维拉帕米拮抗内皮素所引起的心肌损伤

本实验用10~(-8)mol/L 内皮素灌流离体大鼠心脏,导致平均灌流压,心室内压急剧升高,±LV dP/dt_(max)值显著降低,心肌蛋白漏出和脂质过氧化物形成,心肌钙含量显著增加等严重心脏功能和组织损伤。钙通道阻滞剂维拉帕米,无论与内皮素同时灌流或在内皮素灌流以后应用,都能有效地拮抗内皮素的心脏损伤作用。     

烟碱对脑细胞内钙离子浓度的调控及其机制分析

神经肌肉接头及神经节N受体均可引起细胞外Ca~(2 )内流和细胞内Ca~(2 )释放,增加细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度。尚无资料证明脑N受体是否影响细胞内Ca~(2-)浓度。本实验观察烟碱对脑细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度的影响并探讨其可能的机理。 烟碱对大鼠脑突触体主动摄取~(45)Ca~(2 )的影响 本实验条件下钙通道激动剂Bay-k-8644(10~(-7)～10~(-4)～mol/L)浓度依赖性地增加突触体~(45)Ca~(2 )主动摄取量;钙通道拮抗剂异搏定(10~(-9)～10~(-5)mol/L)浓度依赖性地抑制~(45)Ca~(2 )摄取     

豚鼠心肌α-肾上腺素受体反应的可能机制——增强细胞外钙离子内流

同时记录豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位、零期最大去极化速率和心肌条的收缩幅度,观察了α-肾上腺素受体激动剂或增加细胞外钙离子浓度([Ca~(2 )]_0)的作用,以及在肾上腺素受体或钙通道阻断剂存在下这些作用的变化,试图分析α-受体与钙通道的可能关系。我们看到甲氧胺与增加[Ca~(2 )]_0都可使动作电位峰值增加、平台期电位高抬、收缩幅度增高,甲氧胺的效应可被戊脉胺阻断,而增加[Ca~(2 )]_0的效应可被酚妥拉明阻断。酚妥拉明同戊脉安两者的效应有近似之处,心得安对甲氧胺和增加[Ca~(2 )]_0效应无显著影响。由此认为:心肌α-肾上腺素受体的电生理效应与缓慢正性变力作用很可能是通过激活钙通道,增加细胞外钙离子的慢内流来实现的。     

Con A刺激致T淋巴细胞胞浆游离Ca~(2 )浓度升高

本文分别应用荧光Ca~(2 )指示剂Quin2和Indo-1研究了Con A刺激的T淋巴细胞[Ca~(2 )]i升高过程及其发生机制.结果表明Con A与T淋巴细胞作用可导致细胞[Ca~(2 )]i的迅速升高.这种增加的胞内游离Ca~(2 )不仅来自胞外Ca~(2 )的内流,也来源于胞内钙库的释放.其中Ca~(2 )内流与T细胞钙通道的开放有关.可被钙通道抑制剂戊脉胺抑制,细胞的去极化及钾通道阻断剂四乙胺均不能阻断Ca~(2 )的内流,提示Ca~(2 )内流不是通过电位操纵的钙通道实现的,也与拥通道的开闭无关.Ca~(2 )内流可能是通过Con A受体活化的受体操纵的钙通道而实现的.     

内皮素-1通过L-型钙通道的Ca~(2+)内流和钙致钙释放诱导心肌细胞内[Ca~(2+)]的增加

本研究利用fura-2-AM荧光成像和膜片钳技术,发现内皮素-1(Endothelin-1,ET-1)可显著提高大鼠分离心肌细胞内钙离子水平([Ca2+]i),激活心肌细胞钙通道.ETA受体阻滞剂BQ123能够消除ET-1提高[Ca2+]i的效应,而ETB受体阻滞剂BQ788对该效应无影响.用ryanodine受体阻断剂ryanodine(10 μmol/L)预处理,可以使ET-1诱导的[Ca2+]i的增加抑制46.7%.蛋白激酶A(PKA)的抑制剂、蛋白激酶C(PKC)的抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ一型受体(AT1 receptor)的抑制剂都能够抑制ET-1诱导的[Ca2+]i的增加.本研究发现ET-1能够提高全细胞L-型钙通道电流的幅度,增加L-型钙通道单通道的开放概率.并且BQ123完全阻止了ET-1诱导的L-型钙通道开放概率增加的效应.本研究证明了ET-1通过一系列机制调节钙超载,包括L-型钙通道的激活,钙致钙释放(CICR),ETA受体,PKC,PKA和血管紧张素Ⅱ一型受体也参与到了这个途径中.     

MFN1介导的线粒体融合在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的:探讨线粒体融合关键蛋白MFN1介导的线粒体融合在调控心肌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法:通过si RNA降低体外培养H9C2心肌细胞中MFN1的表达后,采用Western blot检测线粒体细胞色素c(Cyto c)释放及其下游凋亡效应分子Caspase9与Caspase3活性,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的产生情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡的情况。结果:干扰MFN1可显著促进H9C2心肌细胞内细胞色素c由线粒体释放至胞浆,促进Caspase9与Caspase3的激活,增加细胞内活性氧ROS产生并提高细胞凋亡率(均P0.05)。结论:MFN1介导的线粒体融合可保护心肌细胞凋亡,其机制可能与抑制ROS产生与细胞色素C释放有关。     

QCM 监测自组装膜上心肌细胞黏附及其与心血管药物作用

目的:本试验采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)实时监测大鼠心肌细胞(H9C2)在含有细胞黏附识别多肽RGD自组装膜上的动态黏附过程及随后与两种心血管药物(一种正性肌力、另一种负性肌力)相互作用。方法:在金电极表面自组装3-巯基丙酸(MPA)单层膜,并经酰胺化共价耦合细胞黏附分子KRGD,形成对大鼠心肌细胞有特异性黏附的致密分子自组装膜。QCM以动态持续的方式实时监测MPA/RGD自组装及其不同浓度梯度H9C2细胞在自组装膜金电极上的细胞黏附过程。此外,选用20,000个H9C2细胞和正性肌力药物异丙肾上腺素、负性肌力药物维拉帕米,用QCM评估了细胞-心血管药物的相互作用。结果:与裸金电极相比,MPA/RGD修饰金电极增大了H9C2细胞黏附所引起的QCM频移(△f)与动态电阻变化(△R)响应。在所试H9C2浓度范围(5×10~4-4×10~5 cells/m L),△f与H9C2浓度呈线性关系,△R与H9C2浓度呈幂函数关系。我们用细胞粘弹性指数(CVI=△R/△f)来表征细胞的粘弹性。H9C2在异丙肾上腺素作用下,△f与△R增加、细胞-QCM表面黏附加强,细胞变硬;在维拉帕米作用下,△f与△R降低、细胞QCM表面黏附减弱,细胞变软。结论:QCM可用于不同浓度大鼠心肌细胞的动态细胞黏附监测,并可基于其细胞黏附与细胞黏弹性测定能力区分正性与负性肌力药物而可望用于心血管药物的筛选。     

Con A刺激致T淋巴细胞胞浆游离Ca~(2+)浓度升高

本文分别应用荧光Ca~(2+)指示剂Quin2和Indo-1研究了Con A刺激的T淋巴细胞[Ca~(2+)]i升高过程及其发生机制.结果表明Con A与T淋巴细胞作用可导致细胞[Ca~(2+)]i的迅速升高.这种增加的胞内游离Ca~(2+)不仅来自胞外Ca~(2+)的内流,也来源于胞内钙库的释放.其中Ca~(2+)内流与T细胞钙通道的开放有关.可被钙通道抑制剂戊脉胺抑制,细胞的去极化及钾通道阻断剂四乙胺均不能阻断Ca~(2+)的内流,提示Ca~(2+)内流不是通过电位操纵的钙通道实现的,也与拥通道的开闭无关.Ca~(2+)内流可能是通过Con A受体活化的受体操纵的钙通道而实现的.     

内皮素-1通过L-型钙通道的Ca^2＋内流和钙致钙释放诱导心肌细胞内[Ca^2＋]的增加

本研究利用fura-2-AM荧光成像和膜片钳技术,发现内皮素-1（Endothelin-1,ET-1）可显著提高大鼠分离心肌细胞内钙离子水平（[Ca^2＋]i）,激活心肌细胞钙通道．ETA受体阻滞剂BQ123能够消除ET-1提高[Ca^2＋]i的效应,而ETB受体阻滞剂BQ788对该效应无影响,用ryanodine受体阻断剂ryanodine（10μmol／L）预处理,可以使ET-1诱导的[Ca^2＋]i的增加抑制46.7％,蛋白激酶A（PKA）的抑制剂、蛋白激酶C（PKC）的抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ-型受体（ATI receptor）的抑制剂都能够抑制ET-1诱导的[Ca^2＋]i的增加,本研究发现ET-1能够提高全细胞L-型钙通道电流的幅度,增加L-型钙通道单通道的开放概率．并且BQ123完全阻止了ET-1诱导的L-型钙通道开放概率增加的效应．本研究证明了ET-1通过一系列机制调节钙超载,包括L-型钙通道的激活,钙致钙释放（CICR）,ETA受体,PKC,PKA和血管紧张素Ⅱ-型受体也参与到了这个途径中。     

G蛋白、蛋白激酶C和Na+-H+交换在内皮素-1诱导培养心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用

内皮素-1(ET-1)是一种强的生长因子,并诱导心肌细胞肥大反应.在本实验中,我们探讨了G蛋白、蛋白激酶C(PKC)和Na+-H+交换在ET-1诱导的培养新生大鼠心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用.ET-1(10-10～10-7 mol/L)促进3H-亮氨酸掺入,增加细胞蛋白质的含量和心肌细胞的表面积,且呈剂量依赖性,它们的EC50分别为5.2×10-10,5.2×10-10和7.3×10-10mol/L.用蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂,Staurosporin(2 nmol/L)预处理心肌细胞,可完全阻断ET-1诱导的心肌细胞的这些肥大反应,而蛋白激酶C激动剂,佛波醇酯(PMA)(10-8～10-6mol/L)呈剂量依赖性促进心肌细胞的肥大反应.用Na+-H+交换抑制剂,氨氯吡咪(10-4mol/L)预处理心肌细胞,可抑制ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大反应,但不影响PMA诱导的心肌细胞肥大反应.百日咳毒素(150ng/ml)预处理心肌细胞,可明显抑制ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大反应.这些结果提示,ET-1诱导的培养新生大鼠心肌细胞肥大反应是与百日咳毒素敏感的G蛋白相耦联,蛋白激酶C和Na+-H+交换可能在ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大反应中是重要的细胞内信使转导途径.     

败血症休克时心肌和心肌线粒体钙转运的变化

本实验在离体灌流败血症休克大鼠心脏模型上,观察到晚期败血症休克时,心肌和心肌线粒体钙含量分别增加190和332(P0.01),~LCa摄入量增加208和178。(P0.01),心肌钙释放量无明显变化 用10mol/L降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)或10mol/L心房钠尿肽(ANP)灌流离体心脏明显减轻休克时心肌和心肌线粒体的钙超负荷,体外实验观察线粒体摄钙储备的能力,休克时心肌线粒体最大摄钙量减少31.6,摄钙速率降低33％,(P0.01)结论认为,晚期败血症休克,心肌净钙流入量显著增加和线粒体钙转运能力降低导致其对胞浆钙缓冲能力减弱是心肌细胞钙超负荷发生的重要环节CGRP,ANP可显著减轻休克时心肌和线粒体钙超负荷,在休克过程中可能对细胞有保护意义。     

Actin Dynamics Regulates Voltage-Dependent Calcium-Permeable Channels of the Vicia faba Guard Cell Plasma Membrane

Free cytosolic Ca~(2+) ([Ca~(2+)]_(cyt)) is an ubiquitous second messenger in plant cell signaling, and [Ca~(2+)]_(cyt) elevation is associated with Ca~(2+)-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and endomembranes regulated by a wide range of stimuli. However, knowledge regarding Ca~(2+) channels and their regulation remains limited in planta. A type of voltage-dependent Ca~(2+)-permeable channel was identified and characterized for the Vicia faba L. guard cell plasma membrane by using patch-clamp techniques. These channels are permeable to both Ba~(2+) and Ca~(2+), and their activities can be inhibited by micromolar Gd~(3+). The unitary conductance and the reversal potential of the channels depend on the Ca~(2+) or Ba~(2+) gradients across the plasma membrane. The inward whole-cell Ca~(2+) (Ba~(2+)) current, as well as the unitary current amplitude and NP. of the single Ca~(2+) channel, increase along with the membrane hyperpolarization. Pharmacological experiments suggest that actin dynamics may serve as an upstream regulator of this type of calcium channel of the guard cell plasma membrane. Cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization blocker, activated the NP_o of these channels at the single channel level and increased the current amplitude at the whole-cell level. But these channel activations and current increments could be restrained by pretreatment with an F-actin stabilizer, phalloidin. The potential physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism is also discussed.     

Calcium-induced calcium release in smooth muscle: loose coupling between the action potential and calcium release

Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) has been observed in cardiac myocytes as elementary calcium release events (calcium sparks) associated with the opening of L-type Ca(2+) channels. In heart cells, a tight coupling between the gating of single L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptors (RYRs) underlies calcium release. Here we demonstrate that L-type Ca(2+) channels activate RYRs to produce CICR in smooth muscle cells in the form of Ca(2+) sparks and propagated Ca(2+) waves. However, unlike CICR in cardiac muscle, RYR channel opening is not tightly linked to the gating of L-type Ca(2+) channels. L-type Ca(2+) channels can open without triggering Ca(2+) sparks and triggered Ca(2+) sparks are often observed after channel closure. CICR is a function of the net flux of Ca(2+) ions into the cytosol, rather than the single channel amplitude of L-type Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, unlike CICR in striated muscle, calcium release is completely eliminated by cytosolic calcium buffering. Thus, L-type Ca(2+) channels are loosely coupled to RYR through an increase in global [Ca(2+)] due to an increase in the effective distance between L-type Ca(2+) channels and RYR, resulting in an uncoupling of the obligate relationship that exists in striated muscle between the action potential and calcium release.     

Effect of Ca2+ channel block on glycerol metabolism in Dunaliella salina under hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic stresses

The effect of Ca(2+) channel blockers on cytosolic Ca(2+) levels and the role of Ca(2+) in glycerol metabolism of Dunaliella salina under hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic stress were investigated using the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results showed that intracellular Ca(2+) concentration increased rapidly when extracellular salinity suddenly decreased or increased, but the increase could be inhibited by pretreatment of Ca(2+) channel blockers LaCl(3), verapamil or ruthenium red. The changes of glycerol content and G3pdh activity in D. salina to respect to hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic stress were also inhibited in different degrees by pretreatment of Ca(2+) channel blockers, indicating that the influx of Ca(2+) via Ca(2+) channels are required for the transduction of osmotic signal to regulate osmotic responses of D. salina to the changes of salinity. Differences of the three blockers in block effect suggested that they may act on different channels or had different action sites, including influx of Ca(2+) from the extracellular space via Ca(2+) channels localized in the plasma membrane or from intracellular calcium store via the mitochondrial. Other Ca(2+)-mediated or non-Ca(2+)-mediated osmotic signal pathway may exist in Dunaliella in response to hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic stresses.     

Comparison of effects of a potassium channel opener BRL34915, a specific potassium ionophore valinomycin and calcium channel blockers on endothelin-induced vascular contraction

The effects of a potassium (K+) channel opener BRL34915 and a specific K+ ionophore valinomycin on vasoconstriction induced by endothelin (ET) were compared with those of calcium (Ca2+) channel blockers, nicardipine and verapamil, using helical strips from rat thoracic aorta. ET induced potent and persistent contraction in control solution and similar but smaller contraction in Ca2+-free solution. BRL34915 and valinomycin inhibited the ET-induced contraction dose-dependently in control solution, but not in Ca2+-free solution. The ET-induced contraction was also inhibited by nicardipine and verapamil, though less strongly. On the other hand, high K+ (35 mM)-induced vasoconstriction was strongly inhibited by nicardipine and verapamil, but not by BRL34915 or valinomycin. These results support the idea that the extracellular Ca2+-dependent component of the ET-induced contraction may be mediated by Ca2+ influx by a route other than voltage-dependent Ca2+-channels.     

红光对绿豆下胚轴线粒体Ca~(2+)积累、ATPase及NAD激酶活性的影响

绿豆下胚轴切段经红光处理后10min,其线粒体的Ca~(2+)积累下降15％,Ca~(2+)-ATPase 及 Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性也分别下降29％和10％,切段CaM含量增加近1倍。Ca~(2+)存在时,红光能促进线粒体NAD 激酶活性。说明Ca~(2+)-ATPase及一部分Mg~(2+)-ATPase可作为钙泵控制Ca~(2+)进入线粒体。     

Metabotropic Ca2+ channel-induced calcium release in vascular smooth muscle

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) depends on the rise of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] owing to either Ca(2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels of the plasmalemma or to receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Although the ionotropic role of L-type Ca(2+) channels is well known, we review here data suggesting a new role of these channels in arterial myocytes. After sensing membrane depolarization Ca(2+) channels activate G proteins and the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) pathway. Ca(2+) released through InsP(3)-dependent channels of the SR activates ryanodine receptors to amplify the cytosolic Ca(2+) signal, thus triggering arterial cerebral vasoconstriction in the absence of extracellular calcium influx. This metabotropic action of L-type Ca(2+) channels, denoted as calcium channel-induced Ca(2+) release, could have implications in cerebral vascular pharmacology and pathophysiology, because it can be suppressed by Ca(2+) channel antagonists and potentiated with small concentrations of extracellular vasoactive agents as ATP.     

外源Ca^2＋对离体菠菜叶片衰老的影响

以叶绿素、蛋白质含量为衰老指标,研究了Ca~(2+)在离体菠菜叶片衰老过程的效应。同时,采用同位素示踪技术研究了光照对离体菠菜叶片吸收,累积Ca~(2+)的影响;实验结果表明,0—10mmol/L Ca~(2+)能使菠菜叶片维持较高含量的叶绿素及各种蛋白质组分。在光、暗条件下,叶片均能吸收外源Ca~(2+),而光照能促进叶片对Ca~(2+)的吸收,暗处理3天的叶片,尚能在分离的叶绿体组分中发现~(45)Ca~(2+),占叶片总放射强度的0.5%。     

心肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞收缩的激光共聚焦成像研究

目的：游离钙离子参与机体的多种重要生理功能。本研究着重探讨如何利用激光共聚焦显微镜线扫描成像技术同时记录正常情况下心肌细胞的钙瞬变以及由此引起的细胞收缩过程。方法与结果：本研究以分离的心室肌细胞为对象,通过局部场刺激诱发细胞的钙瞬变和收缩,同时配合使用激光共聚焦显微镜成像系统,以线扫描方式记录实验结果。结果表明,钙瞬变先于细胞收缩发生(约早31ms),而收缩最大处远落后于钙瞬变峰值发生处(约慢346ms)。结论：激光共聚焦显微镜线扫描成像技术具有较好的时问分辨率和空间分辨率,其实验结果直观、明确、可靠,是较理想的研究钙瞬变和细胞收缩的光学记录方法。     

The role of calcium in follicle-stimulating hormone signal transduction in Sertoli cells.

Sertoli cells are hormonally regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acting upon a G-protein-linked cell surface FSH receptor. FSH increases intracellular cyclic AMP but the involvement of other signal transduction mechanisms including intracellular calcium in FSH action are not proven. Using freshly isolated rat Sertoli cells we measured cytosolic free ionized calcium levels by dual-wavelength fluorescence spectrophotometry using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye Fura2-AM. The cytosolic calcium concentration in unstimulated Sertoli cells was 89 +/- 2 nM (n = 151 experiments) and was markedly increased by either calcium channel ionophores (ionomycin, Bay K8644) or plasma membrane depolarization consistent with the presence of voltage-sensitive and -independent calcium channel in Sertoli cell membranes. Ovine FSH stimulated a specific, sensitive (ED50, 5.0 ng of S-16/ml), and dose-dependent (maximal at 20 ng/ml) rise in cytosolic calcium commencing within 60 s to reach levels of 192 +/- 31 nM after 180 s and lasting for at least 10 min. The effect of FSH was replicated by forskolin, cholera toxin, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, suggesting that cyclic AMP may mediate the FSH-induced rise in cytosolic calcium. The FSH-induced rise in cytosolic calcium required extracellular calcium and was abolished by calcium channel blockers specific for dihydropyridine (verapamil, nicardipine), nonvoltage-gated (ruthenium red) or all calcium channels (cobalt). Thus FSH action on Sertoli cells involves a specific, rapid, and sustained increase in cytosolic calcium which requires extracellular calcium and involves both dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-gated calcium channels and voltage-independent, receptor-gated calcium channels in the plasma membranes of rat Sertoli cells. The replication by cyclic AMP of the effects of FSH suggests that calcium may be a signal-amplification or -modulating mechanism rather than an alternate primary signal transduction system for FSH in Sertoli cells.