我国小竹鼠洞系结构和食性的研究

小竹鼠是我国云南热带三叶橡胶林的主要害鼠之一，是较典型的洞穴动物。洞系由土丘、洞口、取食道、避难道、窝及厕所组成。洞道总长为１２５０－５２００厘米，１６个洞系平均为３１５３．１。它的食物有棕叶芦、芦竹、三叶橡胶、刺竹等１８种，喜食橡胶主根。对１１号小竹鼠的消化道作了比较研究。小肠长５５５．０毫米，大肠７８３．３毫米，盲肠８２．５毫米，全长为体长的６．６６倍。由于食物粗糙缺水，它主要地增长小肠，以加     

中华竹鼠的洞穴结构及其生境利用特征

采用徒步不定宽样线法对片口自然保护区中华竹鼠(Rhizomys sinensis)的生境选择和洞穴特征进行了研究.共设置4条样线148个20 m×20 m样方,并对61个有中华竹鼠新鲜土堆的洞穴进行了解剖观察与测量,采用Vanderloeg和Scaiva选择指数对生境选择进行分析.结果表明,其洞系结构由土丘、洞口、取食道、避难所、窝及厕所组成,每个结构都与中华竹鼠的习性及生存活动相适应;中华竹鼠喜欢选择东南坡向、坡度适中(25～45°)、上层乔木郁闭度大于25%的常绿落叶阔叶混交林或落叶阔叶林、竹子密度适中(20～40株/m~2)、竹子较粗(基径大于10 mm)、距水源较近且远离人为活动干扰的箭竹林中筑巢.     

穿山甲洞穴生态学初步研究

20 0 0年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月 ,在大雾岭自然保护区共记录到 6 1个穿山甲洞穴 ,并对其中的 4 0个进行了解剖 .结果发现 ,穿山甲的洞均为盲洞 ,没有分支 ;洞口径大小一般为长径 14 2 0± 2 79cm (n =6 1) ,短径 12 5 0± 2 83cm(n =6 1) ;洞穴可分为冬洞和夏洞 .冬洞在冬春季节打造 ,洞穴较深 (1 4 4± 0 73m ,n =2 8) .夏洞在夏秋季节打造 ,洞穴较浅 (0 32± 0 11m ,n =12 ) ;穿山甲多在冬春季打洞 ,夏季打洞少 ,并且主要选择在土质松软湿润、土层厚、地表有机质丰富的黄壤土中打洞 ,以获得食物白蚁 ,然后再利用它越冬、卧息、繁殖、隐藏和逃避敌害 ;穿山甲对新洞的平均利用时间为 12 2 5± 2 2 5d ,而对旧洞的再次利用率极低 (1/12 =8 33% ) .文中还记录了 6 1个洞穴所在的各种环境因子 (分为 9类 ,2 7种 ) ,并依据因子出现频次和系统聚类结果 ,对穿山甲的洞穴生境选择进行了分析 .穿山甲喜爱将洞穴设置在干扰程度小 (干扰源距离 >10 0 0m)、坡度较陡 (30°～ 6 0°)、坡向为半阴半阳坡、针阔混交林、中低海拔 (76 0～ 15 0 0m)、洞口隐蔽程度好 (全隐蔽或半隐蔽 )、中坡或下坡位、离水源距离近 (<5 0 0m)的生境内 ;不喜爱将洞穴设置在阴坡、洞口隐蔽程度差 (裸露 )、极陡坡 (>6 0°)或缓坡     

三种犬科动物春季洞穴特征

2004年4月-2005年6月在内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区对20个狼穴、27个赤狐洞穴、33个沙狐洞穴进行测量调查,结果如下：3种犬科动物洞穴的洞口朝向无显著差异,赤狐和沙狐洞穴在洞口倾角、洞口直径、第一洞道长度3个特征上无显著差异,洞口直径可作为判别狼穴与其它两者洞穴的依据。影响狼春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是隐蔽、人为干扰和水源。影响赤狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是地形、水源、和人为干扰。影响沙狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是微气候、人为干扰和食物。通过对3种犬科动物春季洞穴生境选择的比较发现：3种动物洞穴都有远离人为干扰,提高隐蔽性的趋势;不同的是赤狐和狼的洞址都靠近水源,沙狐洞址则远离水源;3种动物在地形及坡位选择上也存在差异,赤狐和狼的洞穴多位于平地。而沙狐洞穴多位于坡地的坡顶,且洞穴周围啮齿类数量显著大于赤狐洞穴和狼穴。柳灌丛、干旱苇塘、高草坡地分别是赤狐、狼、沙狐偏爱的生境类型。3种犬科动物中洞穴生态位宽度最大的是狼（0．5051）,其次为赤狐（0．4292）,最小为沙狐（0．2591）。其中狼与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数较高,达到了0．4692,沙狐与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数最低,只有0．2356。     

中国小竹鼠生态的初步研究

小竹鼠在我国仅分布于云南西部热带亚热带地区。主要生活于山坡稀树灌丛、阔叶林、橡胶园及居民点附近。在盈江县分布于海拔300-950米地带。取食、休息、繁殖主要在洞道内。洞系由洞口、取食道、趋避道、窝及“厕所”组成。食物主要有棕叶芦、芦竹及三叶橡胶等18种,尤喜食橡胶树主根,因而对橡胶树危害很大。13号标本中雌7雄6。在盈江每胎2-3只,以2只为多。成年小竹鼠过独居生活,雌雄各有自己的洞系。     

云贵高原银星竹鼠的遗传多样性与遗传结构研究

作为一类营地下生活的啮齿动物,银星竹鼠Rhizomys pruinosus具有较高的食用价值和药用价值,已成为我国南方地区特种经济动物养殖业的重点发展物种。以核内重组蛋白激活基因1(RAG1)的基因片段为分子标记,采用分子生物学方法,本研究对来自12个采样点的173个银星竹鼠个体进行群体遗传分析,探讨该物种群体遗传多样性和遗传结构。序列多态性分析结果显示,银星竹鼠RAG1基因部分序列848 bp,共检测出多态性位点18个,其中单突变位点3个,简约信息位点15个。遗传多样性分析表明,173份样本共统计出RAG1基因单倍型11个,单倍型多样性为0.712±0.025,核苷酸多样性为0.002 64±0.003 71,显著低于其他啮齿动物。最大似然法、邻接法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树显示,银星竹鼠群体分化为3个分支,其谱系地理格局出现明显分化。同时,分子变异分析结果证实,银星竹鼠种群间的遗传变异极显著高于种群内的,说明该物种存在显著的遗传结构和遗传分化水平。上述研究结果综合表明,银星竹鼠群体的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传分化结构较为显著,这可能与该物种的地下生活方式、扩散能力弱、山脉河流阻隔作用、地质气候事件等因素有关。本研究结果将为云贵高原地区物种多样性、生物多样性保护提供科学的参考依据。     

贵州织金洞洞穴动物群落多样性与光照强度及土壤重金属含量的关系

为了解洞穴动物群落多样性与环境的关系,以及土壤重金属污染对洞穴动物分布和多样性的影响,作者于2011年8月对贵州的著名旅游洞穴织金洞的动物群落多样性进行了调查.将该洞划分为5个光带,即入洞口有光带、出洞口有光带、入洞口弱光带、出洞口弱光带和黑暗带,共设置25个样方.采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对群落多样性进行了分析,采用主成分(PCA)分析动物群落多样性与环境的关系,用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法测度和评价了洞内土壤重金属的潜在生态危害程度.结果显示:共获动物标本1,080号,隶属3门7纲26科41种(或类群);多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数最高的分别是出洞口有光带(2.7996)、入洞口有光带(4.5399)、出洞口有光带(0.9196)和出洞口弱光带(0.1868),入洞口有光带和出洞口有光带间相似性系数最高(0.6248);群落多样性和丰富度沿有光带、弱光带、黑暗带呈递减趋势.土壤中的有机质和空气中CO2含量、洞穴湿度、温度以及土壤中的重金属污染是影响洞穴动物群落多样性的主导因子;土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As均处于低度生态危害水平,而Hg污染较为严重,在入洞口有光带已达到重度生态危害水平(Er i=256.000);从整个洞穴的综合潜在生态风险指数的平均值(RI=192.714)来看,6种重金属总的潜在生态危害程度达到中度生态危害水平,洞穴受到一定程度的重金属污染.     

四川省石渠县藏狐洞穴的生态特征分析

为了解藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)的洞穴特征,探讨洞穴结构和藏狐的生存环境适应机制之间的关系,于2001年7至8月、2002年7至8月、2003年8至11月和2004年3至4月于四川省石渠县,选定在230km2的调查区域内共设样线4条,总长度40km,采用不定宽样线法,调查藏狐洞穴结果发现:①洞口数量平均为(1·8±1·8,n=156)个,以单口穴为主(n=109,71·2%),多口穴较单口穴具有较高的坡位分布(U=1417,P<0·001);洞道细深,洞穴质地以土质洞穴为主(74·7%),而石质洞穴有显著高的坡位分布(χ2=10·227,df=2,P=0·006)。②共发现4个繁殖洞穴,均为土质多洞口洞穴,坡向分布在220~320°之间。③洞口朝向无显著聚集性(Z=0·898,n=201,P>0·05),坡向分布却显著地聚向其平均值(249·9±77·1)°(Z=7·907,n=201,P<0·05),洞口朝向和坡向之间无显著的相关性(F1,400=5·365,P<0·05);洞道的挖掘角度和坡势之间存在一致性(t=0·350,n=116,P>0·05)。     

中华竹鼠洞系结构的初步观察

中华竹鼠(Rhizomys sinensis wardi Thomas,1921)在云南分布甚广,它大量啃吃竹笋、竹根和竹茎,是竹林的主要害鼠之一。作者于1975年—1983年6月,在云南哀牢山地区的新平、元阳、红河、绥江等县和昆明市郊对中华竹鼠的洞系结构作了初步观察,现简报如下。 1.环境 哀牢山是横断山脉的南延部分,为南北走向,东侧有元江沿山南流。海拔最高3138米,最低300米。中华竹鼠多分布于海拔1500—2800米的常绿阔叶林竹林中,2000米以上多为原始森林。竹林主要有滑     

湖北建始高坪洞穴调查及其试掘简报

高坪位于湖北省建始县东北部, 长江支流清江流域上游。该区域地处扬子地台中段北缘,区内中生界灰岩发育,新生代以来的构造运动和气候条件有利于岩溶的发育和洞穴形成,山盆期夷平面保存完好。2008年4—5月间, 考察队对该区域进行了为期近一个月的洞穴调查和试掘。对16处洞穴的调查表明,该区域在700m—950m高度发育有较多的更新世洞穴堆积物, 其中洞槽、神牛洞、响水寨洞和左家硝洞等洞穴工作条件较好, 是下一步发掘工作的重点。对巨猿洞东洞口外和大岩洞的试掘表明, 这里蕴藏着较多的动物化石和早期人类活动的遗物, 可进一步发掘和研究。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.