云南药山自然保护区种子植物区系的垂直分布格局

通过野外植被调查,结合文献资料,探讨了云南药山自然保护区种子植物区系的垂直分布格局.结果表明,温带区系成分所占比重,随着海拔的升高,总体上呈单调递增趋势,而热带区系成分所占比重呈单调递减格局;区系平衡点出现在海拔2000 m 左右.在平衡点之下,植物区系以热带、亚热带区系成分为主,而在此之上,则以温带区系成分为主.区系成分的聚类分析表明,研究区域内植被垂直带谱主要由1500 m以下的干热河谷植被、1500～2000 m左右的云南松林、2000～2600 m的常绿阔叶林、2600～3100 m的硬叶常绿阔叶林、3100～3600 m的亚高山灌丛和3600 m以上的高寒草甸构成,这与传统的植被类型划分方法的结果基本一致.     

云南西部纵向岭谷区种子植物区系过渡性的地理分布格局及其生物地理意义

利用野外考察资料和相关文献信息,对云南西部纵向岭谷区种子植物区系过渡性的地理分布格局进行分析,以探讨植物区系的起源、迁移及其分布的生物地理意义.结果表明:(1)随着纬度或海拔的升高,温带区系成分所占比重均呈递增趋势,而热带区系成分的比重呈递减格局.(2)在热量梯度上,温带区系成分所占比重随着年平均温度的增加呈递减趋势,而热带区系成分呈递增趋势;区系过渡性随年平均温度的增加呈先增强后减弱的偏峰分布格局.当年平均温度在12.4℃左右时,区系过渡性达到峰值,出现区系平衡点;当年均温低于2.9℃时,温带区系成分所占比重达到100%,相应的植被类型为温性针叶林,是温性针叶林分布的热量上限;当年均温高于21.8℃时,热带区系成分所占比重达到100%,相应的植被类型为热带雨林,是热带雨林分布的热量下限.(3)区系过渡性较强的区域主要分布在海拔1 500～2 500 m的无量山和哀牢山等地区;区系过渡性较弱的地区主要分布在南部海拔较低(1 500 m以下)、热量较为丰富的河谷地带,同时也见于海拔3 000 m以上、气候相对温凉的北部高海拔地区.     

新疆天山南坡中段种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

对植物多样性垂直分布格局及其维持机制的研究可以有效揭示植物物种多样性分布特征及其环境影响因子。本文通过野外调查、查阅标本并结合相关文献资料,对天山南坡中段种子植物区系沿海拔梯度的分布格局进行了系统研究。结果显示,在大区域尺度上,科属种的物种丰富度随海拔升高均呈先增加后减少的趋势,且最高值出现在中低海拔1900~2000 m处;不同生活型植物沿海拔梯度的变化格局有所不同,其中,乔木、一年生草本、藤本及寄生植物表现出随海拔升高物种丰富度逐渐降低的趋势,灌木、多年生草本及二年生草本植物物种丰富度则呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;从植物区系地理成分来看,世界分布所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;温带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈缓慢上升趋势;古地中海地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势;热带地理成分所占的比重沿海拔升高呈逐渐下降的趋势;东亚地理成分所占的比重沿海拔梯度升高呈先增加后减少然后再增加的变化趋势。对该分布格局与当地干旱的气候条件及海拔梯度上热量和水分条件的变化相适应。     

中国外来入侵植物区系组成的大尺度格局及其气候解释

外来入侵物种的空间分布格局及其影响因子的研究是外来物种管理和控制的基础。本研究利用文献数据和气候资料,探讨了中国外来人侵植物（属）区系组成的大尺度格局及其与气候因子之间的联系。从植物区系的总体构成来看,热带区系成分所占比重较大,其次为温带成分和世界分布成分,说明研究区域内外来人侵植物主要起源于热带地区,其次为温带地区。从空间格局来看,从南到北,热带区系成分所占比重呈递减趋势,而温带区系成分所占比重则呈递增趋势。这说明,在南部区域,外来入侵植物更多的来自于热带地区,但在北部区域,来自于温带地区的外来入侵植物可能占据主导地位。热量水平显著影响外来入侵植物的空间格局,随着热量水平的提高,热带区系比重呈递增趋势,而温带区系成分所占比重则呈递减趋势,这可能与不同区系成分植物的生态特性有关。     

滇西北地区种子植物中国-喜马拉雅分布成分(Sino–Himalaya,SH)的区系组成及其分布格局

利用大尺度的植物区系分布信息,探讨了滇西北地区中国–喜马拉雅分布成分的区系组成及其分布格局。结果表明,从科到属,该区系成分的比重增加了18%左右,意味着滇西北地区可能是该区系成分的重要分化中心之一。对主要植物类群的组成分析表明,滇西北地区可能是该区系成分在科、属水平上的重要分布和起源中心。在属水平上,该区系成分所占比重随着纬度和海拔高差的增加均呈递增趋势,这可能与纬度梯度上地壳的差异性抬升所致的区系分化强度的纬度分异有关。从南到北,该区系成分中年轻的多型属所占比重呈增加趋势,而古老的少(单)型属所占比重则呈递减趋势。这可能与纬度梯度上地层的差异性抬升和第四纪冰川的影响有关。     

云南高黎贡山北段植物物种多样性的垂直分布格局

在高黎贡山北段沿海拔梯度设置17个样地,采用数量分类,对高黎贡山北段植物群落类型、物种组成和多样性的垂直格局进行了研究.结果表明:(1)随着海拔的升高,森林群落类型由常绿阔叶林(2 000～2 300 m)依次过渡为以阔叶树为主的针阔混交林(2 300～2 600 m)、以针叶树为主的针阔混交林(2 600～3 000 m)和针叶林(3 000～3 100 m);(2)木本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加显著下降,而草本植物的物种丰富度则随着海拔高度的增加先下降,然后在林线以上显著上升;(3)木本植物β多样性随着海拔的上升呈单调下降趋势,而草本植物β多样性在中海拔附近区域较低;(4)在植物区系方面,热带亚热带成分所占比例随海拔上升而下降,温带成分、世界分布成分则随着海拔的升高而增加.中国特有分布成分所占比重较小,主要分布在中海拔区域.总体上,温带成分占主导地位.区系平衡点在海拔2100～2200 m.     

三峡大老岭植物区系的垂直梯度分析

为探讨山地植物区系构成特征及其垂直梯度的生态意义,根据对三峡大老岭地区植被垂直样带 调查获得的植物区系资料,分析了该地区植物区系成分构成的基本特征及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势,寻找了区系平衡点的位置;并利用聚类方法分析了山地气候垂直分异对区系成分构成的影响。结果表明：①大老岭植物区系具有温带性质,但仍反映了与热带区系的历史联系,有强烈的区域性;②属的分布区类型可归为热带分布、温带分布、地中海—中亚中心和东亚中心4组,各组区系成分的垂直梯度特征不同;热带、亚热带成分与温带成分的平衡点大致位于海拔650m;③区系成分构成和属的物种数量构成的聚类分析结果一致显示了植物区系构成与山地气候和植被垂直带相对应的格局。     

吊罗山热带天然林物种多样性的海拔分布格局

海拔梯度是影响物种多样性格局的关键因素。为探究吊罗山热带天然林物种多样性的海拔分布格局，该研究对吊罗山245～1 130 m海拔内的6个热带天然林样地进行植被调查，从群落物种组成、物种多样性、区系组成和叶性质等方面分析沿海拔梯度吊罗山热带天然林物种多样性与群落特征变化规律。结果表明：(1)随海拔升高、温度降低、湿度升高、人为干扰减少，吊罗山热带天然林物种组成以及Margalef、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson、Pielou多样性指数均呈现先升高后降低的格局；中海拔群落水热条件最为适宜、人为干扰适中、α物种多样性最高。(2)随海拔升高，优势种重要值占比呈现先降低后升高的格局，且优势种具有明显的更替现象，中海拔群落呈现低地雨林与山地雨林的过渡性质。(3)群落间S?rensen群落相似度和海拔高度差呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。(4)区系组成以热带区分布为绝对优势，并以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布为主；热带区分布比例和海拔呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),温带区分布比例和海拔呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。(5)叶性质呈现出以中型叶、单叶、革质叶、全缘叶为主的...     

秦岭牛背梁自然保护区种子植物区系海拔梯度格局分析

通过植被调查并结合文献资料,分析了牛背梁自然保护区种子植物区系随海拔梯度的变化趋势,并利用聚类方法分析海拔梯度对区系成分构成的影响,探讨区系地理成分沿海拔梯度变化的断点,为植被垂直带谱划分提供区系依据.结果表明:(1)各类区系成分中,热带成分所占比例小且均随海拔上升而减小,海拔1 500 m是多数热带分布类型的上限;而温带成分总体随海拔梯度的升高而上升;热带成分与温带成分的比值随海拔升高呈下降趋势且始终小于1;中国特有属成分随海拔升高表现出了不同的变化趋势,在1 000～1 800 m海拔区间内变化不明显,但从1 800～2 880 m海拔区间内开始急剧下降;秦岭牛背梁自然保护区植物区系具有温带性质,不存在区系平衡点.(2)聚类分析结果显示,保护区植被沿海拔梯度可划分为5个垂直带谱:海拔1 000～2 000 m为中低山落叶阔叶林带;海拔2 000～2 500 m为中山落叶阔叶小叶林带;海拔2 500～2 600 m为亚高山寒温性针叶林带;海拔2 600～2 800 m为亚高山灌丛带;海拔2 800～2 900 m为亚高山草甸植被带.     

"三江并流"自然遗产地澜沧江流域居民区蚊类多样性的空间分布格局

为探索我国西南山地居民区蚊类多样性空间分布规律与区系分异,作者于2005年7-9月应用紫外灯诱捕法对滇西北"三江并流"自然遗产地中的澜沧江流域6个纬度梯度带(24°-30°N)和5个海拔梯度带(1,000-3,500 m)山地居民区的蚊类进行了调查取样.共捕获蚊类76,458只,分属于2亚科5属36种.统计分析结果显示:(1)物种丰富度随纬度的升高呈下降趋势,随海拔的升高呈先增高后降低的单峰型分布格局;(2)α多样性随纬度的升高呈先降低而后略有升高的分布格局,最高峰位于Ⅰ带(24°-25°N),而随海拔的升高呈波浪状变化,峰值分别出现在C(2,000-2,500 m)和E(3,000-3,500 m)带;(3)β多样性(Cody指数)随纬度和海拔的升高先减少后增加,基本形成两端高中间低的格局.两端高峰的具体地理位置分别处于南亚热带向中亚热带气候和暖温带向寒温带气候的过渡地带.说明蚊类β多样性空间分布格局、区系及物种的组成与地理环境和气候条件的变化有关;(4)从种群组成相似性聚类分析的结果来看,不同纬度、海拔梯度带问蚊类都被分为3个地域区系类型,即东洋区系、东洋与古北区系的过渡区和古北区系;(5)典范对应分析(CCA)的排序结果显示:气温和降水均影响当地蚊类多样性的空间分布格局,降水起主导作用.     

云南大围山种子植物区系海拔梯度格局分析

 海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,因而研究山地植物区系的海拔梯度格局对揭示植物区系的环境梯度变化规律、了解生物适应性和生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化趋势等具有重要意义。为了探讨山地植物区系构成特征及其海拔梯度的生态意义,该文根据对大围山国家级自然保护区植被线路调查和垂直样带调查,并结合文献研究等获得的植物区系资料,分析了该保护区种子植物区系构成的基本特征及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势;利用系统聚类的方法寻找和研究大围山植物区系沿海拔梯度变化的断点位置。研究结果表明：1)大围山大多数热带成分分布的上限位于海拔1 500 m左右,以此为界划分热带雨林和常绿阔叶林是合理的。 2)湿润雨林分布于海拔700 m以下;山地雨林分布于海拔700～1 500 m;季风常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 300～1 800 m;山地苔藓常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 800 m以上;在海拔2 100 m以上的迎风坡面、土层瘠薄的地段分布有不甚典型的山地苔藓矮林。     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区种子植物区系科的垂直分布格局分析

以100m为单位,将保护区内山地划分为35个海拔段,以研究保护区内科的垂直分布格局。统计分析各类分布型科的垂直分布范围、各类分布型所占比例的垂直变化,结果表明:地理分布属性在较大程度上影响着科的垂直分布,T2、T3、T8表现出与其地理分布属性相符的垂直变化趋势。原始类群集中分布于中低海拔地段;以该区为分布边缘的热带科的垂直分布范围非常狭小,集中分布于低海拔地段。热带与温带分布科的平衡线大致在海拔1500m。根据科级区系组成,对35个100m段进行了系统聚类,结果:海拔2500m是该区内科级区系成分结构沿海拔梯度变化的断点。根据各百米段聚类分析的结果,结合不同海拔的区系组成与性质的实际特点,将该山地划分为<1200m、1200～2500m、2500～3500m、>3500m四个区段。     

Patterns of species diversity on an oceanic versus a continental island mountain: a hypothesis on species diversification1

Abstract. The vegetation on a wet mountain slope on Haleakala (an oceanic island) is compared with that on Kinabalu (a continental island) to examine relationships between regional floristic richness and α- and β-diversities. The two mountains are similar in their constant tropical climate, generic and family-level floristic elements and geological age of the summit regions, but different in regional floristic richness (rich on Kinabalu vs. poor on Haleakala). α-diversity of canopy and subcanopy tree species was much higher on Kinabalu than in comparable zones on Haleakala. Average turnover rate of species (as logarithmic community similarity) on the slope was one order of magnitude greater on Kinabalu than on Haleakala (0.127 vs. 0.017 per 100 m alt.). While there were genera with wide altitudinal ranges on both mountains, a large proportion of the genera was differentiated into parapatric altitudinal congeners on Kinabalu. By contrast, most genera are altitudinally monotypic on Haleakala. The number of sympatric congeners per genus, and the frequency of multi-specific genera per plot were high on lower slopes but decreased with increasing altitude on Kinabalu, whereas the values were low across all altitudes on Haleakala. These patterns suggest that sympatric and parapatric species radiation was less on Haleakala than on Kinabalu. This may be related to Haleakala's initially poor and disharmonic flora.     

Vascular plant diversity and climate change in the alpine zone of the Lefka Ori,Crete

The aim of this study is to analyse the vascular flora and the local climate along an altitudinal gradient in the Lefka Ori massif Crete and to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on the plant diversity of the sub-alpine and alpine zones. It provides a quantitative/qualitative analysis of vegetation-environment relationships for four summits along an altitude gradient on the Lefka Ori massif Crete (1664–2339 m). The GLORIA multi-summit approach was used to provide vegetation and floristic data together with temperature records for every summit. Species richness and species turnover was calculated together with floristic similarity between the summits. 70 species were recorded, 20 of which were endemic, belonging to 23 different families. Cretan endemics dominate at these high altitudes. Species richness and turnover decreased with altitude. The two highest summits showed greater floristic similarity. Only 20% of the total flora recorded reaches the highest summit while 10% is common among summits. Overall there was a 4.96°C decrease in temperature along the 675 m gradient. Given a scenario of temperature increase the ecotone between the sub-alpine and alpine zone would be likely to have the greatest species turnover. Southern exposures are likely to be invaded first by thermophilous species while northern exposures are likely to be more resistant to changes. Species distribution shifts will also depend on habitat availability. Many, already threatened, local endemic species will be affected first.     

Floristic altitudinal zones in Malesia

From the altitudinal ranges of species recorded for the Malesian mountain flora, in Flora of Java and the 6 or so volumes of Flora Malesiana it was concluded that there are critical altitudes where the floristic composition shows rather abrupt demarcations, namely at 1000, 1500, 2400 and 4000 m altitude. In a generalized way this also holds for the structure and stature of the vegetation. For cultivated plants the altitudes of 1000 and 1500 m are also distinct demarcations.     

海南五指山地区种子植物区系的特点

五指山地区共有种子植物 1 77科、82 1属、1 882种 (含变种 )。区系组成及地理成分分析表明 :该区系是海南岛区系的重要组成部分 ;其热带性质强烈 ,其中热带亚洲和泛热带成分最占优势 ,各占非世界属总数的 2 6.78%和 2 6.40 % ;讨论了该地区与邻近 6个不同纬度山区植物区系的关系 ,认为五指山区系与大陆区系联系紧密 ,本质上是华夏植物区系不可分割的一部分。     

Influence of altitude on the distribution pattern of flora in a protected area of Western Himalaya

IntroductionDistribution pattern and diversity of flora was compared along an altitudinal gradient using the stratified random sampling design for identifying major plant communities of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The reconnaissance of flora is presented, along with the analysis of the distribution of species, genera, and families within five (5) altitudinal zones. Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary which is situated in the Indian Himalayas harbours a rich variety of flora and fauna. The Himalayas are recognized for diverse vegetation distributed over a wide range of topographical conditions.ResultsThe analysis of diversity within five (5) altitudinal zones was carried out and a total of 324 plant species, representing 219 genera belonging to 92 families, were found. The dominant family was Asteraceae; the co-dominant family was Rosaceae, followed by Lamiaceae and Ranunculaceae. Eight (8) families were observed in all the altitudinal zones, while forty (40) families were observed in a single altitudinal zone, and the remaining forty-four (44) families were found in more than one (1) altitudinal zone. Most of the tree species were contagiously distributed, but a few of them were randomly distributed in all the altitudinal zones. The shrubs and herbs were contagiously distributed in all the altitudinal zones. The correlation analysis (P < 0.05) between altitude and number of species showed that altitude is negatively correlated with tree (r = −0.96), shrub (r = −0.61), and herb species (r = −0.20). As per the cluster analysis of tree layer, altitudinal zone - III (2450–2650 m) and altitudinal zone - IV (2900–3100 m) were found most similar. Altitudinal zone–V (3350–3550 m) was found to be dissimilar from the other zones for herbs.ConclusionsAlthough species composition varies with altitude, but there is a complex relationship between species richness and altitudinal gradient. A decreasing pattern in both species richness and family richness for trees, shrubs and herbs, was recorded with increasing altitude. The predominant factors underlying this variability in plant species and biogeography appear to be climatic and specific to each taxonomic group.     

Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro

Based on the analysis of 600 vegetation plots using the method of Braun-Blanquet (1964) the composition of the whole vascular forest plant flora with about 1220 species was studied in the forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro. The altitudinal distribution of all strata (trees, shrubs, epiphytes, lianas and herbs) along a transect of 2400 m is discussed with respect to altitudinal zonation and ecological factors. With uni-dimensionally constraint clustering significant discontinuities were revealed that occurred simultaneously in the different strata. Thus even in structurally highly complex, multilayered tropical montane forests distinct community units exist that can be surveyed and classified by the Braun-Blanquet approach. This observed zonation was significantly correlated with altitude, temperature and soil acidity (pH); rainfall was of importance in particular for the zonation of epiphytes. Other key factors were humidity (influenced by stable cloud condensation belts) and minimum temperature (in particular the occurrence of frost at 2700 m altitude upslope). The contrary results of other transect studies in East Africa in respect to continuity of change in floristic composition appear to be caused by different sampling methods and intensities or mixing of data from areas with different climate conditions, whereas species richness did not influence the clarity of floristic discontinuities on Kilimanjaro and other parts of East Africa.     

Zonal transition of evergreen,deciduous, and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropical mountain,Mt. Emei,Sichuan, China

Altitudinal zonation of evergreen, deciduous and coniferous forests on Mt. Emei (3099 m asl, 29°34.5' N, 103°21.5' E), Sichuan, China was studied to understand the transition of vegetation zonation from tropical to temperate mountains in humid Asia. On the basis of quantitative data on floristic composition and community structure sampled at ten plots selected in different altitudes on the eastern slope of the mountain, forest zonation and the inter-relationships among different life-forms of trees in each zonal forest community were studied quantitatively. Three forest zones were identified physiognomically along the altitudinal gradient, viz. (i) the evergreen broad-leaved forest zone (660–1500 m asl), (ii) the mixed forest zone (1500–2500 m asl), and (iii) the coniferous forest zone (2500–3099 m asl). Great compositional changes were observed along elevation, and the zonal forest communities were characterized by their dominants and floristic composition. Maximum tree height decreased from 33 m at lower middle altitude (965 m asl) to 13 m near the summit (2945 m asl). There was no apparent deciduous forest zone along the altitudinal gradient, but true mixed forests of three life-forms (evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous) were formed around 2000–2500 m asl. Patches of deciduous forest were found in a lower part of the mixed forest zone, particularly on scree slopes, between 1450 m and 1900 m asl. These patches were dominated by the Tertiary relic deciduous trees, such as Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense, and Cercidiphyllum japonicum var. sinense. High species diversity in the mixed forest zone resulted from the overlapping of different life-forms at middle altitudes, which is partly due to wider variety of temperature-altitude correlations. A comparison of the altitudinal zonation with the other east Asian mountain vegetation clarified that Mt. Emei is located exactly at the ecotone between tropical and temperate zonation types in eastern Asia.