UV-B辐射增强对芦苇光合生理及叶绿体超微结构的影响

在UV-B辐照增强条件下,研究不同辐照梯度对芦苇光合特性、光合色素含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响. 结果表明: 与自然光照相比,UV-B辐照增强显著降低芦苇叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,且随辐照强度增大,降低程度加剧,胞间CO₂浓度升高,光合效率显著降低;与自然光照相比,UV-B辐照增强显著降低芦苇叶片光合色素含量(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素),且随辐照强度增大,降低程度加剧;UV-B辐射增强条件下,叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏,表现为叶绿体结构变形,类囊体片层排列稀疏紊乱、膨胀甚至模糊不清,并且UV-B辐射强度越大,损伤越大,高强度UV-B辐射对叶绿体超微结构的影响大于低强度辐射.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗类囊体捕光色素的影响

采用5mW.mm-2He-Ne激光辐照、10.08kJ.m-2d-1UV-B辐射及二者组合对冬小麦幼苗进行处理。通过测定叶绿体捕光色素含量和色素蛋白组成的变化,进一步探讨He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗类囊体捕光色素损伤的修复效应。循环处理小麦幼苗4d,利用90%乙醇和80%丙酮分别提取各处理组小麦幼苗叶片中的叶绿素,通过纸层析和分光光度法检测捕光色素含量的变化,并探讨不同处理对叶绿素与蛋白质结合牢固性的影响。利用柱层析法测定色素蛋白的主要成分。研究表明:与对照组相比,增强UV-B辐照后小麦幼苗捕光色素总含量降低了17.76%,叶绿素和蛋白质结合牢固度显著降低,色素蛋白的组成也发生变化,D1和D2蛋白质条带消失;而一定剂量He-Ne激光辐照可使增强UV-B辐射后的叶绿体色素含量增加约10.64%,但仍低于ck组约8.12%,叶绿素和蛋白质结合牢固度也显著高于B组,色素蛋白的组成与对照组相似。因此,低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照对增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗类囊体捕光色素的损伤具有促进修复效应。     

两种红树叶的几种酶的生理特性与海滩盐度的相关性初探

 本文是福建九龙江口红树林研究的一部分,主要讨论两种红树植物(秋茄,桐花树)叶片中的几种酶对海滩盐度(3—12‰范围内)变化的反应,测定结果如下：1,桐花树叶片过氧化物酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的含量对土壤盐度变化的反应表明：土壤盐度(3—12‰)提高,过氧化物酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的谱带加深、加宽,而且谱带中出现新酶带。 2．当海滩盐度提高时,桐花树叶片的过氧化物酶的活性提高,秋茄叶片的乙醇酸氧化酶的活性减弱。 3．两种红树植物叶绿素含量与土壤盐度相关性显示出：当土壤盐度在3—8‰范围时,叶绿素含量变化不大;8—10‰时有一个高峰,大于10‰时又下降。可能红树植物对海滩盐度适应有一个临界值。     

增强UV-B辐射对彩色马铃薯叶片中相关保护酶活性的影响

以种植于大田中的马铃薯品种'云南转心乌'(块茎紫皮紫环,以下简称'转心乌')和 '大西洋'(块茎白皮白肉)为材料,分别采用自然太阳光照(0～10 W/m2)、2 W/m2和4 W/m2 UV-B辐射进行20～80 d的照射处理,测定了马铃薯叶片内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性以及总叶绿素和丙二醛含量的变化.结果表明:随着UV-B处理时间的延长,'转心乌'和'大西洋'叶片中CAT、POD、SOD、PAL活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,而总叶绿素含量持续降低,丙二醛含量逐渐增加;在增强UV-B辐射条件下,上述指标在处理时间和剂量间大多差异显著,且'转心乌'叶片的各保护酶活性和总叶绿素含量显著高于'大西洋',丙二醛含量则显著低于‘大西洋'.可见,长时间大剂量的UV-B辐射对马铃薯叶片的叶绿素合成代谢和保护酶活性具有一定的抑制作用,从而影响作物正常的生长发育;马铃薯对于紫外线辐射的响应具有品种间差异,'转心乌'较'大西洋'更耐UV-B辐射,其更适合种植在UV-B辐照较强的高海拔地区.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼叶叶绿素荧光和Rubisco活化酶的影响

选用小麦‘ML7113’品种为材料,人工模拟He-Ne激光(5mJ·s-1·mm-2)、增强UV-B(10.8kJ·m-2·d-1)辐射及两者复合辐照进行处理,利用叶绿素荧光仪、考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法和PCR技术研究7d龄小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、Rubisco活化酶含量、基因表达量及其基因序列的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,增强UV-B辐射后,小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性减弱,Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量均下降;而低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照后能够在一定程度上修复经UV-B辐射后对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性所造成的损伤,且使Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量上升。(2)与对照组相比,经He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射以及两者复合辐照处理后基因序列均出现两个相同的点突变,但并未造成氨基酸序列的变化。研究认为,低剂量He-Ne激光辐照能够在一定程度上修复受UV-B辐射小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光活性、Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量的降低;He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗Rubisco活化酶活性的影响可能发生在其转录水平,从而使小麦光合能力发生相应的变化。     

He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射下小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化的缓解作用

采用He-Ne激光(5 mW/mm2)辐照增强UV-B辐射(10.08 kJ/m2.d)的晋麦8号小麦幼苗,通过测定小麦幼苗叶片细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷光苷肽过氧化物酶(GPX)的活性变化,研究He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射的小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响。结果显示,He-Ne激光辐照可使经UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗叶片质膜相对透性、MDA含量、LOX活性降低,而使CAT、APX和GPX的活性均升高。分析表明UV-B辐射增强可导致膜脂过氧化加剧,而一定剂量的He-Ne激光能够通过促进酶促抗氧化系统酶的活性来缓解紫外线辐射下小麦幼苗的膜脂过氧化作用。     

骆驼蓬提取物浸种对小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同浓度骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理小麦。研究对幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬提取液浸种后小麦幼苗的根长、株高和干重增加,根冠比增大;幼苗根系活力增强,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先升后降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化物酶同工酶表达受抑;叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,叶片SOD、POD活性提高,过氧化物酶同工酶表达增强,CAT活性降低。根系和叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量下降。     

He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射小麦幼苗多胺氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的研究

采用He-Ne激光辐照对增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗的损伤修复作用进行了研究。小麦种子在盛有湿滤纸的培养皿内25℃下进行萌发。萌发后小麦幼苗在经10.08 kJ·m^-2·d^-1的增强UV-B辐射,然后再用5 mW·mm^-2的He-Ne激光进行辐照。通过小麦幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸含量、多胺氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性变化,测定了He-Ne激光对小麦UV-B损伤的修复情况。结果表明,游离脯氨酸、多胺氧化酶、过氧化物酶的变化同小麦幼苗损伤的修复的能力相关联。He-Ne激光辐照可使由增强UV-B辐射后诱导叶片升高的游离脯氨酸含量降低。增强UV-B辐射对多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈促进的作用。辐射6 d后PAO和POD总的活性呈正相关性,PAO和POD活性都呈现B组最高,L组最低,且差异显著。显示He-Ne激光对两种酶由于增强UV-B辐照造成的伤害有一定的修复。     

UV-B辐射对黄芩幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

对经过11.8 μW·cm-2 UV-B连续辐照7 d后黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)幼苗的生长及一些生理生化指标进行了测定和分析.结果表明:经11.8 μW·cm-2 UV-B辐照7 d后,黄芩幼苗的平均株高和单株平均干质量分别为8.1 cm和0.026 g,与对照无显著差异(P>0.05);叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量分别为2.89、1.04、3.93和0.48 mg·g-1,均极显著低于对照(P<0.01);叶绿素a/b比值以及类胡萝卜素/总叶绿素比值分别为2.78和0.122, 分别显著或极显著高于对照(P<0.05,P<0.01);叶片中的CAT和POD活性均极显著高于对照(P<0.01),分别为2 412和2 208 U·g-1;SOD活性(1 228 U·g-1·h-1)较对照略有升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);叶片中的抗坏血酸(ASA)及游离脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),分别为11.5 mg·g-1和57.7 μg·g-1;MDA含量高于对照,紫外吸收物相对含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均低于对照,但差异不显著(P>0.05).研究结果显示,11.8 μW·cm-2 UV-B连续辐照7 d对黄芩幼苗的生长无显著抑制作用,黄芩幼苗能够通过自身的抗氧化系统有效减轻UV-B辐射产生的氧化损伤,对UV-B辐射表现出一定的耐受能力.     

麻花艽叶片光合色素含量及厚度对UV-B辐射的响应

以中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站自然生长的麻花艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim.)为材料,进行了不同月份和草盛期不同天数的短期增补和过滤UV-B辐射试验,比较分析叶片光合色素含量和叶片厚度等的变化.结果表明:(1)生长季内麻花艽叶片叶绿素a+b含量呈波动变化的趋势,7月份含量均较高;草盛期不同天数处理时,UV-B辐射对麻花艽叶片叶绿素a+b含量的影响不大.(2)生长季内麻花艽叶片类胡萝卜素含量也是7月份较高,短期增补UV-B辐射有降低其含量的趋势.(3)增加UV-B辐射能够降低Chl a/b值;自然UV-B辐射下Car/Chl比值能维持一个较高水平,是对强辐射的适应.(4)随处理时间延长,麻花艽叶片厚度有降低趋势,其叶缘出现一些发黄、变黑、变透明等受害症状,叶片能通过增加叶片厚度来适应增强的UV-B辐射.可见,生长于高海拔地区的植物麻花艽虽然对UV-B辐射表现出诸多的生理适应特性,但依然不可避免地受到其损伤.     

增强UV-B辐射和氮对谷子叶光合色素及非酶促保护物质的影响

以谷子(Setaria italica(L)Beauv.)为对象,从拔节期开始持续给予低氮(1.875 mmol/L)和高氮(15 mmol/L)两种氮供应条件并从抽穗期开始进行26 d两种强度(4.29、7.12 kJ·m-2·d-1)的增强UV-B辐射处理,研究了谷子叶中光合色素含量、类黄酮含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化.结果表明:与高氮供应条件相比,低氮供应条件明显降低了谷子叶中光合色素含量但提高了类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值;在开花期中段和灌浆期中段,高氮供应条件下谷子叶中光合色素含量对增强UV-B辐射比低氮供应条件下的谷子更敏感.从灌浆期开始到处理结束,两种影响因子对谷子叶中类黄酮含量均有显著影响,增强UV-B辐射导致谷子叶中类黄酮含量逐渐升高,且相同增强UV-B辐射强度下低氮供应条件下的谷子叶中类黄酮含量明显高于高氮供应条件下的谷子.谷子叶中PAL活性对两种影响因子的响应较类黄酮含量更加敏感,低氮供应条件使谷子叶中PAL活性明显提高.结合上述指标的相关性分析结果可知,低氮供应条件加强了处于繁殖期主要阶段的谷子叶中类黄酮的积累,并使谷子叶中的类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值明显提高,进而有助于维持谷子叶中光合色素含量在增强UV-B辐射条件下的相对稳定性,对植株抵抗UV-B辐射伤害有利.     

自然条件下滤减UV-B辐射对烤烟光合色素含量的影响

在自然环境中,以烟草栽培品种K326为材料,通过覆盖不同透明薄膜滤减UV—B辐射,研究100％（CK）、75％（T1）、50％（T2）、35％（T3）UV—B辐射透过率处理下,不同强度UV—B辐射对烟草光合色素含量的影响。结果表明：烤烟三类光合色素对UV—B辐射有不同响应。类胡萝卜素对UV—B辐射响应较敏感。成熟初期,类胡萝卜素含量与UV—B辐射强度变化具有较好的正相关性,而chl a和chl b含量基本与UV—B辐射强度呈反向变化关系。成熟后期,由于UV—B辐射累积效应,光合色素含量变化没有明显规律。现蕾期至成熟采烤烟初期,chl a：chl b与UV—B辐射的反向变化关系较明显,后期则无明显规律,其含量的下降与UV—B辐射的累积效应有关。     

UV-B辐射对仙客来的生理效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同强度UV-B辐射(10μW/cm2和20μW/cm2)对仙客来(Cyclamen persicum Mill)生理的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射的增加对仙客来叶片光合色素的含量具有影响;(2)叶片质膜透性随UV-B辐射强度的增加而增加,随UV-B辐射时间的延长而增加;(3)叶片类黄酮含量随UV-B辐射强度的增加而增加,且在40d时达到最大值;(4)增强UV-B辐射下,仙客来花瓣中的花青素含量增加。     

The effect of UV-B and UV-C radiation on Hibiscus leaves determined by ultraweak luminescence and fluorescence induction

The effects of UV-C (254 nm) and UV-B (280-320 nm) on chlorophyll fluorescence induction and ultraweak luminescence (UL) in detached leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. were investigated. UL from leaves exposed to UV-B and UV-C radiation reached a maximum 72 h after irradiation. In both cases most of the light was of a wavelength over 600 nm. An increase in the percentage of long wavelength light with time was detected. UV radiation increased peroxidase activity, which also reached a maximum 72 h after irradiation. UV-B and UV-C both reduced variable chlorophyll fluorescence. No effect on the amount of chlorophyll or UV screening pigments was observed with the short-term irradiation used in this investigation.     

UV-B辐射对报春花的生理生化效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究不同强度的UV-B辐射(10μW/cm2和20μW/cm2)对报春花生理代谢的影响,结果表明:(1)增强UV-B辐射下,报春花叶片叶绿素含量降低,且随UV-B辐射时间的延长,降低程度加大;(2)随UV-B辐射强度的增加,叶片质膜透性增加;(3)叶片类黄酮含量随着UV-B辐射强度的增加而增加,在辐射至40 d时,叶片类黄酮含量达到最大值;(4)增强UV-B辐射下,报春花花瓣中花青素含量增加.     

滤减UV B辐射对烟叶可溶性蛋白、〖HJ*3〗〖HJ*2〗光合色素和类黄酮的影响

在云南玉溪烟区种植烤烟海拔最高(1806.0m)的通海县,通过盆栽烤烟K326试验,研究了在滤减自然的太阳UV-B辐射强度25%、50%和65%条件下,UV-B辐射对烟叶发育过程中可溶性蛋白、光合色素和类黄酮的影响。结果表明:随叶龄增加,可溶性蛋白含量下降,光合色素降解,类黄酮在老叶中积累,蛋白质在生理成熟期对UV-B辐射最敏感。与对照相比,减弱UV-B辐射处理降低了烟叶类黄酮和可溶性蛋白含量,但光合色素含量上升;较低的UV-B辐射降低了叶绿素的降解速度。结果从一侧面说明UV-B辐射对烟叶蛋白质的合成是有益的,类黄酮和叶绿素的变化是对UV-B辐射变化的适应性反应,类黄酮与蛋白质之间可能存在一定的偶联关系。     

芒果老叶在增强UV-B辐射处理下的损伤和保护反应

以‘台衣一号’芒果盆栽苗离体老叶为试材,研究增强UV—B辐射条件下芒果老叶的损伤和保护反应。结果表明：UV—B辐射处理使芒果叶片MDA含量和相对电导率升高、叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b降低,表明叶片受到损伤,且随处理时间延长叶片损伤加重。UV—B辐射处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、POD）活性、保护色素（类胡萝卜素、类黄酮）和还原型GSH含量显著高于对照叶片,UV—B辐射处理叶片维生素C含量显著低于对照叶片,表明增强UV—B辐射可诱导叶片细胞通过提高活性氧清除能力和积累保护色素而直接吸收部分UV—B辐射来提高抗增强UV—B辐射损伤的能力。     

CaCl_2对UV-B辐射下菠菜叶片光合特性的影响

以"丹麦旺盛菠菜"为材料,通过UV-B和CaCl2复合处理,测定光合色素含量、Hill反应活力、叶绿素荧光、MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性等参数,探讨了CaCl2对UV-B辐射下菠菜叶片电子传递链和光合膜酶保护系统的影响。结果表明,UV-B处理下,光合色素含量、chl/car、类囊体膜上PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)、PSII光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),以及Hill反应活力等降低,chla/chlb和MDA含量升高;喷洒CaCl2可不同程度缓解UV-B的伤害。不同处理下,POD、SOD和CAT活性的变化呈现补偿效应。UV-B强度与菠菜叶片PSII功能受损程度呈正相关,CaCl2则主要通过提高chlb含量、类囊体膜上的光量子产量和POD活性,以缓解伤害。重度UV-B辐射下,CaCl2使chlb含量显著提高可能是导致PSII捕光效率提高的重要因素。     

Responses of the flavonoid pathway to UV-B radiation stress and the correlation with the lipid antioxidant characteristics in the desert plant Caryopteris mongolica

Caryopteris mongolica is a dwarf shrub mainly found in grassland and desert areas of north-west China, and which can survive severe environmental stress. This study aimed to assess the responses of the flavonoid pathway to UV-B radiation treatments and its correlation to the lipid peroxide and antioxidant systems in C. mongolica. In UV-B radiation experiments, plants were exposed to UV-B radiation treatments with a intensity of 30 J/s for 1, 4 and 24 h, respectively. A control group without UV-B radiation treatment was also used. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, levels of lipid peroxidation, activities of antioxidant system enzymes, accumulations of total flavonoids and anthocyanins, and activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) under different UV-B radiation treatments were investigated. The correlations between products and key enzymes in the flavonoid pathway and the lipid peroxide and antioxidant systems were also analyzed. The results showed that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased within 24 h of treatment. The chlorophyll contents decreased within 4 h and remained stable after 24 h. Carotenoid content significantly increased. The level of MDA, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) and the contents of total flavonoids and anthocyanidins increased, while catalase (CAT) activity decreased under UV-B stress. The activities of PAL and CHI also increased with the increased content of total flavonoids. The flavonoid products anthocyanidins had a significant positive correlation with MDA level, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzyme SOD. In conclusion, UV-B radiation induced the degradation of photosynthetic pigments and decreased photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II; increased the contents of MDA, total flavonoids and anthocyanidins; and also enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX and POD) and key enzymes (PAL and CHI) in the flavonoid pathway in C. mongolica. Thus, we speculate that the flavonoid pathway were involved in the regulation of stress resistance in C. mongolica.     

Ultraviolet-B and water stress effects on growth,gas exchange and oxidative stress in sunflower plants

The effects and interaction of drought and UV-B radiation were studied in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. var. Catissol-01), growing in a greenhouse under natural photoperiod conditions. The plants received approximately 1.7 W m(-2) (controls) or 8.6 W m(-2) (+UV-B) of UV-B radiation for 7 h per day. The UV-B and water stress treatments started 18 days after sowing. After a period of 12 days of stress, half of the water-stressed plants (including both UV-B irradiated or non-irradiated) were rehydrated. Both drought and UV-B radiation treatments resulted in lower shoot dry matter per plant, but there was no significant interaction between the two treatments. Water stress and UV-B radiation reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. However, the amplitude of the effects of both stressors was dependent on the interactions. This resulted in alleviation of the negative effect of drought on photosynthesis and transpiration by UV-B radiation as the water stress intensified. Intercelluar CO(2) concentration was initially reduced in all treatments compared to control plants but it increased with time. Photosynthetic pigments were not affected by UV-B radiation. Water stress reduced photosynthetic pigments only under high UV-B radiation. The decrease was more accentuated for chlorophyll a than for chlorophyll b. As a measure for the maximum efficiency of photosystem II in darkness F (v)/F (m) was used, which was not affected by drought stress but initially reduced by UV-B radiation. Independent of water supply, UV-B radiation increased the activity of pirogalol peroxidase and did not increase the level of malondialdehyde. On the other hand, water stress did not alter the activity of pirogalol peroxidase and caused membrane damage as assessed by lipid peroxidation. The application of UV-B radiation together with drought seemed to have a protective effect by lowering the intensity of lipid peroxidation caused by water stress. The content of proline was not affected by UV-B radiation but was increased by water stress under both low and high UV-B radiation. After 24 h of rehydration, most of the parameters analyzed recovered to the same level as the unstressed plants.