验区3以外,其它试验区泥沙结合态氮素的流失量大于水溶态氮素流失量。     

Growth, gas exchange and water use efficiency of the facultative hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor associated with hosts differing in foliar nitrogen concentration

The facultative hemiparasitic angiosperm Rhinanthus minor was grown on 11 different host species, and in the absence of a host. The height of R. minor parasitising the legume Trifolium pratense exceeded that of unattached plants by more than an order of magnitude, with performance on grasses and non-legume dicotlyedonous hosts between these two extremes. Light saturated rates of photosynthesis in R. minor on different hosts ranged from 1. 5 to 22. 5 μmol g⁻¹ dry weight min⁻¹, and were positively correlated with growth. Foliar nitrogen concentrations in the parasite exceeded those of the hosts. The former were positively related to light saturated rates of photosynthesis, and inversely related to photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. There was no relationship between leaf nitrogen concentration and water use efficiency in R. minor. The data are discussed in relation to studies of nitrogen and water use in mistletoes.     

长期施肥对黄土高原黄绵土氮肥利用率的影响

氮肥利用率是确定推荐施氮量和施氮效果评价的关键参数.本文通过黄土高原黄绵土区持续34年(1981—2015年)的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对氮肥当季利用率和累积利用率的影响及氮肥当季利用率与累积利用率的关系.结果表明: 除试验起始年(1982)外,不同施肥处理对小麦、油菜和胡麻3种作物氮肥的当季利用率和累积利用率都有显著影响,其中小麦以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为氮磷配施(NP)处理,分别较单施氮肥(N)处理提高了77.7%和62.0%;油菜也以氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理平均氮肥当季利用率最高,其次为有机肥与氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理,分别较单施氮肥处理提高了93.7%和65.6%.有机肥与氮肥配施(MN)处理氮肥当季利用率较单施氮肥(N)处理显著增加,而有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)和氮磷钾配施(MNPK)处理氮肥当季利用率较相应氮磷配施(NP)和氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理明显降低.氮肥当季利用率与作物籽粒产量存在显著的线性正相关关系,而累积利用率与作物籽粒产量的相关关系不明显.表明与氮肥累积利用率相比,当季利用率能较及时地反映特定土壤肥力、作物种类、品种和环境条件下的肥料利用率特征.