小型腹足类齿舌的扫描电镜观察

介绍了应用扫描电镜观察小型腹足类齿舌的方法。描述了折叠萝卜螺和大脐圆扁螺齿舌带上齿片的排列方式。结果显示,两种螺齿舌的齿片排成许多横列,每一横列又包含多个齿片。齿片上缘或侧缘尖齿的数目和形态有差异。     

小型腹足类齿舌的扫描电镜观察

介绍了应用扫描电镜观察小型腹足类齿舌的方法。描述了折叠萝卜螺和大脐圆扁螺齿舌带上齿片的排列方式,结果显示,两种螺齿舌的齿片排成许多模列,每一横列又包含多个齿片,齿片上缘或侧缘尖齿的数目和形态有差异。     

四种翁戎螺的齿舌形态及功能

翁戎螺（Pleurotomariidae）起源于寒武纪时期,是介于软体动物祖先和现代腹足类之间的过渡类型。目前我国翁戎螺的分类、生态等方面研究不足,为探究翁戎螺的形态分类及食性,以寺町翁戎螺（Bayerotrochus teramachii）、红翁戎螺（Mikadotrochus hirasei）、高腰翁戎螺（M. salmianus）和龙宫翁戎螺（Entemnotrochus rumphii）为研究对象,应用扫描电镜观察其齿舌结构。结果表明,（1）翁戎螺齿舌结构与大多数腹足类具有3种类型的齿舌不同,其齿舌带上具有中央齿、内侧齿、外侧齿、镰状齿、丝状齿和桨状齿6种不同类型的小齿。（2）4种翁戎螺的中央齿均为1枚,内侧齿2或3枚,外侧齿20 ~ 25枚,镰状齿16 ~ 32枚,丝状齿35 ~ 62枚,桨状齿10 ~ 26枚。（3）翁戎螺属（Mikadotrochus）内种类之间齿舌形态的差异较小,进行种间区分需结合其小齿数量,但属间差异较大,中央齿、内侧齿、镰状齿的齿尖和齿基形态都可以进行属间区分。（4）龙宫翁戎螺齿舌带每个横排具有26枚桨状齿,与之前研究具有10枚不同。本研究对翁戎螺镰状齿和丝状齿之间、丝状齿和桨状齿之间的过渡形态进行深入地描述和划分。本研究结果可为我国翁戎螺的形态分类研究提供资料。     

17种陆生贝类齿舌的扫描电镜观察及分类学意义探讨

采用扫描电镜观察了3目10科12属17种陆生贝类的齿舌形态.结果 显示,17种陆生贝类齿舌的中央齿均为1列,侧齿12～218列不等,缘齿0～204列不等.中央齿依齿片上小齿数目分为单齿型、三齿型和多齿型;侧齿与缘齿的形态多样,侧齿齿片上小齿数1～6枚不等,缘齿齿片上小齿数1～10枚不等.结合以往报道的38种陆生贝类齿舌...     

嫁(虫戚)属2种的齿舌形态差异分析

在光镜和电镜下对嫁(虫戚)(Cellana toreuma)和斗嫁(虫戚)(C.grata)的齿舌形态进行观察比较。2种嫁(虫戚)的齿式都为1.1.0.1.1,即具有1枚侧齿和1枚缘齿,缺乏中央齿。齿舌前端都有1小段弯曲,齿片排列松散且存在明显的磨损现象。嫁(虫戚)和斗嫁(虫戚)的侧齿形状很相似,侧齿呈镰刀型且具1个齿尖,基部近似三角形且具突起,尖齿部分细长。两种嫁(虫戚)的缘齿存在一定的差异,嫁(虫戚)缘齿具3个齿尖,第2尖齿靠近第3尖齿。斗嫁(虫戚)缘齿具2个齿尖且比较细长,第2尖齿靠近缘齿基部。本文用17个参数对这两种嫁(虫戚)的齿舌带及其前中后3段上的齿片进行了测量比较,发现斗嫁(虫戚)齿舌带的长宽比明显大于嫁(虫戚)齿舌带的长宽比,即斗嫁(虫戚)的齿舌带显得更加细长。齿舌带前、中、后3段各比例参数的值存在一定的关系,即中段大于前段、中段大于后段。据此认为用齿舌作为2种嫁(虫戚)的分类依据是可行的。     

福寿螺线粒体DNA COⅠ基因序列测定及分类地位

对国内6个地区共29个福寿螺(Apple Snails)个体mtDNA COⅠ基因进行了扩增和序列分析,并结合GenBank中报道的福寿螺6个种Pomacea canaliculata、P.insularum、P.diffusa、P.haustrum、P.paludosa、P.camena和Pila属P.conica的同源序列,对国内入侵福寿螺的分类地位与分子系统发育进行了分析。结果表明,扩增的mtDNA COⅠ基因序列长度为619bp,序列间未见插入和缺失,其中核苷酸多态位点99个,简约信息位点80个;碱基A、T、C、G平均含量分别为23.6%、39.1%、16.6%和20.7%,A+T的含量(62.7%)明显高于C+G的含量(37.3%);6个地区的福寿螺共有13种单倍型,广州、钦州和吉安分别有3种单倍型,茂名、厦门和成都分别有2种单倍型,而广州、厦门和钦州3个地区之间共享一种单倍型。进一步的分子遗传距离分析表明,这6个地区福寿螺个体与P.diffusa、P.haustrum、P.paludosa和P.camena的遗传距离为0.114～0.191,而与P.insularum和P.canaliculata的同源性较高,其中单倍型1、2、3、7、8、10、11、12与P.canaliculata的遗传距离为0～0.074,单倍型4、5、6、9、13与P.insularum的遗传距离为0.011～0.063。构建的分子系统树显示7个分支,分别为Pomacea属6个种和Pila属P.conica,其中单倍型1、2、3、7、8、10、11、12与Pomacea canaliculata聚成一支,单倍型4、5、6、9、13与P.insularum聚成一支。序列同源性、遗传距离和系统进化树分析结果表明,国内入侵福寿螺有P.canaliculata和P.insularum两个种,而且这两个种在入侵扩散过程中已相互混杂。本研究为今后开展福寿螺的资源调查、控制和管理等提供科学依据。     

两种石磺齿舌形态差异分析

显微观察了瘤背石磺(Onchidiumstruma)和石磺(O. verruculatum)齿舌的形态结构。运用差异系数法对两种石磺齿舌参数进行比较分析。利用SPSS10.0对瘤背石磺、石磺齿舌参数(齿舌长、齿舌头宽、齿舌中宽、齿舌尾宽、横列数、每排最少齿片数和每排最多齿片数)与个体参数(体长、体宽、体高、足长、足宽和体重)作回归分析。结果表明,两种石磺齿舌都很发达,外观呈长统靴状;齿片排成许多横列,每一横列均有中央齿一枚,侧齿若干无缘齿;两种石磺的齿舌头宽、齿舌中宽和齿舌尾宽差异极显著,但差异系数小于1.28,认为两种石磺的齿片形态存在明显的种间差异,但齿舌参数不适合作为石磺属贝类的分类依据;瘤背石磺的体宽和石磺的体重在评估各自齿舌生物学性状方面起到比较重要的作用。     

福寿螺和田螺消化酶活性比较

为比较福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata(Lamarck,1828))和当地中国圆田螺(Cipangopaludina chinensis(Gray,1832))消化能力的差异,探索福寿螺成功入侵的机制,以田螺为对照,测定了1—4龄的福寿螺和田螺的胃和肝脏的消化酶——纤维素酶(羧甲基纤维素法)、淀粉酶(3,5-二硝基水杨酸法)和脂肪酶(滴定法)的活性。结果表明:1)相同年龄的福寿螺胃和肝脏中的消化酶活性明显高于田螺。其中,纤维素酶活性分别高出1.00—2.11倍、1.66—2.84倍;淀粉酶活性分别高出1.53—3.47倍、1.47—1.80倍;脂肪酶活性分别高出2.07—4.73倍、6.13—9.93倍。2)在生长发育过程中,福寿螺胃和肝脏中的消化酶活性变化幅度(51.2%—131.2%)明显高于田螺(23.3%—47.1%)。3)福寿螺的各种消化酶之间存在协同作用。如福寿螺的淀粉酶活性与脂肪酶活性呈极显著正相关(胃中r=0.736**、肝脏中r=0.867**)。此外,胃中的淀粉酶活性还与纤维素酶活性呈显著正相关关系(r=0.696*)。相应地,田螺胃中的淀粉酶和脂肪酶之间也存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.706*),而肝脏中的纤维素酶与脂肪酶活性呈显著负相关(r=-0.593*)。4)福寿螺对纤维素类和淀粉类物质都有较强的消化能力,且能较好地消化脂肪类物质,而田螺能消化纤维素类和淀粉类物质,对脂肪的消化能力却很弱。福寿螺的纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性分别是田螺的2.42和1.88倍,脂肪酶活性达到了5.66倍。可见,福寿螺具有较高的消化酶活性,且各消化酶之间存在正协同性。这可能是导致福寿螺食量大、食性杂,使其能快速生长和成功入侵的重要原因之一。     

苏州市入侵福寿螺的遗传多样性

福寿螺属（Pomacea）中的小管福寿螺（P. canaliculata）和斑点福寿螺（P. maculata）形态相似,入侵能力很强,严重危害水稻和其他水生植物。本研究基于线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）基因和核基因EF1α序列,应用软件DnaSP 5.0、Arlequin 3.1.1、MEGA 7.0和PhyloSuite进行遗传参数统计、构建贝叶斯系统发育树,分析了来自江苏省苏州市虎丘区、吴中区、昆山周市镇、千灯镇和玉山镇共5个采样地的40只福寿螺（Pomacea spp.）的种类及其遗传多样性。结果表明,获得40条长度为605 bp的线粒体COI基因序列,经序列比对后发现有74个变异位点、4种单倍型。小管福寿螺有34只,分属3种单倍型（PcaH1 ~ PcaH3）,小管福寿螺的单倍型多样性（h）和核苷酸多样性（π）分别为0.399和0.017。斑点福寿螺有6只,仅有1种单倍型（PmaH1）。苏州地区小管福寿螺和斑点福寿螺遗传多样性均较低。基于线粒体COI基因系统发育分析结果表明,苏州市的小管福寿螺可能与阿根廷的小管福寿螺亲缘关系较近,而苏州市的斑点福寿螺可能与巴西的斑点福寿螺亲缘关系较近。此外,昆山市周市镇是新发现的小管福寿螺和斑点福寿螺同域分布地区。苏州、昆山的9个福寿螺样本共获得430 bp的核基因EF1α序列28条,发现有40个变异位点和9种单倍型（EFHAP1 ~ EFHAP9）,其中,小管福寿螺有8种单倍型（EFHAP1 ~ EFHAP5和EFHAP7 ~ EFHAP9）,斑点福寿螺有2种单倍型（EFHAP5和EFHAP6）。基于线粒体COI基因和核基因EF1α序列构建的系统发育树,小管福寿螺和斑点福寿螺存在遗传信息混杂的现象,提示两种螺存在杂交。     

中国大白蚁亚科壤白蚁新属新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

壤白蚁属Parahy potermes Zhu et Huang,新属 模式种:曼允壤白蚁Parahy potermes manyunensis,新种。 属征:兵蚁头近卵圆形,头背面被毛稀少,两侧缘于触角前骤然狭缩,头中部最宽,后缘宽圆,头背面中部明显隆起;左上颚内缘中部第1缘齿上方具2—3枚小齿。 比较与讨论:本新属与地白蚁属Hypotermes Holmgren较接近。但Hypotermes头两侧缘触角前不呈狭缩状;左上颚第1缘齿上方不具锯齿状小齿;头背面中部呈弧状隆起。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.