温度对不同类型早籼稻灌浆期间直链淀粉、蛋白质积累的影响

高温条件下早籼稻籽粒直链淀粉积累速率快,持续时间短;蛋白质含量高;灌浆前期谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性高,开花11d后迅速下降．适温条件下籽粒直链淀粉积累速率慢,持续时间长;蛋白质含量低;谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性变化缓慢,3个不同类型品种中适合作米粉的湘早籼33号直链淀粉含量最高,饲料稻湘早籼24号蛋白质含量最高．高温有助于湘早籼33号直链淀粉含量和湘早籼24号蛋白质含量的提高。     

不同温度对念珠藻生理生化特性的影响

文章尝试比较不同温度对念珠藻（Nostocsp.）细胞生长和生理特性的影响。主要内容是分别在10℃、25℃、35℃和40℃环境中对念珠藻进行9 d的室内培养，然后测定不同温度下念珠藻的生物量、光合活性、总多糖、总蛋白质和总脂质含量。研究结果表明，低温（10℃）对念珠藻细胞生长的促进与光合活性的提高基本无影响；而高温（35℃、40℃）会促进藻细胞的生长和光合活性的提升。也就是说，低温时念珠藻细胞的多糖含量几乎不变，蛋白质含量与脂质含量先升高后降低；而高温时多糖含量和蛋白质含量增加，脂质含量降低。以上结果说明温度胁迫会使念珠藻对生物大分子物质进行调控用于抵抗环境变化。     

高温下干旱和渍水对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和物质转运的影响

以蛋白质含量不同的两个冬小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究了不同温度和水分条件下小麦花后旗叶光合特性的变化、营养器官花前贮藏干物质和氮素转运特征及其与籽粒产量和品质形成的关系.结果表明,高温及干旱和渍水均明显降低了旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,但高温下干旱和渍水对光合作用的影响加重.小麦营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素转运量和转运率在适温下表现为干旱>对照>渍水,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.适温下花后同化物积累量表现为对照>渍水>干旱,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.花后氮素积累量在适温和高温下均表现为对照>渍水>干旱.籽粒淀粉含量以适温适宜水分处理最高,高温渍水下最低;蛋白质含量以高温干旱下最高,适温渍水下最低.温度和水分逆境下小麦粒质量和淀粉含量的降低与花后较低的光合能力及干物质积累有关,而蛋白质含量则与花前贮藏氮素的转运量和转运率有关.     

萝卜种子萌发的逆温耐性诱导研究

以萝卜种子为试材，研究不同温度预处理对萌发期萝卜种子逆温耐性的影响。结果表明:萝卜种子在低于15℃和高于35℃下萌发，种子活力显著下降，而通过适度的温度胁迫处理，可提高萝卜种子在高温（35℃）下的萌发活力。15℃和25℃分别是预处理的适宜低温和高温，6 h是低温（15℃）预处理的适宜时间。萝卜种子经高温（30℃）预处理12 h后，在随后的低温（10℃）下萌发，也提高其种子活力，说明萝卜种子对高温和低温胁迫具有交叉适应性。     

不同温湿条件下贮藏的3种禾本科植物花粉活力变化(简报)

测定水稻、玉米和狼见草花粉在低温（5℃）低湿（45％）、低温（5℃）高湿（80％）、高温（35℃）低湿（45％）和高温（35℃）高湿（90％）4种贮藏条件下的活力表明：低温高湿下花粉活力保持的时间最长;狼尾草花粉比水稻、玉米花粉耐贮藏,在低温高湿条件下贮藏30d后,仍有38．3％的萌发率;狼尾草花粉中蛋白质含量较高,淀粉含量较低。     

预选菜用大豆主要生化物质积累特性初步研究

以20个大豆品种为材料,在鼓粒期至青荚期分期取样,对豆粒的蛋白质、游离氨基酸、脂肪、淀粉和可溶性糖及维生素C含量等生化物质进行测定.研究表明,随着豆粒的充实,各种生化物质不断增加,但达到最大峰值的时间不同.脂肪、蛋白质和氨基酸含量于鼓粒中后期达到峰值,淀粉和可溶性糖含量于鼓粒中前期达到峰值,维生素C积累主要集中在鼓粒前期.所以在菜用大豆鼓粒中期或后期即开花后18～25d采收可保证较高水平的生化物质含量,最终保证菜用大豆的品质.经过综合评价20个大豆品种的农艺性状、营养品质及外观品质,初步筛选出适合河北省种植的菜用大豆品种有绿75、黑大粒、冀黄104、日本A、D103、中黄13.     

温度对七叶一枝花光合特性及皂苷含量的影响

该研究以珍稀濒危药用植物七叶一枝花(Paris polyphylla)为材料,利用人工气候箱设置3个温度条件,即低温(10℃/16℃)、适温(18℃/24℃)、高温(26℃/32℃),采用盆栽法分析了不同温度条件对七叶一枝花光合特性和主要有效成分皂苷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)适温条件下,七叶一枝花叶绿素含量、最大光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率均高于低温和高温处理,而光补偿点、暗呼吸速率则低于两者。(2)适温条件下,七叶一枝花根茎体内皂苷含量最大,达到了4.33%,低温和高温处理下皂苷含量分别只有适温的42.26%和33.49%,氨基酸含量同样表现为适温处理下最大。(3)七叶一枝花有效成分含量与叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率呈显著正相关,而与呼吸速率呈显著负相关,说明温度直接影响植株的光合作用、呼吸作用,进而影响有效成分的积累。温度对七叶一枝花光合特性及有效成分的积累影响显著,22℃左右的平均温度(18℃/24℃)是七叶一枝花栽培的适宜温度,此温度有利于其生长及有效成分的积累,该研究结果为七叶一枝花人工栽培中温度的科学管理提供了依据。     

高温对早籼稻花后剑叶氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探讨高温对不同类型早籼稻开花后剑叶中氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响,利用人工气候室在籽粒灌浆成熟期进行高温(日均温31.5 ℃)和适温(日均温23.5 ℃)处理,对2个早籼稻品种(湘早籼24和株两优611)灌浆成熟期籽粒中蛋白质含量及剑叶中GS和GOGAT活性的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:供试2个品种在高温...     

不同发育时期水曲柳种子的形态生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应

探讨不同发育时期水曲柳种子的外部形态和生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应结果表明：水曲柳开花120d后为成熟脱水阶段,开花110d后种子的胚长和胚乳干重趋于稳定,花后110～120d期间种子胚干重趋于稳定;花后70～100d采集的种子不耐层积,层积处理后逐渐死亡,花后110d采集的种子经层积处理后可以萌发;110d后采集的水曲柳种子经暖温（20℃）16周＋低温（5℃）12周的层积处理后,其休眠破除的效果较好,适当延长暖温层积时间有利于提高种子萌发率。     

大豆种子发育过程中异黄酮的积累

3个大豆品种种子中的异黄酮含量随着种子的发育进程而逐渐提高,尤其在种子成熟的最后1周内,异黄酮含量迅速增加,且与发育天数是显著正相关,与水分含量呈极显著负相关。在种子积累的不同异黄酮组分中,以雨二酰基结合体的含量最多,达总量的65％左右,而游离态积累的较少。     

Co-evolution of seed size and seed predation

Using the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) approach in a model for the co-evolution of seed size and seed predation, I show that seed size variation within individual plants is favoured if there is a trade-off in the predator's attack rate for different seed sizes. A single seed size is not evolutionarily stable because a predator that is optimally adapted to one particular seed size cannot prevent invasion by plants with a different seed size. The model generates the following predictions. The ESS consists of a continuous range of seed sizes. Small seeds tend to be attacked more frequently than big seeds. Plants with many resources and plants with low (frequency-independent) juvenile mortality have more variable seeds than plants with few resources and a high juvenile mortality. Seed size variation is higher in fluctuating populations regulated by seed predation alone than in stable populations (partially) regulated by seedling competition. Predator searching behaviour does not directly affect the ESS seed size range, but may have an indirect effect by affecting population stability or the significance of seedling competition as a population regulating mechanism. Moreover, seed size distributions are found to be more skewed in favour of small seeds if predation is spatially non-uniform than if predation is more even. Application of the model to systems of several co-evolving plant and predator species is discussed.     

种壳厚度对鼠类种子扩散行为及种子命运的影响

种子扩散是植物更新和扩大分布区的一种重要途径。鼠类采取不同的种子扩散和贮藏策略,以应对食物短缺,同时也促进了植物种子扩散。为应对鼠类对植物种子的过度取食,种子进化出了一系列物理、化学等防御特征。其中种壳厚度作为一种物理防御策略,是影响鼠类贮藏行为和种子命运的关键因素。本研究拟通过去除天然栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）种子的外壳,再在种仁外包被1、2、4、6不同层数的聚乙烯薄膜,模拟种壳厚度,准确控制种壳厚度。2020年10月—2021年1月,在四川都江堰森林生境中释放人工种壳包被的种子,研究人工种壳厚度对鼠类介导的种子扩散和命运的影响。结果表明：（1）鼠类优先扩散种壳较薄（1层薄膜包被）的人工种子;随着种壳厚度的增加,扩散速率逐渐降低,种壳最厚（6层薄膜包被）的种子扩散最慢（P < 0.001）;（2）鼠类喜好分散贮藏1层、2层薄膜包被的种子;当种壳厚度增加至包被4层、6层薄膜时,分散贮藏比例显著降低（P < 0.05）;（3）鼠类偏好集中贮藏4层薄膜包被的种子（P < 0.05）;（4）不同种壳厚度的种子扩散距离无显著差异（P > 0.05）;（5）种壳较薄（1层薄膜包被）的种子分散贮藏率在3 m范围内比例较高。采用聚乙烯薄膜包被是模拟种子外壳的可行方法,并可用于评估种壳厚度对鼠类种子贮藏行为和种子命运的影响等相关研究。     

The role of seed coats in seed viability

The seed coat is the seed’s primary defense against adverse environmental conditions. A hard seed coat protects the seed not only from mechanical stress but also from microorganism invasion and from temperature and humidity fluctuations during storage. Phenolic compounds in the seed coat contribute to seed hardness and inhibition of microorganism growth. During germination, the seed coat protects the seed from hydration stress and electrolyte leakage.     

Latitude, seed predation and seed mass

Aim We set out to test the hypothesis that rates of pre‐ and post‐dispersal seed predation would be higher towards the tropics, across a broad range of species from around the world. We also aimed to quantify the slope and predictive power of the relationship between seed mass and latitude both within and across species. Methods Seed mass, pre‐dispersal seed predation and post‐dispersal seed removal data were compiled from the literature. Wherever possible, these data were combined with information regarding the latitude at which the data were collected. Analyses were performed using both cross‐species and phylogenetic regressions. Results Contrary to expectations, we found no significant relationship between seed predation and latitude (log₁₀ proportion of seeds surviving predispersal seed predation vs. latitude, P = 0.63; R² = 0.02; n = 122 species: log₁₀ proportion of seeds remaining after postdispersal seed removal vs. latitude, P = 0.54; R² = 0.02; n = 205 species). These relationships remained non‐significant after variation because of seed mass was accounted for. We also found a very substantial (R² = 0.21) relationship between seed mass and latitude across 2706 species, with seed mass being significantly higher towards the tropics. Within‐species seed mass decline with latitude was significant, but only about two‐sevenths, as rapid as the cross‐species decline with latitude. Results of phylogenetic analyses were very similar to cross‐species analyses. We also demonstrated a positive relationship between seed mass and development time across ten species from dry sclerophyll woodland in Sydney (P < 0.001; R² = 0.77; Standardized Major Axis slope = 0.14). These data lend support to the hypothesis that growing period might affect the maximum attainable seed mass in a given environment. Main conclusions There was no evidence that seed predation is higher towards the tropics. The strong relationship between seed mass and latitude shown here had been observed in previous studies, but had not previously been quantified at a global scale. There was a tenfold reduction in mean seed mass for every c. 23° moved towards the poles, despite a wide range of seed mass within each latitude.     

昆虫种子捕食与蒙古栎种子产量和种子大小的关系

为了了解昆虫种子捕食者在栎类种群更新中的作用，于2006年秋季，在黑龙江省伊春市带岭区东方红林场研究了昆虫对蒙古栎Quercus mongolica在参园和东山两个种群的种子蛀食情况及其与蒙古栎种子产量和种子大小的关系。结果表明：(1)在参园和东山两个林分内，蒙古栎种子雨动态非常相似，种子雨成分中完好种子的平均密度仅为3.2±4.1个/m²（参园）和1.7±2.8个/m²（东山），分别仅占种子产量的4.0％和3.2％，而虫蛀种子和败育种子的比例均在38%以上，以虫蛀种子的比例最高，分别为58.2％和57.7％；(2)柞栎象Curculio arakawai是蛀食蒙古栎种子的主要昆虫种类，在虫蛀种子中所占比例高达96.8％（参园）和97.1％（东山），且象甲蛀食种子中所含虫卵数与种子大小有关，即种子越大，所含象甲的虫卵数就较多。本研究的结果说明2006年蒙古栎成熟种子多遭遇虫蛀，导致完好种子的数量极低，因而可能成为限制蒙古栎种群更新的重要因素。     

种子特征和结实量对啮齿动物取食和扩散种子行为的影响

为了深入了解啮齿动物在不同种子丰富度条件下对不同大小和单宁含量种子的觅食行为策略及其与植物种群更新的关系,在宁夏六盘山区的华北落叶松人工林,研究了不同大小和单宁含量[0%Tannin(T)、2%T、8%T和15%T]的人工种子在模拟结实小年和结实大年对啮齿动物取食和扩散行为的影响.结果表明: 啮齿动物消耗种子速度在结实小年更快,结实大年的种子消耗速度相对缓慢. 种子就地取食率(ISPR)在不同结实年份间无显著差异,扩散后取食率(PRAD)在结实小年显著高于结实大年,但前者的扩散后贮藏率(HRAD)显著低于后者;种子扩散后的取食距离(PDAD)和贮藏距离(HDAD)在结实小年均显著大于结实大年.在结实小年,大种子的PDAD和HDAD均大于小种子,前者在不同大小种子间均差异显著,而后者仅在2%T和15%T的不同大小种子间差异显著;在结实大年,除0%T外的其他单宁含量种子的PDAD和HDAD在不同大小种子间均差异显著.ISPR在中等单宁含量种子最大,高单宁含量种子最小;PRAD分别在结实小年的高单宁含量种子和结实大年的无单宁种子最大;不论在结实大年还是结实小年,HRAD均在高单宁含量种子最大,中等单宁含量种子最小.这说明结实大年可延缓啮齿动物对种子的消耗速率,提高种子的HRAD,但种子扩散距离减小;啮齿动物在结实大年和小年均表现出对大种子的扩散偏好,且大种子被扩散的距离更远;啮齿动物在不同结实年份均偏好于就地取食中等单宁含量种子,而扩散高单宁含量种子.     

Relationships between indices of seed maturity and carrot seed quality

Carrot seeds cvs Chantenay and Amsterdam were harvested on several occasions from crops grown in 1985 and 1986, from the time they had reached or were close to their maximum dry weight and were starting to turn brown. Maximum seed dry weight occurred approximately 40–45 days after flowering (DAF) in both cultivars. Maximum germination (International Seed Testing Association 14-day count) occurred 40 and 55 DAF in cvs Chantenay and Amsterdam, respectively, but the maximum 7-day count and the minimum coefficient of variation of embryo length did not occur until 60 DAF in cv. Chantenay and 55 to 65 DAF in cv. Amsterdam. Percentage germination was negatively and linearly related to seed moisture content, chlorophyll a + b content in the seed coat and seed distortion, measured on a modified tensile-testing machine, the relationships accounting for 77, 71 and 64% of the variance in the 7-day germination count, respectively. The corresponding values for the 14-day count were 63, 61 and 50%. A simple field test for monitoring seed maturity is proposed.     

Methods of estimating seed banks with reference to long-term seed burial

We compared two standard seed-bank estimation techniques using buried seed populations that had been covered to depths of >1 m by volcanic deposits for 20 years. Some seeds were germinated in a greenhouse (germination method [GM]), and other seeds were extracted by flotation using 50% K₂CO₃ solution (floatation method [FM]). In total, FM could detect more species and seeds in the soils than GM. However, many species that were extracted by FM did not germinate by GM and smaller seeds were extracted to a lesser extent by FM. FM and GM have distinct advantages and disadvantages. We concluded that the application of a single method should be avoided in estimating seed banks, in particular for long-lived seed banks, because the seeds cannot be readily germinated and are structurally weak.     

Development of seed coat-imposed dormancy during seed maturation in Cynoglossum officinale

The relationship between seed phenolics and appearance of seed coat–imposed dormancy during seed development in Cynoglossum officinale L. was studied. Up to 24 days after anthesis, seeds failed to germinate upon imbibition in Petri dishes at 25°C. At 44 days after anthesis, seeds were fully germinable; removal of seed coats did not improve their germination or O₂ uptake. At 72 days after anthesis, mature seeds at the base of the cyme did not germinate unless their coats were removed. Removal of seed coat also stimulated O₂ uptake at this harvest date. The methanol-soluble phenolic content of the seeds increased during the early stages of seed development, in both the seed coat and the embryo. As seed development continued, the methanol-soluble phenolic content of the embryo stabilized, but that of the seed coat declined. This decline was associated with an increase in the thioglycolic acid–soluble phenolics, presumably lignins, in the seed coat. These results suggest that polymerization of methanol–soluble phenolics into lignins in the seed coat during later stages of seed development renders the seed coat of C. officinale impermeable to 03, and thus keeps the seed dormant.