肿瘤DNA疫苗佐剂研究进展

对近年来在增加肿瘤DNA疫苗免疫原性、提高肿瘤DNA疫苗效力方面所取得的进展予以综述。简要阐述了以下几种较有效的增强肿瘤DNA疫苗效力策略的机制和进展：（1）以细胞因子表达质粒为佐剂;（2）以质粒编码的趋化因子、协同刺激分子、共刺激分子、补体为佐剂;（3）以CPGODN为佐剂;（4）其他一些佐剂。     

DNA疫苗的分子佐剂

在揭示体内注射ＤＮＡ可转染细胞后 ,进一步研究发现 ,注射编码抗原的质粒ＤＮＡ能诱导免疫应答反应。由此兴起了一种新的疫苗研究领域 ,这就是以接种编码各种抗原的裸露质粒ＤＮＡ为基础的ＤＮＡ疫苗[1] 。尽管ＤＮＡ疫苗的免疫接种技术已取得很大进展 ,但与小鼠相比 ,应用于大动物和非人灵长类的ＤＮＡ疫苗的免疫原性依然相对较弱[2 ] 。在大多数情况下 ,免疫原性强弱通过检测抗体水平来衡量 ,因此并不能完全反映保护性免疫的水平。事实上 ,ＤＮＡ疫苗诱导初次免疫应答特别有效 ,其诱导的免疫记忆通常足以保护动物 ,ＤＮＡ疫苗的这些特征 …     

DNA疫苗的质粒型细胞因子佐剂

细胞因子是机体产生的一系列免疫效应和免疫调节蛋白。在近几年,质粒型细胞因子作为能增强DNA疫苗免疫应答的佐剂已引起了研究者广泛的关注。本文就细胞因子的生物学机制、T细胞分化和利用质粒型细胞因子佐剂优化DNA疫苗等方面的进展进行了讨论。     

细胞因子作为DNA疫苗佐剂的研究进展

细胞因子是机体细胞(主要指免疫细胞)产生的一类具有广泛生物学活性的异质性肽类调节因子,在体内能激活免疫活性细胞,对免疫应答的产生和调节有重要作用。近年来,大量研究表明细胞因子可作为DNA疫苗佐剂来增强疫苗的免疫效果。简要综述了细胞因子作为DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究进展。     

DNA疫苗佐剂研究进展

DNA疫苗在免疫应答中能诱导机体产生持久的体液免疫和细胞免疫,然而DNA疫苗刺激机体免疫应答能力往往比常规疫苗引起的免疫反应弱。最近研究表明:使用DNA疫苗佐剂如细胞因子、CpGODN、补体C3d等有助于提高DNA疫苗的免疫效价。就DNA疫苗佐剂的研究进展做一综述。     

DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究进展

DNA疫苗是最近几年从基因治疗研究领域发展起来的一种新型疫苗,它能诱导机体产生持久的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,能够抗病毒,细菌和寄生虫的感染,对自身免疫性疾病和过敏性疾病有一定的疗效作用。但与传统的灭活疫苗相比,其免疫效价还比较低,最近的研究表明：联合使用DNA疫苗和疫苗佐剂如细胞因子,协同刺激分子等有助于提高DNA疫苗的免疫效价,这一发现有利于研制更有效的DNA疫苗,本文就通过使用免疫佐剂提高DNA免疫效价的最新进展做一综述。     

DNA疫苗机制研究进展

DNA疫苗可全面激活机体的免疫反应,具有安全,热稳定性,价廉等优点,尤其是激活的CTL活性将使之在慢性感染性疾病以及肿瘤治疗领域具有广阔应用前景,但DNA疫苗诱发机体产生免疫反应的机制尚有许多问题有待于搞清,现就DNA疫苗机制及研究进展进行综述。     

疫苗佐剂的研究进展

铝佐剂是目前应用最广泛的疫苗佐剂,随着新型疫苗不断得到开发,传统的铝佐剂已不能满足新型疫苗对佐剂的需求,这带动了研究者对疫苗佐剂研究的深入,不断有新的佐剂被发现,本文对佐剂的分类及研究进展作一综述。     

疫苗佐剂的前景

<正> I、前言 Ramon在1925年就表明了附加某些与疫苗无关的物质。有可能增强对白喉和破伤风的特异性抗毒素反应。这些研究显示了对成功的生物反应,除了抗原的组成以外,最重要的是疫苗的组成物成分。Ramon的多种多样实验材料,如木薯淀粉、金属盐,油及化脓菌等,统称为疫苗佐剂。     

免疫佐剂作用机制及CpG ODN作为新型佐剂的研究

免疫佐剂通过免疫调节作用等5种方式发挥功能,借助佐剂的非抗原特异性的多克隆激活是天然免疫细胞可能的作用机制.大部分佐剂通过直接参与天然免疫事件而间接/直接影响获得性免疫应答,不同的佐剂可针对不同的事件发挥作用.CpG ODN作为佐剂的优势在新近的研究中被逐渐发现.     

Approaches To New Vaccines

ABSTRACT:?

The explosive technological advances in the fields of immunology and molecular biology in the last 5 years had an enormous impact on the identification of candidate vaccines against diseases, which until a few years ago seemed uncontrollable. Increased knowledge of the immune system has helped to define the mechanisms that underlie successful immunization and is now being exploited to develop improved versions of existing vaccines and new vaccines against emerging pathogens, tumors, or autoimmune diseases. An understanding of the mechanisms of action of novel adjuvants and the development of new vector and delivery systems will have a major impact on vaccine strategies. The use of DNA encoding antigens from pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites as vaccines is a new approach that is receiving considerable attention. This and other innovative approaches, including vaccine production in plants, are appraised in this review. The successful eradication of smallpox and the imminent eradication of poliomyelitis by worldwide immunization campaigns provide positive examples of how the vaccine-mediated approach can lead to disease elimination; with the advent of new vaccines and improved delivery systems, there is no scientific reason why these successes cannot be repeated.     

猪瘟疫苗研究进展

猪瘟是猪的一种重要传染病,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防该病的主要手段。本文综述了猪瘟流行现状、传统疫苗、亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗、标记疫苗、核酸疫苗的研究进展,并对它们的发展趋势作了初步探讨和展望。     

DNA疫苗安全性的策略探究

DNA疫苗安全性问题主要来自DNA疫苗元件和疫苗工程菌,包括DNA疫苗与宿主基因组整合、接种后诱导宿主产生免疫耐受和自身免疫疾病、抗性基因的转移问题、疫苗中内毒素和抗生素及其他有害物质残留问题、宿主菌体内DNA复制与纯化过程中基因稳定性问题。本文针对这些问题进行策略上的探讨,为进一步开发安全的DNA疫苗提供帮助。     

Industrial scale production of plasmid DNA for vaccine and gene therapy: plasmid design, production, and purification

The past several years have witnessed a rapidly increasing number of reports on utilizing plasmid DNA as a vector for the introduction of genes into mammalian cells for use in both gene therapy and vaccine applications. “Naked DNA vaccines” allow the foreign genes to be transiently expressed in transfected cells, mimicking intracellular pathogenic infection and triggering both the humoral and cellular immune responses. While considerable attention has been paid to the potential of such vaccines to mitigate a number of infections, substantially less consideration has been given to the practical challenges of producing large amounts of plasmid DNA for therapeutic use in humans, for both clinical studies and, ultimately, full-scale manufacturing. Doses of naked DNA vaccines are on the order of milligrams, while typical small-scale Escherichia coli fermentations may routinely yield only a few mg/l of plasmid DNA. There have been many investigations towards optimizing production of heterologous proteins over the past three decades, but in these cases, the plasmid DNA was not the final product of interest. This review addresses the current state-of-the-art means for the production of plasmid DNA at large scale in compliance with existing regulatory guidelines. The impact of the nature of the plasmid vector on the choice of fermentation protocols is presented, along with the effect of varying cultivation conditions on final plasmid content. Practical considerations for the large-scale purification of plasmid DNA are also discussed.     

DNA疫苗研究进展

DNA疫苗是20世纪90年代初出现的一种新型疫苗,近年来发展迅速,在预防和治疗病毒性疾病及肿瘤等方面效果显著。同传统的疫苗相比,DNA疫苗具有免疫效果好、生产成本低、临床应用方便等优点,但同样存在安全性的担忧。对DNA疫苗的发展及其作用机制、优势进行了综述,并对DNA疫苗的安全性提出了自己的观点与看法,可供DNA疫苗的研究者参考。     

性疟原虫DNA疫苗免疫效果的评估

以霍乱毒素Ｂ亚基（ＣＴＢ）为载体,由其基因构建了含有不同时期不同抗原表位的恶性疟原虫的融合基因ＣＴＢ～ＡＷＴＥ、ＣＴＢ～ＮＡＮＰ,前者除含有恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面主要抗原表位杂合多肽基因ＳＰｆ６６外,还含有很强的Ｔ辅助细胞表位ＣＳＴ３和Ｔｃ细胞表位,后者含有子孢子期的Ｂ、Ｔｈ细胞表位。将纯化的质粒免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ纯系小鼠,３次免疫后诱导机体产生了体液免疫和细胞免疫,免疫的小鼠进行疟原虫子孢子攻击实验,保护率为６０％一８０％。将纯化的质粒混合后免疫恒河猴,３次免疫后诱导机体产生了体液免疫和细胞免疫,免疫的恒河猴进行食蟹疟原虫攻击实验,显示了一定的保护作用。     

Plasmid DNA vaccines

DNA vaccination is a novel approach for inducing an immune response. Purified plasmid DNA containing an antigen’s coding sequences and the necessary regulatory elements to expres them is introduced into the tissue via intramuscular injection or particle bombardment. Once the DNA reaches the tissue, the antigen is expressed in enough quantity to induce a potent and specific immune response and to confer protection against further infections. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines against viruses, parasites, and cancer cells has been demonstrated in numerous animal models. This new approach comes as an aid for the prevention of infectious diseases for which the conventional vaccines have failed. DNA vaccine research is providing new insights into some of the basic immunological mechanisms of vaccination such as antigen presentation, the role of effector cells, and immunoregulatory factors. In addition, DNA vaccines may enable us to manipulate the immune system in situations where the response to agents is inappropriate or ineffective. The study of the potential deleterious effects of DNA vaccines is furthering our knowledge regarding the relationship between bacterial DNA and the immune system, as well as its potential application for the study of neonatal tolerance and autoimmunity.