黄土高原4种豆科牧草的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日动态及水分利用效率

在晴天条件下 ,研究了 4年生甘肃红豆草 (Onobrychis viciaefolia scop.cv.‘Gansu’)、沙打旺 (Astragalus adsurgens)、东方山羊豆 (Galega orientalis)和多年生香豌豆 (L athyruslatifolius)人工种群花期 (5月 31日 )和再生期 (7月 10日 )的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率以及土壤贮水量和水分利用特征。结果表明 ,自 5月 31日 (花期 )至 7月 10日 (再生期 ) ,4种牧草对土壤水分消耗由大到小依次为 :沙打旺 119.2 mm、多年生香豌豆 91.6 mm、山羊豆 81.9m m和红豆草 73.8m m。红豆草在花期和再生期的净光合速率分别为 12 .4 1和 9.0 6μ mol CO2 / (m2 · s) ,沙打旺为 10 .10和 7.0 1μ m ol CO2 / (m2 · s) ;红豆草在花期和再生期的日均蒸腾速率 8.13和 9.0 5 m m ol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,沙打旺刈割前和刈割后蒸腾速率分别为 7.4 0和 6 .5 4mmol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,属于高光合、高蒸腾型。而山羊豆和多年生香豌豆则属于低蒸腾、低光合类型 ,花期和再生期 ,山羊豆的日均光合速率分别为 4 .74和 4 .88μm ol CO2 / (m2· s) ,多年生香豌豆为 4 .4 1和 4 .6 4 μ mol CO2 / (m2· s) ,相应的蒸腾速率分别达到 3.75和 5 .4 2 m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s) ,4 .74和 4 .34m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s)。     

海南红豆（Ormosia pinnata)夏季叶片气体交换，气孔导度和水分利用效率的日变化

对野外海南红豆叶片的气体交换、气孔导度和水分利用效率及其相应环境因子的日变化进行测定的结果表明：夏季７月叶片净光光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈双峰型,前者的变化主要受光控制,与气温、叶温和湿度的关系不明显;后者与光、气温和叶温成正相关,与湿度成负相关,气孔导度对湿度的敏感性比对光和温度明显很多。分析结果显示,气孔导度和光合速率受环境因子的响应是相对独立的,海南红豆的水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较     

云锦杜鹃叶片光合作用日变化特征

自然条件下, 对云锦杜鹃光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测, 结果表明:夏季晴天云锦杜鹃阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为\"双峰\"型, 光合效率午间明显降低。胞间CO₂ 浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反, 中午胞间CO₂ 浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线, 中午最高。阴叶净光合速率在一天的大部分时间里变化不大。一天分时段光响应试验表明, 阳叶饱和光强和表观量子效率上午较高, 下午有所降低, 而光补偿点下午有所上升。阴叶的这些光合参数在上午和下午没有明显的变化。这些研究结果表明, 强光下光抑制的发生是引起云锦杜鹃阳叶光合效率午间降低的重要原因。逐步多元回归和通径分析表明, 光合有效辐射和空气温度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。     

不同年代推出的冬小麦品种叶片气体交换日变化的差异

选择60年来北京地区广泛种植的3个冬小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)品种,在相同的环境条件下种植.为了研究它们的产量与单位叶面积的净光合速率( Pn ) 的关系,测定了不同生育期 Pn 、蒸腾速率( Tr )的日变化,并用 Pn / Tr 计算叶片瞬时的水分利用率( WUE ).结果表明:单位叶面积净光合速率与产量之间的关系随生育期不同而变化.在拔节期高产品种京冬8号(九十年代推出)的光合速率和蒸腾速率在一天中总是最高,一天中差异最大时,分别比低产品种燕大1817(四十年代推出)高77%和69%.而其水分利用率却小于低产品种.这种差异随小麦的生长发育而变化,一般上午10:00前京冬8号的光合速率较高,而10:00后燕大1817的光合速率较高.到腊熟期,低产品种燕大1817的光合速率在一天中始终最高.蒸腾速率的变化规律与光合速率相似,然而燕大1817叶片的水分利用率一般最高.与现代推出的品种不同,老品种燕大1817叶片的光合作用午休现象不明显,说明它可能具有一定的抗光氧化性.我们认为,在品种改良的过程中,叶片光合作用的潜力可能有所提高,但它的抗光氧化性可能减弱.     

三种乡土树种在二种林分改造模式下的生理生态比较

在丘陵荒山先锋树种马占相思林的林窗和均匀间伐50％(简称林冠层下)的2种林分改造模式下,研究了降真香、红椎和火力楠3种乡土树种生长初期的生理生态。结果表明,不管是在冬季或夏季,林窗中比林冠层下有更高的光合有效辐射(PAR)和相对湿度(RH),并且有较低的气温(Tair),林窗与林内最主要的差异是PAR的变化。生长在林窗里的植株比林冠层下的叶片小而厚,叶片单位面积干重增加,林窗里的植株叶片有较高的叶绿素含量。冬天,降真香和红椎在林窗里和林冠层下的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线都为单峰型,而火力楠在林窗下为双峰型,林冠层下为单峰型。3种树种在林窗里和林冠层下植株的蒸腾速率(Tr)有较相似的日进程,都为单峰型。2种林分改造模式下3种树种叶片气孔导度(GS)的日变化也较相似,与PAR的变化趋势相似,而与RH变化呈相反趋势。冬季。降真香和红椎在林窗的水分利用效率(WUE)比林冠层下稍高,而火力楠在林冠层下则比林窗高．但它们都无显著差异。夏天,3种树种在林窗和林冠层下的Pn与冬天有相似的结果。夏季红椎和降真香在林窗的Tr比林冠层下高,而火力楠在林冠层下的Tr比林窗高。Gs的变化趋势也与PAR相似,与RH变化趋势相反。夏季,降真香和火力楠的WUE在林窗比林冠层下高,但红椎却比林冠层下的低。3个树种中火力楠的WUE最高。3种树种在林窗和林冠层下的wUE都是冬季比夏季高。综合植物各项生理生态指标的分析结果可知,降真香和红椎较适宜种植在林窗里,而火力楠较能适应有一定郁闭度的林冠层下。     

不同年代推出的冬小麦品种叶片气体交换日变化的差异

选择 6 0年来北京地区广泛种植的 3个冬小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)品种 ,在相同的环境条件下种植。为了研究它们的产量与单位叶面积的净光合速率 (Pn)的关系 ,测定了不同生育期Pn、蒸腾速率 (Tr)的日变化 ,并用Pn/Tr计算叶片瞬时的水分利用率 (WUE)。结果表明 :单位叶面积净光合速率与产量之间的关系随生育期不同而变化。在拔节期高产品种“京冬 8号”(九十年代推出 )的光合速率和蒸腾速率在一天中总是最高 ,一天中差异最大时 ,分别比低产品种“燕大 1817”(四十年代推出 )高 77%和 6 9%。而其水分利用率却小于低产品种。这种差异随小麦的生长发育而变化 ,一般上午 10 :0 0前“京冬 8号”的光合速率较高 ,而 10 :0 0后“燕大 1817”的光合速率较高。到腊熟期 ,低产品种“燕大 1817”的光合速率在一天中始终最高。蒸腾速率的变化规律与光合速率相似 ,然而“燕大1817”叶片的水分利用率一般最高。与现代推出的品种不同 ,老品种“燕大 1817”叶片的光合作用午休现象不明显 ,说明它可能具有一定的抗光氧化性。我们认为 ,在品种改良的过程中 ,叶片光合作用的潜力可能有所提高 ,但它的抗光氧化性可能减弱。     

米瓦罐光合日变化的研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合系统研究了米瓦罐的光合日变化.结果表明,米瓦罐光合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,上午10:00时光合速率最大,为31.5μmolCO2/(m2·s);7:00时的表观量子效率最高,为0.032 CO2/quantum;气孔导度的变化趋势与光合速率一致,10时出现最大值,为0.521 molH2O/(m2·s);11时蒸腾速率最快,为6.82mmolH2O/(m2·s);水分利用效率8时最高,为7.07μmolCO2/mmolH2O.     

模拟酸雨对柚木幼苗生长、光合与水分利用的影响

模拟pH6.5(对照)、4.5和2.5三个酸雨梯度,研究其对1a生组培柚木(TectonagrandisL.f.)幼苗生长、光合与水分利用的影响。结果表明,尽管不同处理间的各项生理指标差异不明显,但模拟酸雨对柚木形态构件参数造成较严重的影响。pH4.5和pH2.5处理组柚木基径(D)和树高(H)增长明显下降,使得D2H下降更加显著;不同处理下柚木叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(E)日变化趋于一致,气孔导度(gs)日变化与对应的叶片净光合速率日变化十分相似,同时,对照与两个处理的Pn与gs之间都表现正相关(p<0.01),且在pH4.5处理表现更为显著,但是对照和两个处理的E与gs的线性关系不显著;pH4.5和2.5处理的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化趋于一致;对照胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度比(Ci/Ca)均值最低,表明对照柚木对CO2利用最有效。     

虎杖光合生理生态特性日变化研究

用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对5个虎杖材料的光合生理特性日变化及其与气象因子关系进行了研究。结果表明：（1）虎杖的净光合速率日变化呈‘单峰’型曲线,日最大净光合速率（15．0μmol·m^-2·s^-1）值出现在9：00左右;（2）叶片水压亏缺、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的峰值在同一时间出现（13：00）,胞间CO2浓度不随气孔导度的降低而减小,控制虎杖光合速率因子为非气孔限制;（3）供试5个材料的净光合速率日变化趋势基本一致,并以地栽组培苗的净光合速率最高,而‘贵州凯里’的最低。光合有效辐射对光合特征参数的变化影响最大,且对净光合速率起决定性作用（r-0．534^＊＊）,环境因子主要通过对蒸腾速率、叶片水压亏缺和叶面温度的作用来影响虎杖叶片净光合速率。     

旱作条件下不同苜蓿品种光合作用的日变化

晴天,利用LI-6400光合仪研究了旱作条件下4年生紫花苜蓿新疆大叶、巨人201、牧歌401和路宝再生草初花期（2004年6月23日）的光合作用日变化特征.结果表明：①4个苜蓿品种Pn、Tr和Gs的日变化曲线均呈“双峰”型,12：00左右存在明显的光合＂午休＂现象,但不同品种Pn、Tr和Gs的高峰和低谷出现的时刻和高低不同.WUE日进程,除路宝呈“单峰”型外,新疆大叶、巨人201和牧歌401呈“双峰”型,4个品种在8：00左右的WUE均达到全天的最高值,14：00左右的峰值不明显.②根据Pn、Ci、Ls的变化方向,推测4个品种的光合“午休”主要受气孔因素限制.③国外苜蓿品种巨人201、牧歌401和路宝日平均Pn、Tr和WUE均优于国内地方品种新疆大叶,尤其是巨人201是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用率的品种.④相关分析结果表明,对Pn影响最显著的因子是PAR,其次是Gs、RH、Ta和VPD;对蒸腾速率影响最显著的因子为PAR,其次是RH、Ta、Gs和VPD.     

Effects of short-term NaCl stress on water relations and gas exchange of two jute species

Thirty-day-old seedlings of two jute species (Corchorus capsularis L. cv. JRC 212 and C. olitorius L. cv. JRO 632) were subjected to short-term salinity stress (160 and 200 mM NaCl for 1 and 2 d). Relative water content, leaf water potential, water uptake, transpiration rate, water retention, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of both jute species decreased due to salinity stress. The decrease was greater in C. olitorius than in C. capsularis and with higher magnitude of stress. Greater accumulation of Na+ and Cl- and a lower ratio of K+/Na+ in the root and shoot of C. olitorius compared with C. capsularis were also recorded. Pretreatment of seedlings with kinetin (0.09 mM), glutamic acid (4 mM) and calcium nitrate (5 mM) for 24 h significantly improved net photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of salinity stressed plants, the effect being more marked in C. olitorius. Among the pre-treatment chemicals, calcium nitrate was most effective. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gas exchange in leaves of the root hemiparasitemelampyrum arvense L. before and after attachment to the host plant

Gas exchange characteristics of a hemiparasiteMelampyrum arvense L. before and after attachment to the hostCapsella bursa pastoris (L.) Med. were compared. The net photosynthetic rates (P_N) on a leaf area basis were extremely low and in comparison to the value obtained for the host were about 15 % and 23 % for the unattached and attached hemiparasite, respectively. Also the concentration of photosynthetic pigments was low (as compared with the host the content of chlorophylls was about 33 % and 49 % and of carotenoids about 38 % and 36 % in the unattached and attached hemiparasite, respectively). On the other hand the rates of respiration were high (about 1.8 and 2.6 times higher in the unattached and attached hemiparasite, respectively, than in the host). In darkness stomatal conductance (g_S) of the host and the unattached hemiparasite was rapidly reduced to 10 % of the value obtained in light, g_S of the attached hemiparasite was decreased only by about 30%. A total reduction of g_S occurred at relative water content (RWC) of 85 %, 75% and 45 % for the unattached hemiparasite, the host, and the attached hemiparasite, respectively. The transpiration (E) rate in the preparasitic stage was very low, being 2.6 and 4.5 times smaller than in the host and the attached hemiparasite, respectively. In the attached hemiparasite WUE was 7.5 and 3 times poorer than in the host and in the preparasitic stage, respectively.     

Gas exchange inHardwickia binata after water stress and rewatering

The net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s) and transpiration (E) ofHardwickia binata Roxb. leaves were reduced due to decrease in the leaf water potential (ψ_w) from -2.0 to - 5.7 MPa. P_N partially recovered in the treated plants upon rewatering. Decrease in g_s due to water stress may be the main factor for reduction of P_N. This work was supported by a financial grant from the MNES, India to KP.     

Compensatory effects of elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration on the inhibitory effects of high temperature and irradiance on photosynthetic gas exchange in carrots

We determined the interactive effects of irradiance, elevated CO₂ concentration (EC), and temperature in carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus). Plants of the cv. Red Core Chantenay (RCC) were grown in a controlled environmental plant growth room and exposed to 3 levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400, 800, 1 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), 3 leaf chamber temperatures (15, 20, 30 °C), and 2 external CO₂ concentrations (C _a), AC and EC (350 and 750 μmol mol⁻¹, respectively). Rates of net photosynthesis (P _N) and transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (g _s ) were measured, along with water use efficiency (WUE) and ratio of internal and external CO₂ concentrations (C _i/C _a). P _N revealed an interactive effect between PAR and C _a. As PAR increased so did P _N under both C _a regimes. The g _s showed no interactive effects between the three parameters but had singular effects of temperature and PAR. E was strongly influenced by the combination of PAR and temperature. WUE was interactively affected by all three parameters. Maximum WUE occurred at 15 °C and 1 200 μmol m⁻² s^{− 1} PAR under EC. The C _i /C _a was influenced independently by temperature and C _a. Hence photosynthetic responses are interactively affected by changes in irradiance, external CO₂ concentration, and temperature. EC significantly compensates the inhibitory effects of high temperature and irradiance on P _N and WUE.     

Effects of Reddening of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Leaves on Functional Activity of Photosynthetic Apparatus

Strong inhibition of rates of CO₂ assimilation and transpiration, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency as well as photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemical activity were related to the severity of reddening. The inhibition of photosynthesis in red cotton leaves was due to both decreased photochemical activity and stomatal limitation. Lowered photosynthetic capacity could be one of the main factors of reduced yield in reddening cotton.     

Interrelationship between Leaf Gas-Exchange Characteristics,Area Leaf Mass,and Yield in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) Genotypes

Variability in leaf gas-exchange traits in thirteen soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) genotypes was assessed in a field experiment conducted at high altitude (1 950 m). Leaf net photosynthetic rate (P ^N) exhibited a high degree of variability at all the growth stages studied. P _N and other gas-exchange parameters exhibited a seasonal pattern that was similar for all the genotypes. P _N rate was highest at seed filling stage. P _N was positively and significantly associated with aboveground dry matter and seed yield. The area leaf mass (ALM) exhibited a strong positive association with leaf P _N, aboveground dry matter, and seed yield. The positive association between ALM, P _N, and seed yield suggests that this simple and easy to measure character can be used in breeding programmes as a surrogate for higher photosynthetic efficiency and eventually higher yield.     

Biomass Partitioning and Gas Exchange in Dalbergia sissoo seedlings under water stress

Biomass, leaf water potential (_l), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), leaf to air temperature difference (T _diff), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) were measured in the seedlings of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. grown under irrigation of 20 (W₁), 14 (W₂), 10 (W₃), and 8 (W₄) mm. Treatments were maintained by re-irrigation when water content of the soil reached 7.4% in W₁, 5.6% in W₂, 4.3% in W₃, and 3.2% in W₄. Seedlings in a control (W₅) were left without irrigation after maintaining the soil field capacity (10.7%). Seedlings of W₁ had highest biomass that was one tenth in W₅. Biomass allocation was highest in leaf in W₂ and in root in W₄ and W₅ treatments. Difference between predawn leaf water potential (_Pd) and midday (_mid) increased with soil water stress and with vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in April and May slowing down the recovery in plant leaf water status after transpiration loss. P _N, E, and g _s declined and T _diff increased from W₁ to W₅. Their values were highly significant in April and May for the severely stressed seedlings of W₄ and W₅. P _N increased from 08:00 to 10:00 and E increased until 13:00 within the day for most of the seedlings whereas g _s decreased throughout the day from 08:00 to 17:00. P _N and E were highest in March but their values were low in January, February, April, and May. Large variations in physiological variables to air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) indicated greater sensitivity of the species to environmental factors. WUE increased from W₁ to W₂ but decreased drastically at high water stress particularly during hot summer showing a kind of adaptation in D. sissoo to water stress. However, low biomass and reduced physiological functions at <50% of soil field capacity suggest that this species does not produce significant biomass at severe soil water stress or drought of a prolonged period.     

Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.)

Sixty seven-days-old plants of Ammi majus L. were subjected for 46 d to sand culture at varying concentrations of NaCl, i.e. 0 (control), 40, 80, 120, and 160 mM. Increasing salt concentrations caused a significant reduction in fresh and dry masses of both shoots and roots as well as seed yield. However, the adverse effect of salt was more pronounced on seed yield than biomass production at the vegetative stage. Calculated 50 % reduction in shoot dry mass occurred at 156 mM (ca.15.6 mS cm^–1), whereas that in seed yield was at 104 mM (ca.10.4 mS cm^–1). As in most glycophytes, Na⁺ and Cl^– in both shoots and roots increased, whereas K⁺ and Ca²⁺ decreased consistently with the successive increase in salt level of the growth medium. Plants of A. majusmaintained markedly higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in the shoots than those in the roots, and the ratio remained more than 1 even at the highest external salt level (160 mM). Net photosynthetic (P_N) and transpiration (E) rates remained unaffected at increasing NaCl, and thus these attributes had a negative association with salt tolerance of A. majus. Proline content in the shoots increased markedly at the higher concentrations of salt. Essential oil content in the seed decreased consistently with increase in external salt level. Overall, A. majusis a moderately salt tolerant crop whose response to salinity is associated with maintenance of high shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and accumulation of proline in shoots, but P_N had a negative association with the salt tolerance of this crop.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Leaf gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of three wetland plants in response to long-term soil flooding

The effects of soil flooding on gas exchange and photosystem 2 (PS2) activity were analyzed in leaves of Phragmites australis, Carex cinerascens, and Hemarthria altissima. Pronounced decrease in net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance with flooding was found only in C. cinerascens. No significant changes in PS2 activity were observed in all three species which suggests that the photosynthetic apparatus was not damaged. Among the three species, H. altissima is better adapted to flooding than P. australis and C. cinerascens.