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1.
该试验以玉米、花生2∶4间作模式为对象,采用开顶式气室法控制环境CO_2浓度,于2018-2019年设环境CO_2浓度(Ca, 390μmol·mol~(-1))和升高CO_2浓度(Ce, 700μmol·mol~(-1)),以及不施磷(P_0)和施磷(180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),P_(180))处理下,分析CO_2浓度升高对间作玉米和间作花生功能叶光合碳同化关键酶活性、净光合速率以及籽粒产量的影响,以明确CO_2浓度升高影响玉米、花生间作体系光合作用的机理,为将来CO_2浓度升高环境下间作高产高效提供理论基础。结果表明:(1) Ce处理提高了间作玉米功能叶的PEPC、PPDK、NADP-MDH、Rubisco、GAPDH和Ru5PK等光合碳同化酶活性,其中PEPC和NADP-MDH在苗后43 d以及PPDK、Rubisco、GAPDH和Ru5PK在苗后59 d增幅均达到显著水平,此时施磷对其有正向调控作用。(2) Ce处理增强了间作花生功能叶的Rubisco、GAPDH、Ru5PK和FBPase等光合碳同化酶活性,在苗后43 d和59 d增幅均达到显著水平,此时施磷进一步显著提高了Rubisco与FBPase活性。(3) Ce处理下间作玉米、间作花生的净光合速率显著提高,间作玉米、间作花生和间作体系的籽粒产量分别显著提高了4.4%~52.0%、10.3%~24.0%和5.7%~47.0%;CO_2浓度升高和施磷对间作玉米、花生功能叶的净光合速率和间作体系产量具有正协同效应。研究表明,CO_2浓度升高可以通过提高间作玉米功能叶片的PEPC、PPDK、Rubisco、GAPDH和Ru5PK及间作花生功能叶片的Rubisco、GAPDH、Ru5PK和FBPase等光合碳同化酶活性,增强其对CO_2羧化固定能力,提高间作玉米、间作花生的光合速率,最终显著增加玉米、花生及间作体系的产量,并且增施磷肥对其具有正调控效应。  相似文献   

2.
玉米/花生间作行比和施磷对玉米光合特性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
试验于2014—2015年设玉米/花生间作2∶2(R1)、2∶4(R2)和2∶8(R3)三种间作模式,研究了间作行比和施磷对玉米冠层光照日变化、功能叶的SPAD值、光合-光强响应曲线和光合-CO2响应曲线的影响,以探究间作玉米适应强光的光合机理.结果表明: 间作玉米冠层日均光照表现为R3>R2>R1;大口期至灌浆期,间作玉米穗位叶的SPAD值、表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和时的最大净光合速率(LSPn)、羧化效率(CE)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和净光合速率(Pn)均表现为R3>R2>R1,胞间CO2浓度(Ci) 则为R1>R2>R3;蜡熟期R3间作玉米的AQY、LSPngs、CE、Jmax和TPU均低于R2间作玉米;施磷能提高AQY、LSPn、CE、Vc maxJmax和TPU等光合参数.这说明间作玉米gs、AQY、CE、Vc maxJmax和TPU随着光强增加逐渐提高是其增强利用强光能力的关键,但超过一定光强易早衰,施磷肥有助于增强玉米对强光的利用和延缓叶片衰老.  相似文献   

3.
施氮量对不同茬口冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探明不同茬口及施氮量对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以"豫农211"为材料,采用二因素裂区设计。主因素为玉米单作(SM)、玉米大豆间作(MS)、大豆单作(SS) 3个茬口,副因素为N0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N180(180 kg·hm~(-2))、N240(240 kg·hm~(-2))、N300(300kg·hm~(-2)) 4个施氮量。结果表明:不同施氮水平下,与玉米单作相比,玉米大豆间作和大豆单作茬口冬小麦产量增幅分别为4.74%~10.01%、5.12%~17.05%,且均显著增加;茬口对小麦穗数及穗粒数均有显著影响,对千粒重影响不显著,与玉米单作相比,大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口穗数增幅分别为10%~15%、4%~19%,穗粒数增幅分别为2%~21%、4%~20%;施氮量对小麦穗数及千粒重有显著影响,对穗粒数影响不显著;不同茬口与施氮量的交互作用对穗粒数和千粒重差异均达显著水平;同一施氮处理下,茬口处理间氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力均表现为大豆单作玉米大豆间作玉米单作,且在N180和N240水平下均达显著水平;结合施氮量与产量拟合曲线,相比玉米单作茬口,大豆单作及玉米大豆间作在保证冬小麦产量的同时降低了氮肥的投入,在生产实践中对不同茬口下小麦施氮量具有指导意义;玉米单作茬口,冬小麦最佳经济产量施氮量和最高产量施氮量分别为243和262 kg·hm~(-2);大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口,最佳经济产量施氮量分别为196和210 kg·hm~(-2),最高产量施氮量分别为205和222 kg·hm~(-2)。  相似文献   

4.
了解植物光合作用参数季节动态及其与叶性状的关系对于准确模拟生态系统碳循环具有重要的意义。本研究在生长季内原位测定了毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)光合作用CO_2响应和光响应曲线,分析了油蒿光合参数与叶氮含量(N_(mass))和比叶面积(SLA)的关系。结果表明:整个生长季内油蒿最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(α)和光饱和点(LSP)都是在春季后期和初秋时期值比较高,在夏季波动较大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)变化趋势不明显,P_(nmax)的变化范围为13.79~33.31μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),平均值为23.77μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其中5月达到最大值,P_(nmax)季节变化显著;羧化速率(φ)、最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(J_(max))和光下暗呼吸(Rp)的季节动态变化也是呈现春季后期和初秋时期值比较高、在夏季波动较大的趋势,CO_2补偿点(Co)在整个生长季季节动态明显;CO_2饱和点(Cisat)的季节动态变化不明显;V_(cmax)在5月达到最大值(89.10μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(27.25μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为56.29μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),J_(max)在9月达到最大值(78.86μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(24.19μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为46.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),V_(cmax)和J_(max)季节变化显著;P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)、J_(max)和Rp与N_(mass)存在显著线性正相关,P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)和J_(max)与SLA存在显著线性正相关。本研究结果进一步证实,叶氮含量和比叶面积是影响油蒿光合能力的重要因素。研究获得的光合参数与叶性状的关系可为构建参数化生态系统过程模型提供帮助。  相似文献   

5.
玉米花生间作对玉米光合特性及产量形成的影响   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
为了进一步揭示玉米花生间作体系中玉米间作产量优势的光合机理,于2010—2011年在河南科技大学试验农场研究了间作玉米功能叶的光-光响应曲线和光-CO2响应曲线特点、荧光参数、叶绿素含量与构成、干物质积累及灌浆速率。结果表明:间作提高了玉米功能叶片的叶绿素含量,改变了叶绿素构成,显著提高了净光合速率,延缓衰老;间作提高了玉米光补偿点、光饱和点、光饱和时的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率,显著降低了CO2补偿点;PSⅡ的实际光化学效率、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数变化不明显。间作明显提高玉米生育后期单株干物质,主要在于促进了籽粒的生长,显著提高玉米产量,偏土地当量(PLER-M)高于其所占面积比例的106.6%—120.3%,表现出明显的间作产量优势。这说明间作玉米产量间作优势主要来源于其生育后期净光合速率的提高,促进光合物质向籽粒的分配,净光合速率的提高是通过羧化效率和表观量子效率的提高,增强CO2的固定能力实现的,而非是光能传递、转化效率的提高。  相似文献   

6.
为了研究引进树种对干热河谷环境的适应性,以生长于干热河谷野外环境中的新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)为研究对象,研究分析了其在湿季(7月)和干季(11月)的光合生理特征和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明:(1)在P_n-C_i响应曲线中,当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate,P_n)高于湿季,而当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的P_n低于湿季;(2)相较于湿季,干季的初始羧化效率(Initial carboxylation efficiency,CE)、光合能力(Photosynthetic capacity,A_(max))、CO_2补偿点(CO_2 compensation point,Γ)、光呼吸速率(Photorespiration rate,R_p)、最大羧化速率(Maximum carboxylation rate,V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(Maximum electron transport rate,J_(max))、磷酸丙糖利用率(Triose phosphates utilization rate,TPU)、J_(max)/V_(cmax)、气孔限制值(Stomatal limitation,L_s)和叶片饱和水汽压差(Vapor pressure deficit,VPD)均显著下降(P0.05),而暗呼吸速率(Dark respiration rate,R_d)、胞间CO_2浓度(Intercellular CO_2 concentration,C_i)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,G_s)、蒸腾速率(Transpiration rate,T_r)、饱和光下最大净光合速率(Light-saturated net photosynthetic rate,P_(nmax))和水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)则显著上升(P0.05);(3)干季的PSII实际光化学效率(Actual photochemical efficiency of PSII,Ф_(PSII)),光化学猝灭系数(Photochemical fluorescence quenching,qP),电子传递效率(Electron transport rate,ETR)较湿季出现显著下降(P0.05),非光化学猝灭系数(Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching,NPQ)显著增加(P0.05);(4)叶绿素荧光参数的Ф_(PSII)、NPQ、ETR与各光合生理指标相关性较强。在干热河谷地区,气孔限制是影响新银合欢湿季光合速率的主要因素;而非气孔限制是影响其干季光合速率的主要因素。  相似文献   

7.
研究间作后作物光合碳同化和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)对氮投入的响应,对阐释间作产量优势的氮调控效应,指导间作氮肥管理有重要意义。本研究设置玉米(Zea mays)单作、玉米间作两种种植模式的4个氮水平(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N1,125 kg·hm~(-2);N2,250 kg·hm~(-2);N3,375 kg·hm~(-2)),分析间作与施氮量对玉米叶片特征、光合参数、PNUE和产量的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作显著增加玉米叶片的叶干质量和比叶质量;各施氮水平(除N3)下,间作中靠近马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)侧的玉米叶面积均显著高于单作玉米。单间作对比发现,间作提高了玉米光饱和点和暗呼吸速率。单作、间作靠玉米侧(I-M)、间作靠马铃薯侧(I-P)的玉米PNUE均随施氮量增加而降低,降幅以I-P最大;施氮量低于250 kg·hm~(-2)时,相同施氮量下的玉米PNUE和净光合速率(Pn)均以I-P最高,I-M和单作次之。间作显著提高了玉米产量(土地当量比1)。该研究中当施氮量≤250 kg·hm~(-2)时,间作I-P的玉米叶片Pn和PNUE显著提高可能是间作玉米产量提高的重要原因。  相似文献   

8.
《植物生态学报》2013,37(11):1010
揭示玉米(Zea mays)和花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作提高花生对弱光利用能力的光合特点及磷(P)肥效应, 对阐明间作花生适应弱光的光合机理和提高间作花生的产量具有重要意义。该试验于2011-2012年在河南科技大学试验农场分析了间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量与构成、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线特点和荧光参数。结果表明: 与单作花生相比, 施P与不施P条件下玉米和花生间作显著(p < 0.01)提高了花生功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 降低了叶绿素a/b, 显著提高了光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观量子效率(AQY)和弱光时的光合速率, 显著降低了气孔导度、二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶羧化速率(Vcmax)、电子传递速率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU); 与不施P相比, 施P有利于提高间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量, 显著提高了ΦPSIIqPVcmaxJmaxTPU, 说明间作花生通过提高功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 改变叶绿素构成, 提高了光系统II的Fv/FmΦPSIIqP, 增强了对光能的捕获和转化能力, 提高了对弱光的利用能力, 而并非提高了对CO2的羧化固定能力; 施P有利于提高间作花生对弱光的利用能力和产量, 土地当量比提高了6.2%-9.3%。  相似文献   

9.
关键生育阶段持续干旱对东北春玉米光合特性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用持续无补水方式对东北春玉米"丹玉39"拔节至成熟阶段进行干旱胁迫处理,对干旱及复水过程中玉米光合特性进行动态观测,研究净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等光合作用中主要变量以及表观量子效率(AQY)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)等光合参数对干旱过程的响应特征。结果表明:P_n、T_r、G_s和C_i随干旱持续均呈减小趋势,对干旱的响应在抽雄期比拔节期更为明显,T_r比P_n更快,C_i在弱光条件下比强光更敏感;各变量对干旱后复水的响应差异较大,恢复能力随干旱时间的延长而下降,在抽雄期弱于拔节期;经历短期干旱复水后P_n会超过正常植株;T_r对复水的响应滞后于P_n,恢复能力弱于P_n;C_i对干旱后复水的恢复在强光下更为敏感;各光合参数中,随干旱加重,AQY先增大后减小;P_(nmax)不断减小且响应速度加快,对复水的恢复能力逐渐下降;LCP和LSP分别呈增大和减小趋势;除LCP与土壤湿度呈显著负相关关系外,AQY、LSP、P_(nmax)以及光合作用可利用光强范围均随土壤湿度增大而显著增大。  相似文献   

10.
乌梁素海湿地芦苇最大羧化速率的高光谱遥感   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
卫亚星  王莉雯 《生态学报》2017,37(3):841-850
湿地植被生产力和固碳潜力的研究是全球碳循环和全球变化的热点研究问题。湿地植被的光合能力能够指示其生长的健康状态。最大羧化速率是重要的植被光合参数之一,对精确模拟湿地植被光合作用和气体交换模型中的固碳过程具有重要的作用。以内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊湿地为研究区,进行了芦苇叶片光合参数和光谱的测量。芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))数值是基于Farquhar光合作用模型,从光合测量获取的A-C_i曲线计算并校正到25℃得到的。分别基于bootstrap PLSR模型、单波段和高光谱植被指数(包括简单比值指数SR和归一化差值指数ND),构建湿地芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))估算模型。基于高光谱遥感图像HJ-1A HSI,采用ND高光谱指数中具有较高V_(cmax)估算精度的入选波段702和756 nm,获取研究区湿地芦苇最大羧化速率空间分布图。研究结果表明,湿地植被光谱特征和高光谱植被指数,可用于估算湿地芦苇V_(cmax),其中最高精度产生于基于bootstrap PLSR模型的建模方法(R~2=0.87,RMSECV=3.90,RPD=2.72),ND高光谱指数的V_(cmax)估算精度高于SR高光谱指数的估算精度;从获取的V_(cmax)空间分布图上提取估算值,其与测量值对比,存在较好的相关性(R~2=0.80,RMSE=4.74)。  相似文献   

11.
A review of the literature revealed that a variety of methods are currently used for fitting net assimilation of CO2–chloroplastic CO2 concentration (A–Cc) curves, resulting in considerable differences in estimating the A–Cc parameters [including maximum ribulose 1·5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (Vcmax), potential light saturated electron transport rate (Jmax), leaf dark respiration in the light (Rd), mesophyll conductance (gm) and triose‐phosphate utilization (TPU)]. In this paper, we examined the impacts of fitting methods on the estimations of Vcmax, Jmax, TPU, Rd and gm using grid search and non‐linear fitting techniques. Our results suggested that the fitting methods significantly affected the predictions of Rubisco‐limited (Ac), ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate‐limited (Aj) and TPU‐limited (Ap) curves and leaf photosynthesis velocities because of the inconsistent estimate of Vcmax, Jmax, TPU, Rd and gm, but they barely influenced the Jmax : Vcmax, Vcmax : Rd and Jmax : TPU ratio. In terms of fitting accuracy, simplicity of fitting procedures and sample size requirement, we recommend to combine grid search and non‐linear techniques to directly and simultaneously fit Vcmax, Jmax, TPU, Rd and gm with the whole A–Cc curve in contrast to the conventional method, which fits Vcmax, Rd or gm first and then solves for Vcmax, Jmax and/or TPU with Vcmax, Rd and/or gm held as constants.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, we tested for the temporal occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] in the flag leaf of two important cereal crops, rice and wheat. In order to characterize the temporal onset of acclimation and the basis for any observed decline in photosynthetic rate, we characterized net photosynthesis, gs, gm, Ci/Ca, Ci/Cc, Vcmax, Jmax, cell wall thickness, content of Rubisco, cytochrome (Cyt) f, N, chlorophyll and carbohydrate, mRNA expression for rbcL and petA, activity for Rubisco, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) at full flag expansion, mid‐anthesis and the late grain‐filling stage. No acclimation was observed for either crop at full flag leaf expansion. However, at the mid‐anthesis stage, photosynthetic acclimation in rice was associated with RuBP carboxylation and regeneration limitations, while wheat only had the carboxylation limitation. By grain maturation, the decline of Rubisco content and activity had contributed to RuBP carboxylation limitation of photosynthesis in both crops at elevated [CO2]; however, the sharp decrease of Rubisco enzyme activity played a more important role in wheat. Although an increase in non‐structural carbohydrates did occur during these later stages, it was not consistently associated with changes in SPS and SS or photosynthetic acclimation. Rather, over time elevated [CO2] appeared to enhance the rate of N degradation and senescence so that by late‐grain fill, photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] in the flag leaf of either species was complete. These data suggest that the basis for photosynthetic acclimation with elevated [CO2] may be more closely associated with enhanced rates of senescence, and, as a consequence, may be temporally dynamic, with significant species variation.  相似文献   

13.
Estimates of seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity (Pc) are critical for modeling the time course of carbon fluxes. Given the time‐intensive nature of calculating Pc parameters via gas exchange, it is appealing to calculate parameter variation via changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) content by assuming that Pc scales with these variables. Although seasonal changes in Pc and the relationships between N and Pc have been evaluated in forest canopies, there is limited data on seasonal parameter values in crops, nor is it clear if seasonal changes in Pc can be estimated from leaf traits under the high N fertility of managed systems. We characterized the seasonal variability of the maximum rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) under well‐fertilized conditions for maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and coupled these data with measurements of Chl, N, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). The seasonal Chl–N relationship was significant in maize, but not in sunflower. Area‐based N–Vcmax relationships were not significant for either crop. Mass‐based N–Vcmax relationships were weak in sunflower, but highly significant in maize. Our results suggest that Pc can be seasonally adjusted in maize with reliable estimates of changes in LMA.  相似文献   

14.
The maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and the potential rate of RuBP regeneration (Pml, which equals Jmax/4), as well as leaf nitrogen content (NL) and specific leaf area (SLA), were studied in sun leaves of 30 species from differently managed mountain grassland ecosystems (abandoned areas, pastures and meadows) at three study areas in the Eastern Alps. A significant correlation between Vcmax and Pml across the investigated species was observed. In comparison to a previous survey on the relationship between Pml and Vcmax, the investigated species were found to invest a proportionally smaller amount of available resources into Pml. Despite this close correlation between Vcmax and Pml, variation in the VcmaxNL and PmlNL relationships was large, indicating that the investigated species differed widely in their respective nitrogen use efficiencies. Among the investigated species, dwarf shrubs were characterized by significantly lower values of Vcmax, Pml and NL compared to graminoids and forbs, which did not differ significantly from each other. Species from abandoned areas were found to be lower with respect to Vcmax, Pml, NL and SLA than species from pastures and meadows, which were not significantly different from each other.  相似文献   

15.
Zhang  Fusuo  Li  Long 《Plant and Soil》2003,248(1-2):305-312
This paper reviews recent research on the processes involved in the yield advantage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.), wheat/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], faba bean (Vicia faba L.)/maize, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)/maize and water convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)/maize intercropping. In wheat/maize and wheat/soybean intercropping systems, a significant yield increase of intercropped wheat over sole wheat was observed, which resulted from positive effects of the border row and inner rows of intercropped wheat. The border row effect was due to interspecific competition for nutrients as wheat had a higher competitive ability than either maize or soybean had. There was also compensatory growth, or a recovery process, of subordinate species such as maize and soybean, offsetting the impairment of early growth of the subordinate species. Finally, both dominant and subordinate species in intercropping obtain higher yields than that in corresponding sole wheat, maize or soybean. We summarized these processes as the `competition-recovery production principle'. We observed interspecific facilitation, where maize improves iron nutrition in intercropped peanut, faba bean enhances nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by intercropped maize, and chickpea facilitates P uptake by associated wheat from phytate-P. Furthermore, intercropping reduced the nitrate content in the soil profile as intercropping uses soil nutrients more efficiently than sole cropping.  相似文献   

16.
盐胁迫对二色补血草光合生理生态特性的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙为基质,及该岛上生长的优势草本植物二色补血草幼苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0,50,100,200,300mmol/L)模拟盐胁迫处理30d,探讨二色补血草光合生理生态特性对盐胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:二色补血草对盐胁迫和光合有效辐射(PAR)具有较强的适应能力,在盐浓度为50~100mmol/L条件下,其净光合速率(Pn)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)、羧化效率(CE)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)均达到最高值,光补偿点(LCP)最低,表明其在此盐分范围内,利用光的能力较强,光照生态幅最宽。当盐分浓度为300mmol/L时,其Pn、WUE、LUE、CE、LSP和AQY显著下降,LCP升高,Pn、Tr、Gs、WUE、LUE、CE对PAR的响应曲线与对照差异较大,即高盐胁迫加重了二色补血草对光的敏感性;WUE、LUE、CE的最优PAR和盐分范围存在一定的差异,低PAR下有利于光能的利用,中PAR下有利于水分的利用,高PAR下有利于CO2的利用;WUE对盐分的适应范围最大,CE其次,LUE最小。  相似文献   

17.
To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of improvement of iron nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in calcareous soil, both greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the rhizosphere (phytosiderophores) effects from maize, barley, oats and wheat with different phytosiderophores release rates on iron nutrition and other micronutrients in calcareous soil. Six cropping treatments were examined in a greenhouse experiment: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping (two genotypes: Danyu13, Zhongdan12), peanut/barley intercropping, peanut/oats intercropping, and peanut/wheat intercropping. Additionally, we investigated in a field experiment the same five cropping systems as the greenhouse experiment (maize/peanut intercropping not including Zhongdan12). Our results show that the chlorophyll and active Fe concentrations in the young leaves of the peanut in the intercropping system with different gramineous species were much higher than those of the peanut in monoculture. In greenhouse conditions, the Fe concentration in the shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of two maize genotypes separately were 1.40–1.44, 1.47–1.64 and 1.15–1.42 times higher respectively than those of peanut plants grown in monocropping at 55, 60 and 70 days. In particular, the Fe concentration in shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of barley, oats and wheat were not only higher than those in monocropping but also higher than those in peanut intercropped cropping with maize. In the field, the concentration of Fe in shoot of intercropped peanut plants in rows 1–3 from gramineous species were significantly higher than in monocropping at the flowering stage. Simultaneously with iron nutrition variation in peanut, Zn and Cu concentrations of intercropped grown peanut increased significantly compared to those in monocropping in the greenhouse experiment, and different intercropping treatments generally increased the Zn and Cu content in the shoot of peanut in the field. Systemic mechanisms may be involved in adaptation to nutrient stresses at the whole plant level. The study suggests that a reasonable intercropping system of nutrient efficient species should be considered to prevent or mitigate iron and zinc deficiency of plants in agricultural practice.  相似文献   

18.
玉米-大豆间作和施氮对玉米产量及农艺性状的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
为研究玉米-大豆间作模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状及生长动态的影响,进行2个种植模式(玉米单作和玉米-大豆间作)和2个施氮水平(0 kg/hm2,150 kg/hm2)的双因素随机区组试验,以期揭示施氮和间作对玉米产量的影响规律,为提高玉米-大豆间作系统产量提供一定的理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)与不施氮相比,施氮显著增加了春秋两季间作玉米产量,分别达到23.81%和40.99%。施氮处理下的间作玉米地上部生物量较不施氮提高了29.91%,单作模式下显著提高了40.34%,两者差异均达到显著水平。(2)与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下春玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了18.92%和19.23%,秋玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了31.03%和32.75%,差异均达到显著水平。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作和间作模式均显著提高秋玉米穗长。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作秋玉米的穗粗提高了18.67%,差异显著。(3)施氮和间作均能促进玉米干物质累积、提高株高和叶绿素(SPAD值),且表现为施氮效果高于间作效果。总体来看,种植模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状和生长动态均有一定影响,且施氮效果优于间作效果。由于土壤具有一定的供氮能力,而间作豆科能为玉米供给一定量的氮素,故对于春玉米而言,施氮效果仅在百粒重中表现,随着土壤原有氮素被玉米吸收利用减少后,供氮能力下降,在秋玉米中施氮效果显著提高。  相似文献   

19.
Responses of photosynthesis (A) to intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) in 2-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings were measured at a range of temperatures in order to parametrize a biophysical model of leaf photosynthesis. Increasing leaf temperature from 8 to 30°C caused a 4-fold increase in Vcmax, the maximum rate of carboxylation (10.7–43.3 μol m?2 s?1 and a 3-fold increase in Jmax, the maximum electron transport rate (20.5–60.2 μmol m ?2 s?1). The temperature optimum for Jmax was lower than that for Vcmax, causing a decline in the ratio Jmax:Vcmax from 2.0 to 1.4 as leaf temperature increased from 8 to 30°C. To determine the response of photosynthesis to leaf nitrogen concentration, additional measurements were made on seedlings grown under four nitrogen treatments. Foliar N concentrations varied between 0.36 and 1.27 mol kg?1, and there were linear relationships between N concentration and both Vcmax and Jmax. Measurements made throughout the crown of a plantation forest tree, where foliar N concentrations varied from 0.83 mol kg?1 near the base to 1.54 mol kg?1 near the leader, yielded similar relationships. These results will be useful in scaling carbon assimilation models from leaves to canopies.  相似文献   

20.
Peanut/maize intercropping is a sustainable and effective agroecosystem that evidently enhances the Fe nutrition of peanuts in calcareous soils. So far, the mechanism involved in this process has not been elucidated. In this study, we unravel the effects of phytosiderophores in improving Fe nutrition of intercropped peanuts in peanut/maize intercropping. The maize ys3 mutant, which cannot release phytosiderophores, did not improve Fe nutrition of peanut, whereas the maize ys1 mutant, which can release phytosiderophores, prevented Fe deficiency, indicating an important role of phytosiderophores in improving the Fe nutrition of intercropped peanut. Hydroponic experiments were performed to simplify the intercropping system, which revealed that phytosiderophores released by Fe‐deficient wheat promoted Fe acquisition in nearby peanuts and thus improved their Fe nutrition. Moreover, the phytosiderophore deoxymugineic acid (DMA) was detected in the roots of intercropped peanuts. The yellow stripe1‐like (YSL) family of genes, which are homologous to maize yellow stripe 1 (ZmYS1), were identified in peanut roots. Further characterization indicated that among five AhYSL genes, AhYSL1, which was localized in the epidermis of peanut roots, transported Fe(III)–DMA. These results imply that in alkaline soil, Fe(III)–DMA dissolved by maize might be absorbed directly by neighbouring peanuts in the peanut/maize intercropping system.  相似文献   

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