云南元江干热河谷桔小实蝇种群动态及其影响因子分析

分别于1992、1998、2003和2004年在云南元江干热河谷通过性诱剂诱捕,对桔小实蝇雄性成虫数量变化进行了全年监测,并就气候因子及寄主植物对数量变动的影响进行了综合分析。桔小实蝇在元江干热河谷常年发生,当年12月至次年2月,桔小实蝇种群较低,3月以后逐渐上升,于6～8月形成增长高峰,9～11月种群迅速下降。近两年桔小实蝇种群数量较上世纪90年代明显增大。月均温、月均降雨量和寄主植物是影响元江桔小实蝇种群变动的主要因子。元江干热河谷各月均温在桔小实蝇适温区内,为其常年发生提供了温度条件。但12～2月的月平均最低温度低于桔小实蝇的适温下限,而5月的月平均最高温超过桔小实蝇的适温上限,这两方面对桔小实蝇种群均有一定抑制作用。元江夏季6至8月的月降雨量为100～150 mm,有助于桔小实蝇种群增长。芒果和甜橙是元江桔小实蝇最喜好的寄主水果,其种面积、挂果期是影响桔小实蝇种群变动的重要因素。气温、降雨和寄主植物通过各自的作用方式和发生时间综合影响着元江干热河谷地区桔小实蝇种群变动。     

云南瑞丽桔小实蝇成虫种群数量变动及其影响因子分析

分别于1997、2000、2003和2004年通过诱蝇谜对云南瑞丽桔小实蝇种群动态进行了全年监测,并就气候因子及寄主植物对该种群变动的影响进行了系统分析.结果表明,桔小实蝇在瑞丽常年发生,当年11月至翌年1月份,桔小实蝇种群处于较低水平,2月份以后种群数量逐渐上升,至6月份形成种群的年增长高峰,此后至10月份种群数量迅速下降.经逐步回归分析表明,月均温、月平均最高温、月平均最低温、月极端最高温、月极端最低温和月雨日数是影响瑞丽桔小实蝇种群月变动的主要气候因子.通径分析和决策系统分析表明,月均温对种群数量变动具有正效应,是直接影响桔小实蝇种群变动的重要指标,月均最低温是影响种群增长的最主要的限制因素,月雨日数对种群动态的综合影响力最大.瑞丽各月平均温度位于桔小实蝇各虫态生长发育温度范围内,但11～翌年1月份的月均最低温低于桔小实蝇的适温范围,对桔小实蝇种群数量有一定抑制作用.2～5月份雨日数逐渐增多,雨量逐渐增大,有利于种群数量增长;7～8月份持续的强降雨过程被认为是桔小实蝇在该时期种群数量下降的主要原因.而瑞丽的多种瓜果成熟期的交替出现保证了桔小实蝇的食物供应.     

广州桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))发生动态及气象因子

2002～2005年期间,在广东广州利用性引诱剂对桔小实蝇进行了全年种群动态监测,调查可知桔小实蝇可在广州全年发生.该虫数量从5月开始迅速上升,6～9月份是发生盛期;10月份虫口密度逐渐下降,11月到翌年3月份种群数量很低.对桔小实蝇发生数量和气象因子进行主成分分析和相关分析,结果表明温雨因子作用最大,其中月平均降雨量是影响桔小实蝇种群变动的关键因子;日照因子作用次之,但月总日照时数对该虫的发生数量没有显著影响.     

云南蒙自桔小实蝇寄主种类和枇杷园内桔小实蝇成虫种群动态及其影响因子

桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)是水果和蔬菜上的重要害虫。2014年1—12月对云南蒙自市不同果园和菜地桔小实蝇进行调查并室内饲养观察,结果表明,桔小实蝇在蒙自市为害8科19属20种的瓜果蔬菜,且对枇杷、桃、枣、番石榴、杧果和洋蒲桃等水果为害较为严重;从田间采集受害寄主果实进行单果培养,收集到实蝇共计4种,分别为桔小实蝇、瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucuribitae)、南亚实蝇(Bactrocera tau)和辣椒实蝇(Bactrocera latifrons)。桔小实蝇在蒙自全年均可为害,且世代重叠。枇杷园内,进入5月后,桔小实蝇种群数量逐渐增加,至8月份达到高峰期,最大诱捕量为(362.27±16.68)头·瓶-1,10月以后其种群数量迅速下降,至12月种群数量最低(6.14±3.06)头·瓶-1。多种气象因子互相作用影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动,其中月平均气温、月极端最低温度、月雨日数和平均日照时数是影响桔小实蝇种群数量变动的主要因素。     

云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群数量变动及其影响因子分析

应用诱蝇谜引诱剂诱捕法于2003-2005年调查了云南六库桔小实蝇成虫种群动态,系统分析了气候因子及寄主植物对该种群变动的影响。研究结果表明：云南六库桔小实蝇种群发生呈季节性,仅出现于3-12月,成虫消长基本为单峰型,高峰出现在7月。六库桔小实蝇种群数量与气温、降雨量和月雨日数等气象因子有密切关系。决定系数和通径分析结果显示,月降雨量是影响六库桔小实蝇种群动态的主要决策因素;月平均气温和月平均最低气温是影响种群数量变动的主要限制因素,其中,月平均最低温度是间接影响种群数量变动的重要指标。主成分分析筛选出低温条件主成分,其累积方差贡献率达77.65%。逐步回归分析也证实,影响六库桔小实蝇种群月变动的主要气象因子是月平均气温和月平均最低气温。综合分析认为,低温是导致六库桔小实蝇季节性发生的关键因素。     

桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇幼虫的种间竞争研究

本文研究了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)与番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta （Bezzi）幼虫在实验室2种环境温度,4种寄主及5个虫口数量比例条件下的种间竞争现象。结果显示,在温度26℃以桃和香蕉为寄主条件下,桔小实蝇存活率高于番石榴实蝇;以芒果为寄主情况下两者存活率差异不显著;以番石榴作为寄主,虫口数量较大的一方具有竞争优势。在温度33℃条件下,就所测试的各种寄主,番石榴实蝇均具有竞争优势。分析发现,温度是影响番石榴实蝇幼虫存活率的关键环境因素;虫口比例对于桔小实蝇的存活率有重要影响;在不同的寄主中,桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的存活率也表现出较大的变化,寄主种类与温度及虫量形成综合效应,决定了桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇竞争的最终结局。     

气象因素对芒果蓟马种群数量动态的影响

明确芒果园中蓟马复合种种群动态与气象因子之间的关系。用粘虫板定期定点监测芒果园中蓟马的种群消长情况;通过相关分析、主成分分析和灰色关联分析,分析其与气象因素的关系。芒果花期蓟马种群数量为全年发生高峰。相关分析结果表明,监测日蓟马种群数量与日平均气温(℃)、日最大风速(m/s)显著正相关,与日最低气温(℃)显著负相关。芒果花期蓟马种群数量与2月降水量(mm)、3月平均风速(m/s)、1-2月平均气温(℃)、2月月均最高、最低气温(℃)、2-3月平均相对湿度(%)及1-3月平均最小相对湿度(%)显著相关。主成分分析表明,月平均温度(℃)和月最低气温(℃)是影响蓟马种群动态的主要因素,对蓟马种群动态的影响达56.0%。灰色关联分析表明,月均最低气温(℃)对芒果蓟马种群数量影响最大。月最低气温(℃)和月平均温度(℃)是影响芒果园中蓟马复合种种群数量动态的主要气象因素。芒果蓟马复合种种群数量受食物、种群扩散、天敌、自身繁殖和气候因素的共同影响。     

桔小实蝇雌成虫对寄主挥发物β-石竹烯的行为反应

寄主植物挥发性化合物往往对昆虫产卵场所的选择具有重要的影响,为了明确桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis众多寄主中是否存在特定的挥发物能够引诱桔小实蝇雌成虫产卵,本研究对桔小实蝇3种寄主(番石榴、橙子和芒果)果实的挥发物进行了鉴定,并测试了相关挥发物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响.研究结果表明3种寄主果实均能引诱桔小实蝇产卵并且β-石竹烯是3种寄主果实中共有的挥发物;Y型嗅觉仪和四臂嗅觉仪测试均表明低浓度β-石竹烯(9 μg/mL)对桔小实蝇雌成虫具有引诱作用,但高浓度β-石竹烯对桔小实蝇没有引诱作用;增加寄主番石榴果实中β-石竹烯的含量也会显著降低果实对雌虫产卵的诱集效果.本研究证实了特定浓度的β-石竹烯在桔小实蝇产卵行为中的作用,为开发该虫防治中的推拉策略提供了一种思路.     

温度和寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫主要生物学参数的影响

观察研究了温度和寄主水果对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫主要生物学参数的影响。结果如下：(1)寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵前期影响无明显差异,而温度明显影响产卵前期。随温度增高,产卵前期逐渐缩短。取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下的产卵前期分别是41.1、29.1、13.8、12.9、15.6 d;(2)温度对桔小实蝇雄虫性成熟时间有明显影响。在温度15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下,桔小实蝇雄成虫的性成熟时间为21.4、15.7、12.8、1 1.5和10.8 d;(3)不同温度和寄主水果条件下成虫寿命也不同,从较低温时的140－190 d缩短到高温时的34－37 d;（4）不同的寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵量影响较大,一般取食芒果和番石榴的雌虫产卵量显著高于其他几种水果。在25℃温度下,取食芒果、番石榴、香蕉、枇杷、青枣、杨桃、柑桔的桔小实蝇雌虫的产卵量分别是1634.3、1520.6、1309.1、1019.8、983.3、966.3和912.9粒/雌;(5)雌成虫性成熟并交配后开始产卵,2-3 d进入产卵盛期。分别建立了以柑桔和番石榴为食的幼虫发育成的桔小实蝇成虫日产卵量(粒)随羽化时间(d)变化的模型为:Y(fecundity)=-3.524+0.707T-0.00679T2和Y(fecundity)=-20.104+1.9827-0.0203T2;(6)推迟供给寄主明显影响桔小实蝇雌成虫的产卵量,推迟0、5、10、15、20、25 d供给寄主,取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在25℃下的平均产卵量分别为968.5、736.6、710.5、658.3、644.1和576.3粒/雌。     

斑翅果蝇对四种非寄主果实的产卵选择适应性

[目的]针对斑翅果蝇(Spotted wing Drosophila,SWD,Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)常见寄主果实期较短,评估4种非寄主果实(香蕉、紫心火龙果、芒果、红提)对斑翅果蝇种群的适合度,筛选最佳饲养水果。[方法]测定了人工饲料饲养的斑翅果蝇对4种水果气味的选择反应及其产卵选择性,比较了分别用4种水果饲养的斑翅果蝇的生物学特性(产卵量、卵历期、孵化率、幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹历期、羽化率、成活率、雌雄比)。[结果]斑翅果蝇对4种非寄主果实气味喜好为:香蕉芒果红提紫心火龙果,产卵选择喜好表现为:香蕉紫心火龙果芒果红提,且香蕉饲养的斑翅果蝇后代成活率最高,各虫态历期最低。[结论]在4种非寄主果实中,香蕉既能引诱斑翅果蝇,也能刺激其产卵,且后代成活率显著最高,宜作为长期饲料进行实验室种群扩增。     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of the factors influencing the population in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China

Annual monitoring of the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl eugenol-baited traps was conducted throughout the year during 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2004 in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China. Temperature, rainfall and host-plant species were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of the fly. During the study periods the fruit fly occurred throughout the year. Its population remained low from November to January and increased steadily from February until it reached a peak in June. Afterwards, the population declined until October. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that monthly mean temperature, monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean minimum temperature, monthly extreme maximum temperature, monthly extreme minimum temperature, and monthly raining days were the major climatic factors influencing populations. Path and decision coefficient analyses indicated that the monthly mean temperature was the crucial factor influencing population fluctuation, the monthly mean minimum temperature was the crucial limiting factor indirectly influencing increase in population, and the comprehensive factors influencing fly population dynamics, namely, the monthly raining days were the strongest of all the other factors. Generally, the monthly mean temperatures fell within the ranges of temperatures suitable for development and reproduction of the fly. But the monthly mean minimum temperatures from November to January seemed to be lower and were suggested to be responsible for the low populations in this period. Monthly rainfall and rainy days steadily increased from February through June, and this explained the increase in population observed during this period. During periods of continuous heavy rain from July through August, the fruit fly population showed a remarkable decrease. Host plant species was another essential factor influencing the population fluctuations. Abundant fruit and melon species formed the food and breeding materials for the fly during the study periods.     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of the factors influencing the population in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China

Annual monitoring of the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl eugenol-baited traps was conducted throughout the year during 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2004 in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China. Temperature, rainfall and host-plant species were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of the fly. During the study periods the fruit fly occurred throughout the year. Its population remained low from November to January and increased steadily from February until it reached a peak in June. Afterwards, the population declined until October. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that monthly mean temperature, monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean minimum temperature, monthly extreme maximum temperature, monthly extreme minimum temperature, and monthly raining days were the major climatic factors influencing populations. Path and decision coefficient analyses indicated that the monthly mean temperature was the crucial factor influencing population fluctuation, the monthly mean minimum temperature was the crucial limiting factor indirectly influencing increase in population, and the comprehensive factors influencing fly population dynamics, namely, the monthly raining days were the strongest of all the other factors. Generally, the monthly mean temperatures fell within the ranges of temperatures suitable for development and reproduction of the fly. But the monthly mean minimum temperatures from November to January seemed to be lower and were suggested to be responsible for the low populations in this period. Monthly rainfall and rainy days steadily increased from February through June, and this explained the increase in population observed during this period. During periods of continuous heavy rain from July through August, the fruit fly population showed a remarkable decrease. Host plant species was another essential factor influencing the population fluctuations. Abundant fruit and melon species formed the food and breeding materials for the fly during the study periods.     

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of factors influencing populations in Baoshanba, Yunnan, China

Population dynamics of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were monitored year‐round using methyl eugenol‐baited traps in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 in Baoshanba, Yunnan Province, China. Environmental factors including air temperature, rainfall and host‐plant species were analyzed with respect to the population dynamics. This species occurred only during April–November, with one yearly peak in August. The population fluctuation patterns with respect to season were identical in all study years. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis indicated that air temperature, rainfall, sunlight hours and relative humidity were the major climatic factors that correlated with changes in the size of the fly population, and that monthly mean temperature, monthly sunlight hours and monthly relative humidity were most important. The seasonal increase in population size coincided with the fruiting period of the fly's host plants, but host fruit availability influenced the population size only when temperatures were sufficiently high. Cold temperatures may explain why there was no trap capture in the winter months. We believe that air temperature is the key factor explaining the seasonal occurrence of the fly population at Baoshanba.     

Cuterebrid parasitism (Rogenhofera bonaerensis) on the shrubland mouse (Akodon molinae), in Argentina.

We evaluated the influence of temperature, rainfall, and host relative abundance on Rogenhofera bonaerensis (Diptera, Cuterebridae) parasitism prevalence in shrubland mouse (Akodon molinae) populations in central Argentina, from February 1983 to December 1987. Parasitism did not vary significantly with host age: juvenile-subadults (32%), adults (26%), and old adults (29%). Females were more frequently parasitized (36%) than were males (20%). There was no correlation between parasitism and reproductive activity. Infested hosts were recorded most commonly in summer (January to March, 19%), and in fall (April to June, 30%). During the dry season, July through November, cuterebrid parasitism averaged only 3%. The monthly prevalence of parasitism throughout the year was not associated either with monthly precipitation nor with mean monthly temperature at the time of sampling. But a 2 to 3 month time-lag effect of both climatic variables on parasitism was recorded. Bot fly prevalence was correlated to an index of host density. We propose climate and host availability as important factors affecting bot fly parasitism in the semiarid shrubland of central Argentina.     

滇南热带季节雨林和橡胶林对降雨侵蚀力的减缓效应

降雨是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素,降雨侵蚀力通常用降雨动能和一段时间的最大雨强的乘积表示,简化的计算也可用日降雨量估算。本文选取昆-曼国际大通道滇南段旷地4个气象站(勐腊、勐仑、景洪、思茅)以及1个人工林(橡胶林)和1个热带季节雨林的日降雨量资料,计算了降雨侵蚀力以及随季节变化的规律,比较了森林破坏对降雨侵蚀力的影响。结果表明,昆-曼国际大通道滇南段旷地的降雨侵蚀力干季均较小,雨季逐渐增大,在7、8月达最大;旷地的降雨侵蚀力明显大于橡胶林和热带季节雨林,其差值在干季较小,雨季显著;旷地的年降雨侵蚀力可达到橡胶林的1.8倍以上,是热带季节雨林的2.3倍以上;而月降雨侵蚀力差异最大可达6~7倍;此外橡胶林和热带季节雨林降雨侵蚀力干季相差不大,而雨季橡胶林降雨侵蚀力明显大于热带季节雨林。说明了水土保持效果橡胶林和热带季节雨林比旷地要好,而热带季节雨林的效果要比橡胶林好;森林破坏将极大地增加降雨侵蚀力,加速水土流失。     

The dynamics of leaf surface wetness of sorghum seedlings in relation to resistance to the shoot fly, Atherigona soccata

In quantitative measurements of leaf surface wetness (LSW) of the central whorl leaf of sorghum seedlings in August (rainy season) and November (post-rainy season), the highest amount (6.29 mg of water) was recorded in August in the shoot fly Atherigona soccata (Diptera: Muscidae), susceptible sorghum genotype CSH 1, while the lowest (0.07 mg) was recorded in November in the resistant genotype IS 18551. Studies on diurnal fluctuation revealed that LSW was lowest at sunset, was highest between 02.00 and 04.00 h (closely corresponding with hatching of shoot fly eggs) and dropped before sunrise. This fluctuation was associated with the evaporation of water from the plant during the night. More LSW accumulation occurred during the main crop season (June-October) than in the post-rainy season (November-April). Annual fluctuation of LSW followed trends similar to the population dynamics of shoot fly and crop infestation and were correlated with rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Measurements of leaf temperature and the vapour pressure gradient between the leaf and the air indicated that leaf surface water originates from the plant. This was further supported by the different amounts of LSW on susceptible and resistant cultivars with similar microclimatic conditions.     

红火蚁觅食活动的气象因子相关性及其等级划分

[背景]气象因子是制约害虫种群动态的重要因素,也是昆虫觅食活动的影响因子。【方法】通过系统的田间调查分析了红火蚁在华南地区的觅食活动年变动规律及其与气象因子的关系。[结果]红火蚁在12和1月份时觅食活动最弱,3—6月出现一个觅食高峰,在下半年的9—11月出现另一个高峰,7、8月份受高温的影响觅食活动有一定程度的回落现象。红火蚁工蚁觅食活动的年变化规律又因不同生境类型呈现一定的差异。相关分析结果表明,红火蚁觅食工蚁数与降水量、月平均气温、月最低气温、月最高气温、月最小相对湿度呈正相关,而与月平均气压呈负相关,且各相关性均达显著水平。逐步回归分析表明,月平均气温、日照时数、月最低气温综合影响红火蚁觅食活动的变化。其中,月平均气温可以作为一个非常重要的直接影响红火蚁觅食活动的参数。对荔枝园内全年红火蚁觅食活动进行分级,对方程进行求导得到红火蚁在荔枝园中觅食活动的5个活动级别所对应的月平均温度、日照时数和月平均最低气温实际临界值。[结论与意义]气象因子与红火蚁的觅食活动存在密切的相关性,研究结果可为红火蚁的监测与控制提供依据。