不同钙离子浓度对日本沼虾感光器细胞超微结构的影响

为了进一步研究细胞外钙离子浓度变化对甲壳动物感光细胞超微结构的影响,应用透射电子显微镜显示了日本沼虾感光细胞,在暗适应时高钙离子浓度中温育的感光器细胞的感杆束直径下降,微绒毛排列零乱;多囊体、板膜体数量增加;色素颗粒散布在细胞质中,呈现出光适应的结构特征。而温育在低钙离子溶液和生理溶液中的感光器细胞结构相同,呈现出暗适应的结构特征。另外,细胞器中储存的钙离子也受细胞外钙离子浓度的影响,在高钙离子溶液中温育后细胞器储存的钙离子量增加,膜下储泡囊、多囊体、线粒体、色素颗粒等细胞器中的焦锑酸钙结晶颗粒比温育在低钙溶液中的细胞明显增多。结果显示,细胞外钙离子浓度变化引起细胞内钙离子浓度变化,从而影响感光器细胞的结构而影响其生理功能。     

不同波长光照对三疣梭子蟹复眼超微结构的影响

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus tritubereulatus)经过30 min暗适应后,在不同波长的红光(750 nm),黄光(580 nm),绿光(560 nm),蓝光(400 nm)下,其光感受器形态和超微结构随不同波长光的适应而发生变化。在红光下感杆束直径大,微绒毛排列最整齐,内质网、线粒体等胞器较多,色素颗粒分布均匀,膜下储泡囊小;在蓝光下感杆束直径最小,微绒毛最凌乱,多囊体、板膜体、膜下储泡囊等胞器较多,色素颗粒位于细胞核周围。     

夜行昆虫复眼光感受器的显微和亚显微结构的研究

粘虫蛾的复眼由许多小眼组成。每个小眼有8个小网膜细胞。根据它们形态学上的特征和视小杆的位置,可区分为1个顶细胞、6个主细胞和1个基细胞。 1.顶细胞视小杆在视杆顶端,组织切片上被橘黄-G染色,胞核在暗适应时不发生位移,胞质内有大量核糖体。 2.主细胞视小杆集合成束,均匀排列,占据视杆中段,切片上被光绿染色,胞核在暗适应时向晶锥方向移动,胞质内见不到核糖体。 3.基细胞视小杆在视杆下段轴心内,胞核紧靠基底膜,核与视小杆中间的胞体变细成丝状,内有许多色素小体,胞质内有核糖体。顶细胞与主细胞的胞体横切面上,可见到相邻的细胞膜有微孔相通,微孔附近有胞桥小体。对这三类感光细胞的功能及其在夜间视觉中的作用进行了探讨。     

应用重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白YC2.1研究粟酒裂殖酵母细胞内钙离子浓度的分布

把重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白的YC2．1基因（yellow cameleon 2．1）导入了粟酒裂殖酵母中,观察了粟酒裂殖酵母细胞内钙离子浓度的分布。结果发现,钙离子敏感蛋白所指示的钙离子呈细胞周缘胞质较高浓度分布,而在细胞胞质中部的钙离子浓度相对低一些。通过DAPI染色实验证实这是由于胞质中部细胞核的填充而形成。fluo-3染色的裂殖酵母细胞,由于fluo-3进入到细胞器（房室化现象）,所以出现胞质的内部区域高的荧光信号,而在周缘的胞质区相对弱,不能真实反应胞质钙离子的分布。因此重组表达钙离子敏感蛋白测定钙离子的方法优于fluo-3荧光探针的方法,对于裂殖酵母细胞胞内钙离子的研究具有良好的应用前景。     

细胞松弛素B和鬼笔环肽对梨花粉管钙离子浓度和尖端钙离子通道的影响

应用激光共聚焦显微镜和全细胞膜片钳技术研究了微丝骨架解聚剂细胞松弛素B(CB)和稳定剂鬼笔环肽(PD)对梨花粉管细胞内钙离子浓度动态变化和尖端质膜上钙离子通道的影响。结果显示:CB处理能促进花粉管内胞质钙离子[Ca2+]i浓度增加,同时还能激活质膜上的钙离子通道;而PD处理对花粉管内[Ca2+]i浓度及钙离子通道几乎没有影响。研究表明,微丝骨架的解聚激活了花粉管质膜上的钙离子通道,使得胞外钙离子大量流入,胞内钙离子浓度升高,从而抑制花粉管生长。     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖细胞游离钙离子分布的影响

以小麦根尖为材料,利用低温装载法在根尖细胞中成功地装载了酯化形式的钙离子荧光指示剂fluo-3/AM,利用激光共聚焦显微技术检测了增强UV-B辐射后小麦根尖细胞内游离钙离子荧光强度的分布,并对胞质内游离钙离子浓度进行了测定.结果表明:(1)对照组小麦根尖细胞内钙离子荧光主要分布于细胞胞质周缘;而经UV-B辐射处理后,细胞内钙离子荧光不仅分布在胞质周缘,且在细胞壁与胞间隙可观察到大量钙离子荧光.(2)对单个细胞内钙离子荧光强度进行测定,发现UV-B处理使细胞胞质内游离钙离子浓度明显升高.     

双翅目昆虫复眼性特化光感受器的比较研究

雄性双翅目昆虫,包括家蝇Musca domestica、丽蝇Calliphora erythrocephala、华虻Tabanus mandarinus和憎黄虻Atylotus miser Szilady,其复眼性特化光感受器中央小网膜细胞R₇的分布从背区扩展到腹区。在雄性家蝇、华虻和憎黄虻复眼中,性特化光感受器中央小网膜细胞R₇的感杆延伸到基底膜,并同中央小网膜细胞R₈的感杆并列排列。但在雄性丽蝇复眼中,性特化光感受器中央小网膜细胞R₇的感杆不延伸到基底膜。在雌性双翅目昆虫复眼中,性特化光感受器中央小网膜细胞R₇仅仅分布在复眼的腹区,其数量比中央小网膜细胞R₈少得多。     

植物多肽PA1b打开胰腺β细胞L型钙通道促使钙内流和细胞分泌

利用海藻酸在pH2.7的条件下对小分子多肽的吸附作用,从豌豆种子中分离并纯化出含37个氨基酸的小分子肽PA1b(pea albumin 1b),它的肽链内具有6个半胱氨酸并形成一个胱氨酸结构模体.采用荧光显微技术和膜片钳技术,发现胞外施加PA1b在胞外钙离子存在的情况下使胰腺β细胞内钙离浓度增加,该效应被特异性的L型钙通道的阻断剂尼莫地平(nimodipine)阻断,在零钙外液中PA1b对胞内钙离子浓度无影响;此外,PA1b使β细胞膜去极化并使膜电容增加.因此推断PA1b使原代β细胞上去极化细胞膜,使L型钙离子通道开放,细胞外钙离子内流并促发细胞分泌.     

植物多肽PA1b打开胰腺β 细胞L型钙通道

利用海藻酸在pH2.7的条件下对小分子多肽的吸附作用, 从豌豆种子中分离并纯化出含37个氨基酸的小分子肽PA1b (pea albumin 1b), 它的肽链内具有6个半胱氨酸并形成一个胱氨酸结构模体. 采用荧光显微技术和膜片钳技术, 发现胞外施加PA1b在胞外钙离子存在的情况下使胰腺β细胞内钙离浓度增加, 该效应被特异性的L型钙通道的阻断剂尼莫地平(nimodipine)阻断, 在零钙外液中PA1b对胞内钙离子浓度无影响; 此外, PA1b使β细胞膜去极化并使膜电容增加. 因此推断PA1b使原代β细胞上去极化细胞膜, 使L型钙离子通道开放, 细胞外钙离子内流并促发细胞分泌.     

宁夏枸杞果实韧皮部及其周围细胞超微结构研究

应用透射电镜技术研究了宁夏枸杞果实韧皮部细胞的超微结构变化。结果表明:(1)随着枸杞果实的发育成熟,果实维管组织中的韧皮部筛分子筛域逐渐变宽,筛孔大而多,通过筛孔的物质运输十分活跃;筛分子和伴胞间有胞间连丝联系,伴胞属传递细胞类型,与其相邻韧皮薄壁细胞和果肉薄壁细胞连接处的细胞界面发生质膜内突,整个筛分子/伴胞复合体与韧皮薄壁细胞之间形成共质体隔离,韧皮部糖分的卸载方式主要以质外体途径进行。(2)韧皮薄壁细胞间的胞间连丝较多,而韧皮薄壁细胞与果肉薄壁细胞的胞间连丝相对较少,但果肉薄壁细胞间几乎无胞间连丝;果肉薄壁细胞之间胞间隙较大,细胞壁和质膜内突间形成较大的质外体空间,为质外体的糖分运输创造了条件。(3)筛管、伴胞、韧皮薄壁细胞和果肉薄壁细胞中丰富的囊泡以及活跃的囊泡运输现象,暗示囊泡也参与了果实糖分的运输过程。研究推测,枸杞果实韧皮部同化物的卸载方式以及卸载后的同化物运输主要以质外体途径为主。     

Ultrastructure of the eyes of the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

Summary The cone cells and corneagenous cells possess extensive networks of smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum that may be involved in optical reflectance and light-adaptational responses, respectively. The extracellular basal lamina of the basement membrane is confluent with glial cell capillary walls and may prove to be a viaduct for the transmission of hemolymph-borne substances to the retina or of retinal degradation products to the hemolymph. In addition to dense pigment granules, the distal pigment cells are shown for the first time to contain migratory reflecting platelets that are usually polymorphic in light-adapted eyes but are rectangular in dark-adapted eyes. In the latter these plates become aligned against the crystalline cones and presumably contribute to the reflection superposition optics of the grass shrimp. Dark-adapted retinular cells possess well-developed perirhabdomal cisternae, oblong or ovoid mitochondria, generally vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum, and occasional, spherical, calcium-like intrarhabdomal inclusions. Light-adapted retinular cells possess poorly developed perirhabdomal cisternae, lamelliform rough endoplasmic reticulum, and condensed mitochondria frequently associated with lipid droplets and pigment granules. The cytoplasmic boundaries of the reflecting pigment cells expand into the extracellular spaces between individual ommatidial retinular cells during dark adaptation and recede to the interommatidial extracellular spaces during light adaptation. Cytoplasmic microfilament bundles found only at the bases of partially light-adapted rhabdomeric microvilli may be involved in microvillar shortening.     

Changes in retinal fine structure induced in the crab Libinia by light and dark adaptation

Summary The cytological influence of light and dark adaptation (LA and DA) on the retinular cells of the spider crab Libinia emarginata has been studied by light and electron microscopy in four adaptive states: 17 hours darkness, 5 hours darkness, 5 hours diffuse light and 17 hours diffuse light. The rhabdom's fine structure is typical of decapods but its dual overall form and position mingle certain features of both apposition and superposition compound eye types. Distal and proximal retinal pigments both showed adaptive migration, but the distal pigment cells moved over a restricted range, and DA separated the retinular cell pigment granules into two groups, perinuclear and basilar.In the rhabdom no changes in its position, dimensions or microvillus fine structure were observed with LA or DA. But at the base of the rhabdom microvilli the rate of pinocytosis was strongly affected by the eye's adaptive state, being lowest after 17 hours DA and greatest after 17 hours LA; the wall of the 0.1 microvesicles so formed, looked like the membrane of the rhabdom microvillus and they were the same size as the vesicles in multivesicular bodies and in vesicular lamellar bodies.Three categories of complex cytoplasmic particles about 1 in diameter (multivesicular bodies, vesicular lamellar bodies and purely lamellar bodies) were all increased in number by decreased DA and by increased LA; similar quantitative effects occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the ribosomes.The pinocytotic vesicles and the complex cytoplasmic bodies may represent part of an intracellular system to dispose of rhabdom metabolites whose production was initiated or increased by light absorption.Cytoplasmic and perirhabdomal vacuoles mainly distal in location, were also affected by light, but inversely; their maximal extent occurred after 17 hours DA; less DA or any LA significantly decreased their presence and aggregation.The data reported are of interest not only because they correlate retinal fine structure with the metabolism of vision but also because they provide a new and specific tool for distinguishing active from inactive neurosensory cells in the optic pathway.This research was initiated with the aid of U.S. Public Health Service Grant NB-03076 and has been continued with the support of U.S. Air Force Grant AFOSR-1064. The authors wish to thank Dr. Joseph G. Gall and Dr. William R. Adams for generously sharing their electron microscopic facilities; they are also grateful to Mrs. Mabelita Campbell for her collaboration on the light microscopy.     

Endocytotic pathways at the ruffled borders of rat maturation ameloblasts

Summary Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a soluble protein tracer, electron microscopic studies were carried out in order to analyze endocytosis in the ruffle-ended ameloblasts of rat incisors. Accumulated HRP was initially incorporated from the ruffled border into the cytoplasm by means of pinocytotic vacuoles (pinosomes) and pinocytotic coated vesicles. The majority of the HRP was taken up by the large number of pinosomes, which then formed large endocytotic vacuoles by fusing either with each other or with preexisting endocytotic vacuoles. As time passed HRP accumulated, not in the pinosomes and ruffled border but in the endocytotic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. Frequent connections between HRP-labeled coated vesicles and these cytoplasmic bodies indicate that these vesicles serve as an HRP carrier. These findings strongly suggest that ruffle-ended ameloblasts actively absorb soluble proteins from the enamel matrix during enamel maturation.     

Pinocytosis in the root cells of a salt-accumulating halophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suaeda altissima</Emphasis> and its possible involvement in chloride transport

Ultrastructure of root cells in salt-accumulating halophyte Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Plants were grown hydroponically on nutrient media containing 3, 50, 250, and 500 mM NaCl. Some plants were exposed to hypersomotic salt shock by an abrupt increase in NaCl concentration from 50 to 400 mM. Growing S. altissima plants at high NaCl concentrations induced the formation of type 1 pinocytotic structures in root cells. Type 1 structures appeared as pinocytotic invaginations of two membranes, the plasmalemma and tonoplast. These invaginations into vacuoles gave rise to freely ‘floating’ multivesicular bodies (MVB) enclosed by a double membrane layer. The pinocytotic invaginations and MVB contained the plasmalemma-derived vesicles and membranes of endosome origin. The hyperosmotic salt shock led to formation of type 2 and type 3 pinocytotic structures. The type 2 structures were formed as pinocytotic invaginations of the tonoplast and gave rise to MVB in vacuoles. Unlike type 1 MVB, the type 2 MVB had only one enclosing membrane, the tonoplast. The type 3 structures appeared as the plasmalemma-derived vesicles located in the periplasmic space. The cytochemical electron-microscopy method was applied to determine the intracellular Cl^? localization. This method, based on sedimentation of electron-dense AgCl granules in tissues treated with silver nitrate, showed that the pinocytotic structures of all types contain Cl^? ions. The presence of Cl^? in pinocytotic structures implies the involvement of these structures in Cl^? transport between the apoplast, cytoplasm, and the vacuole.     

Endocytotic pathways at the ruffled borders of rat maturation ameloblasts

Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a soluble protein tracer, electron microscopic studies were carried out in order to analyze endocytosis in the ruffle-ended ameloblasts of rat incisors. Accumulated HRP was initially incorporated from the ruffled border into the cytoplasm by means of pinocytic vacuoles ( pinosomes ) and pinocytotic coated vesicles. The majority of the HRP was taken up by the large number of pinosomes , which then formed large endocytotic vacuoles by fusing either with each other or with preexisting endocytotic vacuoles. As time passed HRP accumulated, not in the pinosomes and ruffled border but in the endocytotic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. Frequent connections between HRP-labeled coated vesicles and these cytoplasmic bodies indicate that these vesicles serve as an HRP carrier. These findings strongly suggest that ruffle-ended ameloblasts actively absorb soluble proteins from the enamel matrix during enamel maturation.     

ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AGED CELLS OF EUGLENA GRANULATA1,2

Ultrastructure and acid phosphatase activity of aged calls of Euglena granulata are reported. Cells are spherical, quiescent, and nonflagellated. The most conspicuous attribute of aged cells is the accumulation of cyloplasmic vacuoles and lysosome-like structures containing heavily stained, pigmented bodies and membrane fragments. In chloroplasts, portions of whorled lamellae arc abscised and subsequently incorporated into lysosome-like structures; osmiophilic granules increase in number. Membranes surrounding eyespot granules disappear and the granules themselves become diffuse; the usual association with microtubules is not seen in aged cells. Acid phosphatase precipitation accumulates largely at the maturing face of dictyosomes and associated vesicles; there is also activity in multivesicular and lysosome-like vacuoles.     

LYSOSOME FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF THE SECRETORY PROCESS IN CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

The nature and content of lytic bodies and the localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity were investigated in mammotrophic hormone-producing cells (MT) from rat anterior pituitary glands. MT were examined from lactating rats in which secretion of MTH¹ was high and from postlactating rats in which MTH secretion was suppressed by removing the suckling young. MT from lactating animals contained abundant stacks of rough-surfaced ER, a large Golgi complex with many forming secretory granules, and a few lytic bodies, primarily multivesicular bodies and dense bodies. MT from postlactating animals, sacrificed at selected intervals up to 96 hr after separation from their suckling young, showed (a) progressive involution of the protein synthetic apparatus with sequestration of ER and ribosomes in autophagic vacuoles, and (b) incorporation of secretory granules into multivesicular and dense bodies. The content of mature granules typically was incorporated into dense bodies whereas that of immature granules found its way preferentially into multivesicular bodies. The secretory granules and cytoplasmic constituents segregated within lytic bodies were progressively degraded over a period of 24 to 72 hr to yield a common residual body, the vacuolated dense body. In MT from lactating animals, AcPase reaction product was found in lytic bodies, and in several other sites not usually considered to be lysosomal in nature, i.e., inner Golgi cisterna and associated vesicles, and around most of the immature, and some of the mature secretory granules. In MT from postlactating animals, AcPase was concentrated in lytic bodies; reaction product and incorporated secretory granules were frequently recognizable within the same multivesicular or dense body which could therefore be identified as "autolysosomes" connected with the digestion of endogenous materials. Several possible explanations for the occurrence of AcPase in nonlysosomal sites are discussed. From the findings it is concluded that, in secretory cells, lysosomes function in the regulation of the secretory process by providing a mechanism which takes care of overproduction of secretory products.     

龟纹瓢虫成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构

利用光镜、组织切片法观察了龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外形似半球,且后方稍向内合拢。每个复眼约包括630个小眼。(2)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、6至8个小网膜细胞及其特化产生的视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。晶体周围及小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(3)小眼整体纵切显示,其上、下段色素颗粒分布相对较多,中段分布较少。(4)明、暗适应状态对小眼的色素颗粒分布有影响,性别对其分布无明显影响。明适应状态下,其色素颗粒较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下,暗适应状态时色素颗粒则主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,显示其具有一定的重叠眼性质;而在相同的明、暗适应状态下其雌、雄成虫复眼的色素颗粒分布间无明显差异。     

Antidiuretic hormone response in the amphibian urinary bladder: time course of cytochalasin-induced vacuole formation, an ultrastructural study employing ruthenium red

Cytochalasin is known to inhibit the antidiuretic hormone-induced hydro-osmotic response (bulk water flow) in the amphibian urinary bladder without altering hormone-stimulated diffusional water permeability or short-circuit current. In addition, histological studies have shown that the mold metabolite induces the formation of large intracellular vacuoles or lakes in the epithelial cells. We report here a transmission electron microscopic time-course study which indicates that during the early phases of the ADH response cytochalasin causes the formation of numerous multivesicular bodies or aggregates derived from individual basolateral pinocytotic vesicles. Because of their apparent hypertonic nature, the vesicles, as well as the vesicular aggregates, accumulate water during hormone-stimulated hydro-osmotic flow. As a result, the multivesicular bodies dilate and fuse to form the large intracellular lakes characteristic of cytochalasin treatment in the presence of both an applied osmotic gradient and vasopressin. In the presence of mucosal ruthenium red, the luminal glycocalyx was heavily stained with this tracer. At no time, however, even in the presence of hormone, was there any evidence for the uptake of this dye at the apical epithelial border. In the presence of serosal ruthenium red, the lateral intercellular spaces, basolateral pinocytotic vesicles, basal lamina, and collagen, as well as other subepithelial structures, were ruthenium positive. With cytochalasin D, vasopressin, and serosal ruthenium red, both the pinocytotic vesicles and the multivesicular bodies demonstrated an apparent membrane associated ruthenium positive coat. The tracer data indicates that the basolateral pinocytotic vesicles, increased by the presence of hormone, are indeed endocytotic in nature. The mucopolysaccharide coat associated with these structures may be involved in ionic and/or fluid transport.