中国橘小实蝇不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】为推测中国橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis向北方扩散的路径和北方地区的传播来源。【方法】本研究对橘小实蝇15个地理种群的144个样本的mtDNA COⅠ序列进行测定;依据mtDNA COⅠ序列利用相关软件对橘小实蝇不同地理种群的遗传多样性、遗传分化等进行分析。【结果】在橘小实蝇144个样本的mtDNA COⅠ序列中获得了75个单倍型,其中单倍型H＿7为7个地理种群所共享,北方地理种群与原发生地区种群间存在共享单倍型,绝大部分为种群独享单倍型。15个橘小实蝇地理种群总体表现出高水平的核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.02076)和单倍型多样性(Hd=0.99413),不同橘小实蝇地理种群间遗传分化较大。系统进化树显示,橘小实蝇各地理种群中的单倍型分布格局较为混杂,未形成明显的系统地理结构;系统进化树分为2支,湖北武汉、重庆北碚、福建福州、湖南衡阳、江苏南京、海南海口、河北保定、河南郑州、广东广州的地理种群聚为一支,海南三亚、广西南宁、云南丽江、湖南邵阳、山东泰安、山东临沂的地理种群聚为一支,北方新发生地理种群在两个分支中均有分布。橘小实蝇整体错配分析结果显示为单峰,表明橘小实...     

福建地区橘小实蝇田间种群动态监测研究

利用Steiner诱捕器内置诱捕剂Me或Cue与0.2%马拉硫磷混合物制成棉球诱芯,在福建省各个地区共设置50个监测点,诱捕监测橘小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel）种群动态。从2002～2005年,连续4年的诱捕结果表明,橘小实蝇在福建省的发生呈单峰特点,7～9月为发生盛期,高峰出现在8月份。瓜菜园生境、石榴芒果园生境和龙眼香蕉园生境中,石榴芒果园生境橘小实蝇种群密度最高。运用地理信息系统（MapInfo）对该虫监测数据进行地图分析表明,橘小实蝇种群密度的地域特征明显,橘小实蝇有不断向外扩散的趋势。     

基于微卫星分子标记的中国瓜实蝇不同地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucuribitae是一种重要入侵害虫,寄主广,危害性大。本研究旨在揭示中国瓜实蝇种群分化和遗传变异情况。【方法】利用9个多态性微卫星位点作为分子标记对中国7个主要分布省份的21个地区共190头瓜实蝇样本进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】21个瓜实蝇地理种群多态位点百分率平均为97.08%,Shannon氏多样性指数I平均值为0.8841,种群间遗传分化系数FST=0.12806,说明已发生一定程度的遗传分化。UPGMA聚类分析显示,海南(不含三沙)、广东、广西、云南和海南三沙的瓜实蝇种群聚为一支,福建、江西和四川的瓜实蝇种群各自聚为一支。【结论】中国的瓜实蝇种群已发生一定程度的遗传分化,但积累的变异程度有限。     

不同生境中橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的差异

为揭示不同生境条件对橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的影响,通过设置橘小实蝇诱捕器,对2008-2009年福州地区不同生境条件下的橘小实蝇种群动态进行了监测。结果表明：（1）各寄主的转色成熟期是该果园橘小实蝇发生的高峰期。（2）在瓜果的成熟期,果园内橘小实蝇的种群数量要高于果园周边丛林的种群数量;成熟期过后,果园内部的种群数量小于果园周边丛林。（3）山谷生境橘小实蝇种群数量明显高于山脊生境,沿河生境则要明显高于非沿河生境。（4）城区的橘小实蝇的发生期早于乡村,且发生量要大于乡村。     

基于mtDNA COI基因序列的中国柑橘果实蝇的分子鉴定及柑橘大实蝇种群的遗传多样性分析

【目的】探明危害我国柑橘的实蝇种类以及柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax不同地理种群和不同寄主种群的遗传多样性。【方法】利用mtDNA COI基因对危害柑橘的果实蝇进行种类鉴定,采用MEGA软件对其中28个地理种群的535头果实蝇COI基因片段(约505 bp)序列进行比对,分析种间及种内遗传距离,构建系统发育树。使用DnaSP软件分析柑橘大实蝇不同地理种群和不同寄主种群的遗传多样性。【结果】从柑橘虫果内共鉴定出4种实蝇,分别为柑橘大实蝇B.minax、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis、蜜柑大实蝇B.tsuneonis和瑞丽果实蝇B.ruiliensis。这4种实蝇的种间遗传距离为0.0264～0.2410,种内遗传距离为0.0000～0.0140,种间与种内遗传距离没有重叠区域。单个柑橘虫果内一般仅有1种实蝇,极个别柑橘果实可同时被两种实蝇危害(4/43);在这些为害柑橘的实蝇种类中,以柑橘大实蝇的个体数量比例最大,占90.70%。柑橘大实蝇地理种群遗传多样性高,28个种群共有17个单倍型。【结论】柑橘大实蝇是所调查地区柑橘实蝇的绝对优势种,其种群遗传分化程度较高,扩散危害风险大。本研究结果对柑橘果实蝇类的监测和防控具有重要意义。     

李产区橘小实蝇转移为害规律研究

[目的]明确橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsarlis(Hendel)在李产区不同寄主间的转移为害规律,为制定控制其种群的策略和防治技术提供参考和依据.[方法]选择广西李主产区,调查橘小实蝇潜在寄主种类、潜在寄主果实成熟期、寄主受害率及橘小实蝇成虫在各寄主上的转移为害规律,采用Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析方法分析影响橘小实蝇发生的气象因子.[结果]李产区不同月份成熟的11种瓜果中,李受害率最为严重,最高达22％,枇杷、酸梅、黄皮、沙糖橘、皇帝柑、柚和柿可作为橘小实蝇的潜在寄主;橘小实蝇的转移为害规律为枇杷(4月)→三月李、三华李、酸梅和黄皮(5-8月)→沙糖橘、皇帝柑、柚和柿(9-10月)→柿(11月);李产区橘小实蝇始见日和终见日分别为4月26日和12月22日,全年共有2个成虫发生高峰期,分别为7月上中旬和9月中下旬,其发生规律与气温显著相关.[结论]明确了李产区橘小实蝇的转移为害规律及其与气象因子的相关性,建议李产区应在4月份集中防治枇杷上的橘小实蝇有利于减轻对李的危害.     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

中国桔小实蝇种群的微卫星多态性分析

为了研究桔小实蝇种群的遗传结构,本文采用微卫星分子标记技术,对中国南方9省区、越南和泰国的11个桔小实蝇地理种群共224个个体的遗传多样性水平及种群遗传结构进行了研究。用9对微卫星引物共检测到48个等位基因, 平均每个微卫星位点的等位基因数为5.33个。GENEPOP分析结果表明：11个桔小实蝇种群在9个微卫星位点上的多态位点百分率平均为94.45%。种群的Nei's基因多样性指数平均为0.4371,Shannon信息指数平均为0.7870,表明桔小实蝇种群具有非常丰富的遗传多样性。Nei's遗传多样性分析发现,各地理种群间产生了一定程度的遗传分化,种群间平均遗传分化系数F_st=0.2370。种群间一定程度的遗传分化可能是由地理隔离和基因流障碍（N_em = 0.8049）所引起。UPGMA聚类分析可知, 中国的桔小实蝇地理种群可分为华南支和西南支两大分支,华南分支包括福建、台湾、广东和海南4个种群,西南分支包括四川、云南、广西、贵州和湖南5个种群。由此推测, 中国桔小实蝇种群结构的形成与演变是在地理演化与经贸交流加强这两种因素的影响下不断进行的动态过程。     

橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇幼虫之间的竞争机制

为了明确橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)和番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi)资源利用的种间竞争机制,比较两者的竞争实力,本文研究了两种实蝇幼虫在26℃条件下于人工饲料和番石榴中的种间竞争关系。结果显示,两种实蝇同龄幼虫在共同饲养的竞争条件下,橘小实蝇幼虫期缩短、存活率提高,而番石榴实蝇蛹重变轻、存活率降低,橘小实蝇通过加快自身生长和抑制番石榴实蝇生长的方式在资源利用竞争中获得更多资源。因此,两种实蝇幼虫在种间竞争中,橘小实蝇可通过调整生活史对策获得竞争优势。     

临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量消长规律

【背景】近年来,随着种植结构的改变以及南方携虫水果的频繁调运,橘小实蝇逐渐向北扩散危害,对水果生产造成严重威胁。【方法】2008～2010年应用性诱剂的监测方法对柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量进行了定点、系统的跟踪监测;并结合气象资料和田间调查情况,通过对当旬成虫数量与当旬及其前延逐句气象要素的筛选来建模,进而确定影响橘小实蝇种群数量的主要气象因子。【结果】临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量时序变化呈单峰型曲线,其性诱成虫初见期在6月下旬至8月初,高峰期在9月上旬至11月上旬,11月中旬后成虫数量逐渐下降,到12月下旬未诱集到成虫。气象因子筛选和建模结果表明,柑橘园橘小实蝇成虫种群数量年度变动以旬平均温度为决定要素,季节性变化以旬降雨量为决定要素。【结论与意义】临海柑橘园橘小实蝇种群数量随温度和土壤湿度的增大而增长。本研究对提高橘小实蝇监测预警水平、有效控制橘小实蝇危害具有重要意义。     

Population structure and colonization of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China,inferred from mtDNA COI sequences

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a serious pest of fruits and vegetables in South‐east Asia, and, because of quarantine restrictions, impedes international trade and economic development in the region. Revealing genetic variation in oriental fruit fly populations will provide a better understanding of the colonization process and facilitate the quarantine and management of this species. The genetic structure in 15 populations of oriental fruit fly from southern China, Laos and Myanmar in South‐east Asia was examined with a 640‐bp sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The highest levels of genetic diversity were found in Laos and Myanmar. Low to medium levels of genetic differentiation (F_ST ≤ 0.134) were observed among populations. Pooled populations from mainland China differed from those in Laos and Myanmar (F_ST = 0.024). Genetic structure across the region did not follow the isolation‐by‐distance model. The high genetic diversity observed in Laos and Myanmar supports the South‐east Asian origin of B. dorsalis. High genetic diversity and significant differentiation between some populations within mainland China indicate B. dorsalis populations have been established in the region for an extended period of time. High levels of genetic diversity observed among the five populations from Hainan Island and similarity between the Island and Chinese mainland populations indicate that B. dorsalis was introduced to Hainan from the mainland and has been on the island for many years. High genetic diversity in the recently established population in Shanghai (Pudong) suggests multiple introductions or a larger number of founders.     

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in China: origin and gradual inland range expansion associated with population growth

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, expanded throughout mainland China in the last century to become one of the most serious pests in the area, yet information on this process are fragmentary. Three mitochondrial genes (nad1, cytb and nad5) were used to infer the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the oriental fruit fly from its entire distribution range in China. High levels of genetic diversity, as well as a significant correspondence between genetic and geographic distances, suggest that the invasion process might have been gradual, with no associated genetic bottlenecks. Three population groups could be identified, nevertheless the overall genetic structure was weak. The effective number of migrants between populations, estimated using the coalescent method, suggested asymmetric gene flow from the costal region of Guangdong to most inland regions. The demographic analysis indicates the oriental fruit fly underwent a recent population expansion in the Central China. We suggest the species originated in the costal region facing the South China Sea and gradually expanded to colonize mainland China, expanding here to high population numbers.     

Visual and olfactory stimuli and fruit maturity affect trap captures of Oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

An effective lure-and-kill trap is a potentially important instrument in monitoring and controlling oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). A number of experiments were performed in an orchard of commercial guava, Psydium guajava L., to determine how fly captures are affected by combining visual and olfactory stimuli, and by the timing of trap deployment relative to host phenology. Baiting sticky Ladd traps with hydrolyzed liquid protein significantly increased the number of captured flies. Mostly male flies were caught in the absence of mature guava fruit, whereas mostly female flies were caught when ripe fruit was abundant. These results suggest that an effective oriental fruit fly trap should include both visual and olfactory lures, and that proper timing of trap deployment can be an important factor in monitoring female abundance in oriental fruit fly populations.     

Susceptibility of low-chill blueberry cultivars to Mediterranean fruit fly, oriental fruit fly, and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

No-choice tests were conducted to determine whether fruit of southern highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., hybrids are hosts for three invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii. Fruit of various blueberry cultivars was exposed to gravid female flies of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (oriental fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), or Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet (melon fly) in screen cages outdoors for 6 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for 2 wk for pupal development and adult emergence. Each of the 15 blueberry cultivars tested were infested by oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly, confirming that these fruit flies will oviposit on blueberry fruit and that blueberry is a suitable host for fly development. However, there was significant cultivar variation in susceptibility to fruit fly infestation. For oriental fruit fly, 'Sapphire' fruit produced an average of 1.42 puparia per g, twice as high as that of the next most susceptible cultivar 'Emerald' (0.70 puparia per g). 'Legacy', 'Biloxi', and 'Spring High' were least susceptible to infestation, producing only 0.20-0.25 oriental fruit fly puparia per g of fruit. For Mediterranean fruit fly, 'Blue Crisp' produced 0.50 puparia per g of fruit, whereas 'Sharpblue' produced only 0.03 puparia per g of fruit. Blueberry was a marginal host for melon fly. This information will aid in development of pest management recommendations for blueberry cultivars as planting of low-chill cultivars expands to areas with subtropical and tropical fruit flies. Planting of fruit fly resistant cultivars may result in lower infestation levels and less crop loss.     

The oriental fruitfly Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. in East Asia: disentangling the different forces promoting the invasion and shaping the genetic make-up of populations

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto, is one of the most economically destructive pests of fruits and vegetables especially in East Asia. Based on its phytophagous life style, this species dispersed with the diffusion and implementation of agriculture, while globalization allowed it to establish adventive populations in different tropical and subtropical areas of the world. We used nine SSR loci over twelve samples collected across East Asia, i.e. an area that, in relatively few years, has become a theatre of intensive agriculture and a lively fruit trade. Our aim is to disentangle the different forces that have affected the invasion pattern and shaped the genetic make-up of populations of this fruit fly. Our data suggest that the considered samples probably represent well established populations in terms of genetic variability and population structuring. The human influence on the genetic shape of populations and diffusion is evident, but factors such as breeding/habitat size and life history traits of the species may have determined the post introduction phases and expansion. In East Asia the origin of diffusion can most probably be allocated in the oriental coastal provinces of China, from where this fruit fly spread into Southeast Asia. The spread of this species deserves attention for the development and implementation of risk assessment and control measures.     

桔小实蝇生物学特点及其防治研究概述

桔小实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel)是危害热带、亚热带水果的重要检疫性害虫之一,本文综述了桔小实蝇主要生物学、生态学特点和防治措施的研究进展,包括桔小实蝇在国内的总体分布情况,对寄主的选择差异,各虫态的形态特征、发育历期和不同因子对其生长发育的影响,生活史以及农业防治、化学农药防治、诱杀防治、生物防治、物理防治等不同防治方法的研究和应用情况,并对今后的研究提出一些建议。     

Revised irradiation doses to control melon fly, Mediterranean fruit fly, and oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a generic dose for tephritid fruit flies

Currently approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), melon fly; Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Mediterranean fruit fly; and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), oriental fruit fly, infesting fruits and vegetables for export from Hawaii to the continental United States are 210, 225, and 250 Gy, respectively. Irradiation studies were initiated to determine whether these doses could be reduced to lower treatment costs, minimize any adverse effects on quality, and support a proposed generic irradiation dose of 150 Gy for fruit flies. Dose-response tests were conducted with late third instars of wild and laboratory strains of the three fruit fly species, both in diet and in fruit. After x-ray irradiation treatment, data were taken on adult emergence, and adult female fecundity and fertility. Melon fly was the most tolerant of the three species to irradiation, and oriental fruit fly was more tolerant than Mediterranean fruit fly. Laboratory and wild strains of each species were equally tolerant of irradiation, and larvae were more tolerant when irradiated in fruit compared with artificial diet. An irradiation dose of 150 Gy applied to 93,666 melon fly late third instars in papayas resulted in no survival to the adult stage, indicating that this dose is sufficient to provide quarantine security. Irradiation doses of 100 and 125 Gy applied to 31,920 Mediterranean fruit fly and 55,743 oriental fruit fly late third instars, respectively, also resulted in no survival to the adult stage. Results support a proposed generic irradiation quarantine treatment dose of 150 Gy for all tephritid fruit flies.     

Hot-water immersion quarantine treatment against Mediterranean fruit fly and Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs and larvae in litchi and longan fruit exported from Hawaii

Immersion of litchi fruit in 49 degrees C water for 20 min followed by hydrocooling in ambient (24 +/- 4 degrees C) temperature water for 20 min was tested as a quarantine treatment against potential infestations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, eggs or larvae in Hawaiian litchi, Litchi chinensis Sonnerat. The 49 degrees C hot-water immersion of litchi provided probit 9 (99.9968% mortality with >95% confidence) quarantine security against eggs and first instars. There were no survivors from 15,000 each feeding and nonfeeding Mediterranean fruit fly or oriental fruit fly third instars immersed in a computer-controlled water bath that simulated the litchi seed-surface temperature profile during the 49 degrees C hot-water immersion treatment. Litchi served as the model for longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour., a closely related fruit that is smaller and also has commercial potential for Hawaii. Modified fruit infestation and holding techniques used to obtain adequate estimated treated populations from poor host fruit, such as litchi and longan, are described. Data from these experiments were used to obtain approval of a hot-water immersion quarantine treatment against fruit flies for litchi and longan exported from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland.     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。