丹桂夏季的光合蒸腾特性

丹桂净光合速率和气孔导度日变化曲线为"双峰"型,光合效率午间明显降低,主要由非气孔限制引起.表观量子效率和实际光化学效率的降低是非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.蒸腾速率的日变化为"单峰型",午间最高.利用多元逐步回归方法得到净光合速率与环境因子的最优方程.夏季适当遮荫有利于丹桂降低光抑制,提高净光合速率,促进植株生长.     

干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅光合特性的影响

以2年生夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)苗木为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究土壤干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅叶片光合特性的影响,结果显示:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,夏蜡梅叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度显著降低;胞间CO2浓度在轻度和中度胁迫下显著低于对照,但在重度胁迫下显著高于对照;水分利用效率在胁迫下提高,且以中度胁迫为最大.温度升高使叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对光合作用的不利影响.对照及轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率日变化曲线均为双峰型,但重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化转变为峰值很小的单峰型;各处理的蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型并以午间最高.表明夏蜡梅光合作用对干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力,但重度胁迫对其造成严重影响.     

纳米SiO2对髯毛箬竹叶片光合特征参数日变化的影响

采用叶面喷施的方法,研究了0(CK)、150、300和450 mg.L-1纳米SiO2对髯毛箬竹(Indocalamus barbatusMcClure)叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔限制值和水分利用效率等光合特征参数日变化(7:00至16:00)的影响。结果表明:对照组髯毛箬竹叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和气孔限制值的日变化曲线均为"双峰"型,有明显的"午休"现象;胞间CO2浓度的日变化曲线则为"W"型;水分利用效率的日变化曲线为"U"型。与对照相比,喷施150、300和450 mg.L-1纳米SiO2均能不同程度提高髯毛箬竹叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,减小气孔限制值及胞间CO2浓度的变化幅度,提高"午休"时的水分利用效率,缓解光合作用的"午休"现象;其中,300 mg.L-1纳米SiO2处理组的效果最佳,在出现最大峰值的10:00时300 mg.L-1纳米SiO2处理组的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率分别比对照提高了13.98%、71.21%和49.09%,且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。综合分析结果说明:髯毛箬竹叶片光合能力的提高是气孔和非气孔限制因素共同作用的结果,而喷施适量的纳米SiO2能够在一定程度上改善非气孔限制因素,从而增强髯毛箬竹叶片的光合能力。     

桂花光合特性的光温响应

对丹桂光合特性光温响应的研究结果表明：1）净光合速率最适温度为24～28℃,在22～42℃之间,净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和水分利用效率与温度的关系为二次多项式方程,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率与温度成线性关系;2）在控制条件下,随着温度的升高,光补偿点升高,光饱和点、表观量子效率、最大净光合速率下降.在自然条件下,丹桂光合日进程出现明显的光合“午休”,“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起,表观量子效率和光化学效率下降表明光抑制是午间非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.     

重庆石灰岩地区十大功劳光合特性动态变化和对CO2的响应研究

运用开放式气体交换C I-310便携式光合作用测定系统,研究了重庆石灰岩地区适生灌木十大功劳(Maho-nia fortunei)光合特性的动态变化和对CO2的响应。结果表明:十大功劳的净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化为双峰曲线,蒸腾速率的日变化为单峰曲线,净光合速率出现了光合午休现象,主要由非气孔因素影响,水分利用效率的日变化呈“L”型。在季节变化中净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都呈现双峰曲线,而水分利用效率呈现“W”型。气体交换的日动态和季节动态变化是与植物生存的气候环境相适应的,在石灰岩地区表现出低光合低蒸腾和高水分利用效率的节水特性。净光合速率随着CO2浓度的升高而表现出升高趋势,其CO2补偿点为90μmol.mol-1左右,羧化效率为0.0125,较低的羧化效率是十大功劳净光合速率较低的一个原因。     

截干对杉木种子园老龄化母树光合特性的影响

为探究截干与否对杉木老龄化母树光合特性的影响,以杉木种子园老龄化截干与未截干母树为试验对象使用LI 6400XT便携式光合测定系统对其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率进行了比较研究。结果表明:与未截干母树相比,截干可极显著提高母树净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及水分利用效率,其中净光合速率提高了0.3~5.6倍,叶片气孔导度提高了0.4~2.7倍,蒸腾速率提高了0.2~2.1倍,水分利用效率提高了0.02~2.6倍。枝条朝向对光合特性有显著影响,总体表现为东面枝叶的净光合速率、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率大于南面和西面。     

羊草和紫花苜蓿人工草地光合特性

为探究单播与混播人工草地对羊草和紫花苜蓿光合特性的影响,测定2种牧草光合特性日变化进程,比较不同处理下羊草和紫花苜蓿光合特征。结果表明：单播处理下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片温度呈单峰型,紫花苜蓿的气孔导度呈单峰型,羊草的气孔导度和水分利用效率呈双峰型。混播处理下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片温度日变化呈单峰型,羊草的气孔导度和水分利用效率呈单峰型,紫花苜蓿的气孔导度呈双峰型。混播处理下,羊草净光合速率峰值显著高于单播,分别为17.72和13.65μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。单播和混播处理下,羊草叶绿素含量均高于紫花苜蓿,羊草叶片氮含量均低于紫花苜蓿,且混播羊草叶片氮含量显著高于单播羊草,二者分别为27.60和22.55 g·kg^-1。不同种植方式下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与胞间CO₂浓度呈显著负相关,紫花苜蓿的净光合速率与叶片温度、水分利用效率呈显著正相关。混播处理有利于增加羊草叶片氮含量。试验结果为牧...     

不同程度的水分胁迫对中间锦鸡儿幼苗气体交换特征的影响

为探讨未来降水减少对内蒙古皇甫川流域人工栽培主要灌木树种中间锦鸡儿气体交换特征的影响 ,特设计正常降雨水平、偏旱、干旱和极端干旱 4种水分处理水平 ,进行人工模拟水分胁迫实验。结果表明 ,不同的水分处理显著影响土壤含水量、土壤温度、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、资源利用效率和叶片水势。适度的水分胁迫 (干旱环境 )能够提高中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率和抗旱性 ,同时也降低了净光合速率与蒸腾速率。随水分胁迫的增强 ,中间锦鸡儿的净光合速率日变化曲线逐渐从典型的单峰型转变成双峰型 ,出现光合“午睡”现象。根据 Farquhar和 Sharkey提出的判别标准 ,干旱和极端干旱下光合“午睡”的原因分别以气孔因素和非气孔因素 (叶肉细胞光合能力下降 )为主。中间锦鸡儿通过自身的生理调节以抵抗干旱 ,是其能够适应干旱环境、历经 3a大旱而幸存下来的重要原因     

水分胁迫和温度对夏蜡梅叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

夏蜡梅是浙江省特有的濒危单种属物种.本文研究了不同程度土壤水分胁迫和不同温度处理对2年生盆栽夏蜡梅光合作用的影响.结果表明:轻度和中度水分胁迫下夏蜡梅净光合速率分别下降至对照的92.3%和74.3%,净光合速率的降低主要由气孔限制引起;重度水分胁迫下,净光合速率仅为对照的44.4%,主要由非气孔限制引起.夏季夏蜡梅的光合适宜温度范围在20 ℃～28 ℃,39 ℃下其净光合速率、水分利用效率和最大光化学效率显著降低,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率显著升高.随着水分胁迫的加重及处理温度的升高,夏蜡梅光补偿点上升,光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率下降.重度水分胁迫及高温是制约夏蜡梅生存的重要环境因子.     

海南红豆（Ormosia pinnata)夏季叶片气体交换，气孔导度和水分利用效率的日变化

对野外海南红豆叶片的气体交换、气孔导度和水分利用效率及其相应环境因子的日变化进行测定的结果表明：夏季７月叶片净光光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈双峰型,前者的变化主要受光控制,与气温、叶温和湿度的关系不明显;后者与光、气温和叶温成正相关,与湿度成负相关,气孔导度对湿度的敏感性比对光和温度明显很多。分析结果显示,气孔导度和光合速率受环境因子的响应是相对独立的,海南红豆的水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have produced remarkably high estimates of mutation rate, which strongly contrast with substitution rates inferred in phylogenetic (species-level) studies. Using Bayesian analysis with a relaxed-clock model, we estimated rates for three groups of mitochondrial data: avian protein-coding genes, primate protein-coding genes, and primate d-loop sequences. In all three cases, we found a measurable transition between the high, short-term (< 1-2 Myr) mutation rate and the low, long-term substitution rate. The relationship between the age of the calibration and the rate of change can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, which may be used for correcting molecular date estimates. The phylogenetic substitution rates in mitochondria are approximately 0.5% per million years for avian protein-coding sequences and 1.5% per million years for primate protein-coding and d-loop sequences. Further analyses showed that purifying selection offers the most convincing explanation for the observed relationship between the estimated rate and the depth of the calibration. We rule out the possibility that it is a spurious result arising from sequence errors, and find it unlikely that the apparent decline in rates over time is caused by mutational saturation. Using a rate curve estimated from the d-loop data, several dates for last common ancestors were calculated: modern humans and Neandertals (354 ka; 222-705 ka), Neandertals (108 ka; 70-156 ka), and modern humans (76 ka; 47-110 ka). If the rate curve for a particular taxonomic group can be accurately estimated, it can be a useful tool for correcting divergence date estimates by taking the rate decay into account. Our results show that it is invalid to extrapolate molecular rates of change across different evolutionary timescales, which has important consequences for studies of populations, domestication, conservation genetics, and human evolution.     

On-station comparative analysis of reproductive and survival performance between Red Maasai,Dorper, and Merino sheep breeds

The reproductive performance of ewes and the survivability of lambs to weaning have a critical economic impact on sheep farming worldwide. Further, knowledge of major mortality causes allows an opportunity for improved flock management to evade financial losses. The maximum likelihood estimates for generalised linear mixed models and chi-square test methods were used to examine 971 mating records, 839 and 763 lambs born and weaned (singles or twins) from the Naivasha Sheep and Goats station in Kenya for the years 2011 to 2020 consisting of Dorper, Red Maasai (RedM), and Merino breeds. The RedM (P < 0.05) outperformed Dorper and Merino in weaning rate, whereas reproductive performance between the three breeds was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in litter size and multiple lambings per ewe lambing. On the one hand, Dorper significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed the other two breeds only in weaning weight per lamb born. In addition, among all the major causes of death, pneumonia appeared to be the one to which Dorper breeds were most susceptible (chi-square test, P < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, neither the Dorper nor the Merino sheep breeds were reproductively superior to the RedM in an extensive semi-arid production environment. In addition, Dorper's susceptibility to the leading causes of mortality, particularly pneumonia and sheep pox, were relatively high compared to other breeds and could be a precursor to massive economic losses for Dorper sheep producers. In contrast to the indigenous RedM breed, imported sheep breeds appeared to be more susceptible to major mortality-related under an extensive production system. Therefore, regardless of weaning weight, RedM breed production appears to be a more viable investment for small-scale farmers, particularly in semi-arid regions.     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

吉粳88高效再生体系的建立

以吉粳88为材料,通过对不同培养基和激素的筛选,确定最佳的再生体系。结果表明:NMB培养基为吉粳88最适的愈伤组织诱导培养基。通过L₉(3³)正交实验研究最适激素浓度配比,筛选出吉粳88愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA。在添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA的NMB基本培养基条件下,吉粳88的分化率最高,成培苗率也最高。     

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20 °C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24 h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5 mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100 ml of 4 mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30 min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.     

On the interpretation of some planktonology equations

Summary The concept of the mean value of a function is used to interpret some population-dynamics equations. The well-known formula for the per capita growth rate r gives a precise mean value for any (not only exponentially growing) populations. This result is used to derive the birth and death rate equations of Paloheimo (1974) with minimal initial limitations.Abbreviations t time - N number of animals - E number of eggs - r specific (i.e. per capita) population growth rate - b specific birth rate - d specific death rate - D duration of embryonic development     

转基因鱼构建模式的研究II.构建转基因鱼的几个影响因素(英文)

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沙埋对两种一年生藜科植物存活及光合生理的影响

为了解沙埋对沙生植物存活的影响及其光合生理响应特征,比较不同藜科沙生植物耐沙埋能力及其光合响应,在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)和大果虫实(Corispermum marocarpum)在不同沙埋深度下第5、10、15天的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化,并于植物生长末期对存活率进行了测定。结果表明:沙米较大果虫实具有较强的耐沙埋能力,其中沙米幼苗最大耐沙埋深度超过苗高10 cm,大果虫实在埋深等于其苗高时全部死亡;随沙埋深度增加,沙米和大果虫实的存活率均显著下降,但沙米的下降幅度明显小于大果虫实;沙埋后,2种植物的气孔关闭或开放程度减小,通过降低蒸腾速率和提高水分利用效率来适应沙埋胁迫;随着沙埋胁迫的加剧,2种植物的净光合速率下降,表明沙埋胁迫对植物的光合作用破坏较大;相比于大果虫实,沙米对于沙埋胁迫有着更好的光合适应,随着胁迫的时间增加,其净光合速率有所恢复。     

光合单位的周转率与叶片光合速率的关系

利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450～2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2％及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25～70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80～160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。