粪食性金龟的行为及其适应演化

粪食性金龟的行为简单分为3类:粪居型(endocoprid或dwelling behaviour)、直接掘洞型(paracoprid或tunnelling behaviour)和滚粪球型(telocoprid或rolling behaviour)。文章详细阐述各类型的特点,探讨粪食性金龟行为的进化趋势和过程,并进一步阐述粪食性金龟的适应演化。     

小黄鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

<正> 小黄鳃金龟Metabolus flavescens Brenske是山西省晋中地区果树的主要害虫。该虫在国内主要分布于河北、山西、陕西、山东、河南、江苏、浙江、北京等省市。该虫主要以成虫为害,取食核桃、苹果、梨、丁香、海棠等果树的树叶,特别喜食核桃叶,严重影响果树的座果率及树     

双结菠萝鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

<正> 双结菠萝鳃金龟Asactopholis bituberculata Moser属鞘翅目、金龟子总科、鳃角金龟科,是我国首次发现的一种菠萝重要害虫。近年来,它的幼虫在我场严重为害菠萝植株地下部分。调查表明,受害区一般每亩虫口密度为8750～     

丽腹弓角鳃金龟生物学特性研究及其防治

丽腹弓角鳃金龟ToxospathiusauriventrisBates是我区地下害虫的主要种类之一。广泛分布于各农区。在农田与林区自然环境相嵌合的区域发生严重,常取食农作物、果树的叶片呈孔洞、缺刻,给生产造成较大损失。为此,笔者于1993～1995年对其生物学特性及防治进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。1危害情况丽腹弓角鳃金龟在我区每年5月上旬成虫开始活动,取食危害农作物,在田间多见分散取食南笋、蚕豆、油菜和麦类作物叶片。到5月下旬和6月初大量成虫出现,时间10天左右较为整齐,形成聚集性危害。食性较杂,在田间除危害上述作物外,还对苹果树,…     

大栗鳃金龟蒙古亚种成虫交配与生殖习性研究

于2008~2010年在康定对大栗鳃金龟成虫的出土、取食,特别是交配、产卵等方面进行了研究。结果表明:在康定,成虫4月底开始出土,5月中旬至6月下旬为出土高峰期。成虫可进行多次交配,一次交配过程可以分为3个阶段,即交配前、交配中和交配后,平均交配时长为115.6 min±24.4 min(n=10)。交配日节律呈\"M\"形,分别在中午和晚上有一明显的高峰期。产卵前,成虫在地表以下10 cm左右做一圆形产卵室,将卵产于其中,堆状分布,初产卵粒为浅黄色,随后颜色逐渐变深。每室产卵33.7粒±7.0粒(n=10)。     

丽腹弓角鳃金龟的发生与防治

丽腹弓角鳃金龟ＴｏｘｏｓｐａｔｈｉｕｓａｕｒｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｓＢａｔｅｓ属鞘翅目,鳃金龟科（Ｍｅｌｏｌｏｎｔｈｉｄａｅ）,是西藏分布广泛,对农作物为害严重的一种多食性昆虫［１～３］。自１９９５年起,经过调查,基本摸清了其在我区的分布、为害情况、生活习性及防治措施。１分布及危害丽腹弓角鳃金龟在西藏主要分布在林芝、昌都、山南、拉萨和日喀则等地区。其为害区主要在海拔３８００ｍ以下的山地、河谷地带,特别是在靠近河边的地带危害最为严重。该虫主要危害苹果、梨、红豆草、蚕豆等植物幼嫩的叶片。在林芝危害日趋严重,…     

植物精油在害虫防治上的应用

本文就应用植物精油防治害虫的研究集中在下列四方面进行了综述:1.精油对昆虫的吸引作用;2.精油对昆虫的忌避、拒食和生长发育抑制作用;3.精油对昆虫的毒杀作用;4.不同精油或精油与化学农药的混用及其产生的增效作用。     

花生田金龟防治技术研究

1974-1993年在花生田金龟发生期．采用喷药液(粉）、环剥寄主树干涂药、毒土、毒饵、毒桂、种植蓖麻诱杀、人工捕杀、内吸药剂盖种及主根处土壤施药等方法．均可使蛴螬减退率最低达70％．一般为80-90％．最高达100％;增产最低为15.15%,一般为70-80%,最高达200％,效果极为明显。同时阐明了各供试方法的应用前景及其不足之处。这些方法可供生产上因虫、因时、因地、因条件选用,其中以用内吸药剂盖种及药施主根土壤等均为一次性防治。方法简单．省工、省药．污染轻,利于保护天敌生物．是目前防治蛴螬最佳方法。     

Dispersion,Dissipation, and Efficacy of Methyl Bromide-Chloropicrin Gas vs. Gel Formulations on Nematodes and Weeds in Tifton Sandy Loam

Dispersion, dissipation, and efficacy of gas and gel formulations of methyl bromidechloropicrin (202, 269, 336, and 403 kg/ha) on nematodes and weeds on tomato were studied in field plots. Concentrations of methyl bromide and chloropicrin 4 hr after soil treatment were greater at a depth of 15 cm than at 30, 45, or 60 cm. The concentrations of both chemicals decreased with lower doses, greater depths, and longer times after application. The gel formulation was more persistent than the gas formulation at both 336 and 403 kg/ha at depths of 30 and 45 cm, especially 24 and 36 hr after chemical application. Plant growth and yield were improved when nematodes and weeds were controlled.     

Use of intrauterine devices as a means of contraception in a colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

The uncontrolled reproduction of the captive chimpanzee colony at the Primate Centre, CIRMF, Gabon, has led to high neonatal mortality. The only solution meeting ethical, financial, and practical considerations was to attempt reversible physical contraception using intrauterine devices (IUDs). Human IUDs were inserted into 21 females of various ages, parities, and stages of the menstrual cycle. Over a 30-month period, five of the study animals became pregnant. This reduction of conception rate, with minimal side effects, demonstrates the reliability of IUDs for controlling reproduction of chimpanzee colonies.     

害虫的基因沉默控制

作为现代分子生物学的重大突破性成果之一,基因沉默是人为调控基因表达的重要途径之一。本文介绍了基因沉默的发现历史、作用机制及其在昆虫中的研究进展,以及利用基因沉默原理进行害虫控制的探索,并展望害虫基因沉默控制的应用前景。     

南方棕榈科植物主要虫害及其防治

本文描述了为害南方棕榈科植物上的主要害虫蛞蝓、桉袋蛾、椰心叶甲、黑翅土白蚁、椰花二点象、沁茸毒蛾和红棕象甲的形态特征,简述各害虫的生活习性和发生与危害情况,并提出防治方法.     

中国红树林生态系统主要害虫种类、 防控现状及成灾原因

红树林湿地是中国东南沿海的关键生态系统之一。近年来, 我国红树林陆续出现多种害虫种群暴发成灾的现象, 使红树林湿地的可持续利用面临严重挑战。本文归纳了近20年来中国红树林生态系统的主要害虫种类, 危害较严重的有海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp., 毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera, 丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida, 白囊袋蛾Chalioides kondonis, 蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati和小袋蛾Acanthopsyche subferalbata等; 对红树林虫害的防控现状进行总结, 目前开展的防控工作主要以生物农药、 昆虫生长调节剂、 昆虫天敌等生物防治方法为主, 结合灯光诱杀等物理防治手段的运用, 对暴发期的害虫种群可以取得较好的控制效果; 并从红树林生态系统健康水平和昆虫群落多样性等方面对害虫种群的成灾原因进行初步探讨; 最终提出以虫害可持续控制为目标的红树林生态系统生境调控策略, 以期为提高红树林湿地虫害管理水平以及促进红树林的可持续发展提供重要的理论参考和科学指导。     

农业措施在害虫种群无公害控制中的作用

作物抗性品种、布局、耕作制度以及栽培管理等农业措施可以有效地调节害虫的种群数量,合理和综合运用这些措施,可以实现害虫生态调控的目的,从而为农作物的无公害生产提供新的植保技术。本文从农业措施在害虫控制中的直接作用、对天敌昆虫的影响等方面进行了综述,同时对利用农业措施控制害虫的几个问题进行了探讨,以期为合理利用和正确评价农业措施控制害虫提供参考。     

A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

At the turn of the century, damage by Otiorhynchus sulcatus was sporadic and limited to small areas. Increasing horticultural intensification and the adoption of husbandry techniques favourable to the weevil, such as the use of polythene mulches, increased its pest status. The development of the early inorganic pesticides reduced the number of serious outbreaks of this pest and weevil control was further improved by the development of the persistent organochlorine insecticides in the 1940's. The banning of a number of the more persistent insecticides over recent years has now left the horticultural industry in a very vulnerable position. O. sulcatus is now a pest on a range of horticultural crops throughout the temperate regions of the world. Infestations are most common in Europe (where it originated) and the USA, and nearly 150 plants species have been identified as potential hosts to O. sulcatus. Damage is most frequently caused by the root feeding larval stage. Populations as low as one larva plant can kill sensitive species such as Cyclamen. Severe damage by the leaf feeding adults is less common, although low levels of damage or contamination by adults may be unacceptable in certain situations. There is one generation a year. Oviposition by the flightless parthenogenetic females occurs over the summer months with oviposition rates of c. 500 and 1200 eggs adult^-1for outdoor and laboratory populations, respectively. O. sulcatus mainly overwinters as larvae, although significant numbers of adults may survive in areas where winter temperatures are not too severe. A number of natural enemies, such as hedgehogs, frogs and predatory beetles, help to maintain O. sulcatus populations at a low level in natural environments, but they are less successful in intensive horticultural systems where persistent chemicals have been heavily relied on to maintain the population below the economic threshold level. Increasing environmental concern is now forcing growers to consider new pest control strategies. Controlled release formulations of non-persistent products, such as fonofos and chlorpyrifos, have shown potential as control agents for O. sulcatus larvae. Biological control agents, such as insect parasitic nematodes, have been developed commercially and new microbial control agents are in the process of development. Most of the new control products are directed towards control of O. sulcatus larvae. Adult vine weevils are nocturnal and a much more difficult target for the new control agents. It is likely that an integrated approach to pest control will be required to maintain O. sulcatus populations below their economic threshold level.     

Comparison of Phenacoccus solenopsis specimens from different regions of Pakistan using COI molecular barcoding (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Because correct identification of insects is crucial for pest management involving chemical or biological control agents, we have used a molecular approach to identify and characterize specimens of the cotton pest Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) present in different regions of Pakistan. The specimens were analyzed through DNA sequence analysis of their mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene using an improved procedure that could distinguish between the pest and its associated parasitoid. Our analysis showed no variation among the mealybug specimens from different geographical locations of Pakistan and confirmed that this is the same species and haplotype that is infesting cotton plants in other parts of Asia. This information will assist in the development of biological control programs against P. solenopsis in Pakistan and other Asian countries.