关于综合杂种优势指数的研究

本文参照综合选择指数的构成,即通过极大化聚合基因型值H=与选择指数I=的相关而得到的ι,对杂种群体的多性状的离中优势值进行分析,得出了评判中的多个性状的选择指数,即文中定义的综合杂种优势指数。本文以35个水稻杂交组合为材料测定了8个数量性状的综合杂种优势指数值和亲本间的遗传距离及典范遗传距离。相关分析表明,产量优势同遗传距离及典范遗传距离的相关性达到了显著水平(0.05),而综合杂种优势指数与这两种遗传距离的相关性达到了极显著水平(0.01)。综合杂种优势指数可以作为测定多个数量性状杂种优势的一个新的参数。     

辣椒优良自交系间遗传差异的分子分析

作物自交系间遗传差异的分析与评价是杂种优势育种和杂交育种成功的基础。鲜食尖椒类(Capsicum an-nuumvar.longum)品种是我国辣椒生产的主要品种类型之一。针对我国鲜食尖椒的育种目标,以国内外10份尖椒优良自交系为材料,利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)和简单序列重复(SSR)标记技术对其进行了遗传差异分析。结果显示:SRAP技术具有较高的位点和多态性检测能力,平均每次检测的位点数和多态性位点数分别为34个和10个,是SSR的10倍和5倍;辣椒自交系间基于SRAP标记的遗传距离和基于SSR标记的遗传距离之间的相关程度较低(r=0.144);基于SRAP标记和SSR标记联合数据计算的遗传距离,10个尖椒自交系被分为3大类,这种分类结果与辣椒杂种优势育种实践相一致。本研究结果表明,SRAP具有较高的遗传分析效力;基于不同分子标记遗传分析结果的差异与标记间共享位点的多少有关;10个尖椒自交系的分类结果可用于指导育种实践。     

关帝山黄刺玫灌丛群落结构与生物量的研究

本文研究了关帝山东坡海拔1700m处的黄刺玫灌丛的群落结构及其生物量,并探讨了生物量与群落结构、动态演替和群落性质的关系。灌丛的生物量是用回归模型来预测的,其为:黄刺玫(?)_(枝)=2.5289(D~2H)~(1.8988),(?)_(叶)=0.1521(D~2H)~(1.9236),(?)_(根)=1.9884(D~2H)~(1.9304);沙棘(?)_(枝)=0.2993(D~2H)~(2.1344),(?)_(叶)=0.1988(D~2H)~(2.1332),(?)_(根)=2.0269(D~2H)~(1.6113);其余灌木和草本植物用实测数据估算。最后得出,6月份黄刺玫灌丛的总生物量为6.231t/ha,其中灌木层4.867t/ha,草本层1.364 t/ha。     

高梁亲本遗传距离与杂种优势和特殊配合力的关系 Studies on the Relationships of Genetic Distance of Sorghum Parental Lines with Hetewosis and Specific Combining Ability

采有Griffing交配设计,对30个高梁恢复系的杂种一代及其6 个亲本进行两年(1989—1990)比较试验,探索高梁亲本遗传距离与F1产量的杂种优势和组合特殊配合力的关系,结果表明:亲本遗传距离与杂种优势、遗传距离与特殊配合力均呈显著或极显著的抛物线回归关系。遗传距离在一定范围内 (0相似文献   

RAPD在三色堇（Viola wittrockiana）自交系遗传关系研究及杂种优势预测中的应用

用RAPD技术分析了18个三色堇(Viola wittrockiana)自交系的遗传多样性。21个随机引物扩增了167条带,其中127条具多态性,显示自交系间存在较大的遗传变异。用UPGMA法可将自交系聚为五大类,其分类结果与花径和材料来源地基本一致。以其中的5个自交系进行双列杂交试验,研究了RAPD遗传距离与三色堇杂交后代10个性状杂种优势的关系,实验结果表明:RAPD遗传距离仅与花数达到0.1的显著水平,而与其它8个性状杂种优势的相关性不显著;用RPAD遗传距离预测三色堇的花数杂种优势具有一定的可靠性,但用于对其它性状杂种优势的预测目前是不可行的。     

RAPD在三色堇(Viola wittrockiana)自交系遗传关系研究及杂种优势预测中的应用

用RAPD技术分析了18个三色堇(Viola wittrockiana)自交系的遗传多样性。21个随机引物扩增了167条带,其中127条具多态性,显示自交系间存在较大的遗传变异。用UPGMA法可将自交系聚为五大类,其分类结果与花径和材料来源地基本一致。以其中的5个自交系进行双列杂交试验,研究了RAPD遗传距离与三色堇杂交后代10个性状杂种优势的关系,实验结果表明:RAPD遗传距离仅与花数达到0.1的显著水平,而与其它8个性状杂种优势的相关性不显著;用RPAD遗传距离预测三色堇的花数杂种优势具有一定的可靠性,但用于对其它性状杂种优势的预测目前是不可行的。     

基于AFLP分子标记的桂花品种核心种质的构建

用100个桂花品种荧光AFLP分子标记信息构建核心种质。利用获得的指纹信息,运用UPGMA聚类取样法,采用Kimura 2-parameter遗传距离,多次聚类随机抽样。结果表明:(1)8对引物共获得514条带,平均每对引物获得64条带。(2)从100个桂花品种中筛选了30个样本的核心种质。(3)比较核心种质和全部种质的Shan-non-Wiener指数(H′)和Simpson指数(D),t检验值均说明核心种质的遗传多样性指数与全部种质遗传多样性没有明显差异,表明所构建的核心样品能够很好地保留原始100个桂花品种的遗传多样性。     

利用ISSR标记分析福云(半)同胞系茶树品种(系)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系

福鼎大白茶和云南大叶茶是茶树育种中的骨干亲本,利用这两个亲本选育了许多优良的品种(系).本研究利用ISSR标记技术分析了40个福云(半)同胞系茶树品种(系)的遗传变异水平和亲缘关系.14个ISSR引物在供试品种(系)间共扩增出251条谱带,多态性条带的比率为96.4%.引物的PIC值平均为0.94,Rp值平均为29.35,表明引物扩增位点的高多态性和对品种的强辨别能力.40份供试品种(系)的基因多样性指数(H)为0.35,Shannon信息指数(1)为0.52.按母本来源和育种机构对供试品种(系)进行分组分析,结果表明不同品种(系)组间的遗传多样性水平比较接近,遗传变异主要存在于组内品种(系)的个体之间,不同组间基因交流明显.供试品种(系)间的相似系数介于0.52～0.75,根据相似系数矩阵按UPGMA法对40个供试品种(系)进行聚类分析,构建了不同品种(系)间的亲缘关系树状图.福鼎大白茶在树状图中形成单独的分支,在树状图的根基处,其它品种(系)根据遗传距离聚类成不同的类群.来源于同一育种单位的部分茶树品种(系)聚类在同一类群中,但未发现按母本来源区分的独立类群.总之,通过ISSR标记分析,可在基因组水平上进一步了解福云(半)同胞系茶树品种(系)间的遗传变异水平,并进一步明确其亲缘关系,为今后福云(半)同胞系在茶树育种上的有效利用提供依据.     

烟草数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

利用8个数量性状计算了主成分遗传距离,对15个烟草品种进行了聚类,在4.37的阀值下可将15个亲本分为5大类,分类结果与品种地理来源无必然的联系,而与品种的血缘关系有一定的联系,可将烤烟和晒晾烟分开,在一定程度上反映了品种的遗传差异。F1产量杂种优势指数(F1/MP）与亲本间遗传距离（D2）相关系数不显著,二者呈抛物线关系。在D2<5.63的范围内,二者呈一直线关系,二者相关系数为0.511**,达极显著水平,在此范围内随D2增大,优势指数增大,杂种优势增大,当D2>5.63时,亲本间D2增大,优势指数呈下降趋势。建议在杂种优势利用中选择遗传距离中等偏小的品种做亲本。 Abstract:Fifteen tobacco parental cultivars of 24 hybrids were classified into five groups on 4.37 clustering level by the genetic distance calculated on 8 agronomic quantitative characters. The relative cultivars were clustered into the same group. The result of correlation analysis showed that there was a parabola relationship between genetic distance (D2)and yield heterosis (F1/Mp). WhenD2<5.63, the correlative coefficient was significant(r=0.511**), and the heterosis increased with the increasing of genetic distance. When D2>5.63, the heterosis decreased with the increasing of genetic distance. Therefore, in order to obtain higher heterosis of yield in tobacco, it might be better to choose cultivars with small to medium genetic distance as crossing parents.     

黑松人工林生物量结构的数学模型

本文对蚌埠市郊黑松人工林生物量和生产力进行了系统测定和分析。林分的总生物量为64.604_t·ha~(-1)．地上部分为49.69_a·ha~(-1),占总生物量的76.9％;地下根系仅为14.914_t·ha~(-1)。并建立了估测黑松人工林各器官生物量的数学模型;W_T=0.1279D~(2.3599)、W_A=0.0462（D~2H）~(0.9446)、W_S=0.00957D~(2.2926)、W_(BR)=0.006（D~2H）~(1.2958)、W_L＝O.0276D~(1.7541)、W_(BK)＝0.0135（D~2H）~(0.873)、W_R＝0.0196D~(3.5023)、W_T＝-6.410＋11.950W_L。黑松人工林平均单株年净生长量为1.532kg·ha~(-1)·a~(-1),仅为同地区马尾松人工林生长量3.01kg·ha~(-1)·a~(-1)的一半。引起黑松人工林生长量低和生物量少的主要原因是黑松人工林针叶量少,生态环境不适宜黑松人工林生长。目前应对低产黑松林进行改造,无力改造的地区要保持林分较大密度,以提高林分的总生长量。     

Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance and heterosis in rice as revealed by PCR-based markers

Ten elite inbred lines (four japonica, six indica), chosen from those widely used in the hybrid rice breeding program at Human Hybrid Rice Research Center in China, were crossed to produce all possible hybrids excluding reciprocals. The 45 F₁ hybrids along with the ten parents were evaluated for eight traits of agronomic importance, including yield potential, in a replicated field trial. The ten parents were analyzed with 100 arbitrary decamer oligonucleotide primers and 22 microsatellite (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) primer sets via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 100 random primers used, 74 were informative and amplified 202 non-redundant bands (variants) with a mean of 2.73 bands per polymorphic primer. All 22 microsatellite primer sets representing 23 loci in the rice genome showed polymorphisms among the ten parents and revealed 90 alleles with an average of 3.91 per SSR locus. Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance calculated from the 291 (202 RAPDs, 89 SSRs) non-redundant variants separated the ten parental lines into two major groups that corresponds to indica and japonica subspecies, which is consistent with the pedigree information. Strong heterosis was observed in hybrids for most of the traits examined. For the 43 diallel crosses (excluding 2 crosses not heading), yield potential, its components (including panicles per plant, spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight) and their heterosis in F₁ hybrids showed a significant positive correlation with genetic distance. When separate analyses were performed for the three subsets, yield potential and its heterosis showed significant positive correlations with genetic distance for the 15 indica x indica crosses and the 6 japonica x japonica crosses; however, yield potential and its heterosis were not correlated with genetic distance for the 22 indica x japonica crosses. Results indicated that genetic distance measures based on RAPDs and SSRs may be useful for predicting yield potential and heterosis of intra-subspecific hybrids, but not inter-subspecies hybrids.     

玉米自交系间遗传距离与产量杂种优势,杂种产量的关系

以13个玉米自交系及其按双列杂交配制的78个单交种为材料,研究性状选择、亲本选择对遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量关系的影响,结果表明:(1)当性状数较少时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系因性状的不同而异;当性状数较多时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系为抛物线,受性状影响较小;(2)当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较大时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为抛物线;当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较小时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为直线或不相关。     

Relationship between genetic distance and heterosis for yield and morphological traits in winter canola (Brassica napus L.)

Genetic distance among canola cultivars was estimated through multivariate analysis. Thirty cultivars from various sources were analyzed and clustered based upon five morphological characteristics and yield components-crown diameter, number of branches plant^-1, number of pods plant^-1, number of seeds pod^-1 and yield plant^-1 -and placed in three distinct clusters. Two cultivars from each cluster were selected as parents and 15 partial-diallel inter- and intra-cluster crosses were made between the six selected parents and evaluated at two locations in Michigan in 1990/1991. The association between genetic distance and mid-parent heterosis was investigated. The correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was positive and highly significant for seed yield, number of pods plant^-1, and number of seeds pod^-1. Clustering, based on yield and yield-component traits, demonstrated that inter-cluster heterosis was greater than intra-cluster heterosis in the majority of cases.     

Prediction of heterosis in crosses between inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster

Summary The aim of the experiment was to determine if the estimated genetic distance between two populations could be used to predict the amount of heterosis that would occur when they were crossed. Eight lines of known relatedness to each other were produced by eight generations of sib mating and sub-lining. This produced lines that varied in coefficient of coancestry from zero to 0.78. Fourteen reciprocal crosses of these lines were used to measure heterosis for larval viability and adult fecundity. Gene frequencies at six polymorphic enzyme loci were used to estimate the genetic distances between lines, which were then compared with the known degrees of coancestry. The estimated genetic differences were poorly correlated with the known coancestry coefficients (r=0.4), possibly due to the small number of loci typed. Also genetic distances were only about 1/3 of what was expected. Selection acting on blocks of genes linked to the enzyme loci probably prevented the expected increase in homozygosity. Coancestry coefficient was correlated with heterosis (r=0.44–0.71). This level of correlation implied differences in heterosis among parent lines with the same level of coancestry. This variability is expected if a small number of loci explain most of the heterosis. The average level of heterosis was less than expected after eight generations of sib mating. This is most likely due to selection opposing the increase in homozygosity caused by inbreeding. The combination of these two imperfect correlations resulted in no significant correlation between genetic distance estimated from markers and heterosis.     

Genetic divergence among some maintainer and restorer lines in relation to hybrid breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary A representative group of 100 elite lines, 67 of which are restorers and 33 maintainers, from 68 crosses made at IRRI and 18 improved varieties from five countries were studied, using Mahalonobis, D²-statistic and canonical analysis, to understand the nature and magnitude of divergence and to assess the importance of a set of quantitative characters related to yield in genetic differentiation. The 100 genotypes were grouped into 13 clusters. There were three single variety clusters and the number of lines in the remaining clusters ranged from 2–36. Canonical vector values indicated the importance of yield followed by 1,000-grain weight, days to maturity and plant height in primary as well as in secondary differentiation. Results showed that yield, number of tillers per plant, days to maturity and 1,000-grain weight contributed largely to the divergence. There were no indications of a relationship between geographical diversity and genetic diversity in the present study. Disposition of IRRI developed maintainers and restorers into various clusters indicated the presence of large amounts of diversity within the IRRI elite lines which suggested that these materials could be used in crossing programs to produce heterotic F₁ hybrids. Crossing of maintainers and restorers among the highly diverse groups was suggested as it may produce F₁S that will give higher magnitudes of heterosis. Part of M.S. Thesis of the senior author     

Genetic studies on tissue culture response and some agronomical traits in Egyptian bread wheat

The main effort of wheat breeder is the detection of genes and to merge them in a particular genotype using most suitable combination. Five Egyptian cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were crossed in a half diallel mating design to produce 10 crosses. The genetic potential of embryogenic callus (EC%), plant regeneration (RGP%) response and its association with heading date (HD) and grain yield per plant (GY/P) were investigated. The results showed that GY/P was significantly and positively correlated with EC% and RGP%. The combining ability analysis showed that the magnitudes of general combining ability (GCA) were higher than those of specific combining ability (SCA) for both tissue culture response and agronomic traits. The promising crosses which exhibited desirable SCA effects, showed also high useful heterosis for all studied traits. The magnitudes of additive genetic variance (σ²A) were larger than those of non-additive ones (σ²D) for all studied traits except for number of days to heading. The estimates of narrow sense heritability were 84.56%, 82.13%, 43.46% and 70.28% for the percentage of EC%, RGP%, HD and GY/P, respectively. The genetic similarity percents based on RAPD markers ranged from 76% to 93% between the cultivars. The UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that the cultivars could be divided into two main clusters. The range of Euclidean distances based on morphological characters among the cultivars was relatively wide (4.37–27.87), indicating relatively high amount of phenotypic variation. A significant positive correlation between Euclidean distance and RAPD distance (0.72⁷) was found.     

Studies of heterosis,combining ability and inheritance of yield and yield components in a diallel cross of bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.)

Summary A 5 X 5 diallel cross among well-adapted varieties of gram from different agroclimatic regions was studied for heterosis, combining ability and inheritance of days-to-flowering, primary branches, pods per plant, 100-seed weight and grain yield. A high degree of heterosis over mid-parent and better parent was observed for primary branches, no. of pods and grain yield, whereas very little heterosis was exhibited for days-to-flower and 100-seed weight. Crosses among lines of diverse origin generally gave higher heterosis and over-dominance than lines from the same region. Primary branch number, pod number, and grain yield exhibited positive over-dominance; days-to-flower showed negative over-dominance while 100-seed weight had no dominance. Both general and specific combining ability effects were significant for all the characters studied but g.c.a. effects appeared to be more important for days-to-flower, 100-seed weight and grain yield. Graphical analysis indicated additive effects for all the characters, with complete dominance for days-to-flower, no dominance for 100-seed weight and over-dominance for the other three characters. Dominant genes conditioned earliness, primary branch number and 100-seed weight. The role of various parents and crosses in planning a hybridization programme has been discussed.     

Heterosis in crosses between geographically separated populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Summary An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that the genetic distance between populations estimated from enzyme loci could be used to predict the amount of heterosis that would occur in crosses between these populations. A partial diallel cross using 11 populations of Drosophila melanogaster from the AustralianPacific region and from England was carried out. Heterosis for larval viability, fecundity, cold shock mortality, and an index of these three traits was recorded. When two populations originating from the same location were crossed, no heterosis occurred, but otherwise heterosis was significant for all traits. For larval viability, a similar low level of heterosis occurred in all crosses. For cold shock mortality, the level of heterosis varied widely and fecundity showed a pattern intermediate between these two. The geographic distance between the sites from which populations originated was not correlated with the amount of heterosis in their crosses. There was a tendency for populations from ecologically different environments to show heterosis in crosses. Genetic distance based on ten enzyme loci was correlated with heterosis for cold shock mortality and the combined trait index. These results can be explained by the hypothesis that genes affecting larval viability are subject to strong, uniform selection in all populations, which limits the extent to which gene frequencies can drift apart. However, genes affecting cold shock mortality and the enzyme loci are subject to different selection pressures in different environments. This divergent selection combined with genetic drift causes divergence in gene frequency and heterosis.     

Heterosis and components of genetic variation for protein and lysine content in some grain sorghums

Summary Twelve varieties representing six geographical regions and nine taxonomic groups from a World Collection ofSorghum were used in a diallel and line X tester analysis of the nature of genetic variation for protein and lysine content. In a majority of crosses, heterosis was negative for protein, and positive for lysine.Analysis of combining ability indicated that both additive and non-additive variation were important for protein, while the non-additive component was predominant for lysine. Heterosis inlow Xlow andmedium Xlow crosses also indicated the presence of substantial non-allelic gene interactions for both the characters.Associations between protein, lysine and yield in parents were significantly different from those in the hybrids indicating considerable scope for genetic manipulation. Negative correlations between protein and lysine (% protein) and between protein and grain yield were very low. The results indicated that a high level of protein and moderately high lysine may be incorporated in high yielding varieties of sorghum, by using Caudatum kaura, Roxburghii shallu and durra from Nigeria and Sudan in the hybridisation programme.