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1.
麻雪艳  周广胜 《生态学杂志》2016,27(7):2292-2300
光合产物分配是作物生长发育及生物量形成的关键环节,也是作物生长模拟的重要内容.本研究依据光合产物分配机理,结合玉米不同生长阶段的光合产物分配特点,构建了玉米光合产物分配模型.与WOFOST模型的CO2同化模块相结合,实现了对玉米各器官生物量动态的逐日模拟.利用锦州农田生态系统野外观测站5年的春玉米大田试验资料对模拟效果进行了验证.结果表明: 模型能解释总生物量变化的95.4%;对营养器官生物量变化的解释率达87.0%;对叶、根、茎生物量变化的解释率分别达85.3%,67.9%和76.5%;对穗生物量变化的解释率达87.5%.模型可实现玉米各器官的生物量动态的准确模拟.  相似文献   

2.
植物光合产物分配及其影响因子研究进展   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
植物光合产物分配受环境因子和生物因子的共同影响。为增进对植物对全球变化响应的理解, 从植物个体水平与群落/生态系统水平综述了植物光合产物分配的影响因子与影响机理的最新研究进展。植物个体在光照增强及受水分和养分胁迫时, 会将光合产物更多地分配到根系; CO2浓度升高对植物光合产物分配的影响受土壤氮素的制约, 植物受氮素胁迫时, CO2浓度升高会促进光合产物更多地分配到根系; 反之, 对植物光合产物分配没有影响。植物群落/生态系统的光合产物分配对环境因子的响应不敏感; 光合产物向根系的分配比例随其生长阶段逐渐降低。功能平衡假说、源汇关系假说和相关生长关系假说分别从环境因子、个体发育和环境因子与个体发育协同作用方面阐述了植物光合产物分配的影响机理。在此基础上,指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向: 1)生态系统尺度的光合产物向呼吸部分的分配研究; 2)地下净初级生产力(belowground net primary productivity, BNPP)研究; 3)温室和野外条件下及幼苗和成熟林光合产物分配对环境因子响应的比较研究; 4)生态系统尺度的多因子控制试验; 5)整合环境因子和个体发育对植物光合产物分配格局的影响研究。  相似文献   

3.
IPAT及其扩展模型的应用研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
IPAT及其扩展模型能够定量描述人文驱动力与环境压力之间的关系,有助于理解人类和自然系统的动态耦合,是诊断因社会经济发展而产生的环境问题的有效工具.本文简要介绍了IPAT模型由来及其扩展模型的发展状况,系统总结了模型国内外应用研究进展,并对研究中的热点问题进行探讨,提出IPAT及其扩展模型的发展趋势,旨在进一步深化IPAT相关模型在环境可持续发展中的应用,为社会管理决策提供依据.  相似文献   

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We lack both a theoretical framework and solid empirical data to understand domestication impacts on plant chemistry. We hypothesised that domestication increased leaf N and P to support high plant production rates, but biogeographic and climate patterns further influenced the magnitude and direction of changes in specific aspects of chemistry and stoichiometry. To test these hypotheses, we used a data set of leaf C, N and P from 21 herbaceous crops and their wild progenitors. Domestication increased leaf N and/or P for 57% of the crops. Moreover, the latitude of the domestication sites (negatively related to temperature) modulated the domestication effects on P (+), C (?), N : P (?) and C : P (?) ratios. Further results from a litter decomposition assay showed that domestication effects on litter chemistry affected the availability of soil N and P. Our findings draw attention to evolutionary effects of domestication legacies on plant and soil stoichiometry and related ecosystem services (e.g. plant yield and soil fertility).  相似文献   

6.
Northern red oak in the western Lake States area of the USA exists on the most xeric edge of its distribution range. Future climate-change scenarios for this area predict decreased water availability along with increased atmospheric CO2. We examined recent photosynthate distribution and growth in seedlings as a function of CO2 mole fraction (400, 530 and 700 μmol mol−1 CO2), water regime (well watered and water-stressed), and ontogenic stage. Water stress effects on growth were largely offset by elevated CO2.
Water stress increased root mass ratio without concurrently increasing allocation of recent photosynthate to the roots. However, apparent sink strength of water-stressed seedlings at the completion of the third growth stage tended to be greater than that of well watered seedlings, as shown by continued high export, which may contribute carbon reserves to support preferential root growth under water-stressed conditions.
Elevated CO2 decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with the rapid expansion of the third flush. Carbon resources for the observed enhanced growth under elevated CO2 could be provided by enhanced photosynthetic rate over an increased leaf area (Anderson & Tomlinson, 1998, this volume).
Increased sink strength of LG seedlings under water-stressed conditions, together with decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with growth in elevated CO2 provide mechanisms for offsetting water stress effects by growth in elevated CO2.
Careful control of ontogeny was necessary to discern these changes and provides further evidence of the need for such careful control in mechanistic studies.  相似文献   

7.
玉米/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
通过大田试验,研究了玉米/花生间作对玉米和花生根区土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,间作能显著提高玉米和花生根区的土壤细菌数量;间作花生根区土壤真菌和放线菌数量与单作无显著差异;间作玉米根区土壤真菌和放线菌数量比单作明显提高;间作作物根区微生物群落功能多样性和代谢活性比单作有所改善.玉米/花生间作不同程度提高了整个间作系统根区的土壤碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量及EC值,其中,间作玉米根区土壤养分的增加更为明显,说明玉米/花生间作可以较明显地改善两种作物根区的微生物和养分状况,土壤微生态环境的改善又会促进作物地上部的生长.  相似文献   

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芽孢杆菌通过提高黄顶菊对氮和磷的吸收促进外来黄顶菊的入侵外来植物入侵对土壤芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)多样性的影响及芽孢杆菌在外来植物入侵中的作用目前尚不清楚。黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)是入侵中国的有害杂草,狗尾草(Setaria viridis)是黄顶菊入侵地常见的伴生植物种。本研究利用野外大田试验和温室盆栽试验,比较黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌群落结构的差异,以及黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌对黄顶菊竞争生长的影响。野外大田试验包括黄顶菊 单种、黄顶菊和狗尾草混种、狗尾草单种3个处理。利用16S rRNA基因测序技术研究了不同处理两种植物 根际土壤芽孢杆菌的多样性,获知黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的优势芽孢杆菌;利用温室盆栽试验探究优势芽孢杆菌对黄顶菊竞争生长的影响。研究结果表明,黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌多样性差异显著,其中耐寒芽孢杆菌是黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤聚集的优势芽孢杆菌,但是黄顶菊根际土壤中耐寒芽孢杆菌相对丰度显著高于狗尾草根际土壤耐寒芽孢杆菌的相对丰度。接菌试验表明,与狗尾草根际土壤中的耐寒芽孢杆菌相比,黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的耐寒芽孢杆菌提高了黄顶菊体内氮和磷的水平。总之,黄顶菊入侵改变了根际土壤芽孢杆菌的群落结构,黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的耐寒芽孢杆菌通过提高黄顶菊植株体内氮、磷水平来促进黄顶菊的生长。  相似文献   

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10.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Anthony Stallins  J. 《Plant Ecology》2003,165(2):183-196
Barrier island dune systems exhibit strong geographic contrasts in theinteraction between extrinsic disturbance from storm overwash and intrinsicbiogeomorphic recovery processes. To examine how these interactions shape duneplant species diversity, I sampled species cover and topography alongfrequentlystorm-overwashed (South Core Banks, North Carolina) and infrequently overwashed(Sapelo Island, Georgia) barrier islands. The observed compositional anddiversity patterns were in agreement with a complex systems model in whichextrinsic overwash exposure is either reinforced (South Core Banks) or dampened(Sapelo Island) by intrinsic biogeomorphic controls of topography. A largespatial-scale regularity in the distributional pattern of along-shore speciesdiversity was correlated to primary foredune height on South Core. On Sapelo, afine-spatial scale differentiation of species diversity patterns was lessstrongly correlated to topographic metrics. There were no significantdifferences between islands in along-shore alpha diversity (Shannon-Weinerindex). However, Sapelo was more diverse given its smaller area and finer-scalehabitat heterogeneity. I posit that the relevancy of the IntermediateDisturbance Hypothesis is weak when examining diversity patterns along a shoredisturbance gradient. Intrinsic biogeomorphic processes decouple the directcause-and-effect relationship between disturbance and diversity, a basicassumption of IDH. I posit that the Dynamic Equilibrium Model may be a moregenerally applicable conceptual framework. DEM incorporates the interaction ofintrinsic and extrinsic processes that shape habitat heterogeneity, aprerequisite for understanding how complex systems interactions shape diversitypatterns.  相似文献   

11.
不同施肥条件下玉米田土壤养分淋溶规律的原位研究   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
利用排水采集器法结合田间原位试验,研究了夏玉米不同施肥处理对棕壤土养分淋失的影响.结果表明:在夏玉米生长期内,影响玉米田土壤水分淋溶的主要因素是大量降雨和灌溉,夏玉米生长前期的土壤淋溶水量较大,但随夏玉米生育进程的推进而递减,各处理差异也逐渐减小;与施氮肥处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理可加剧土壤水淋溶.在夏玉米生长期内,施肥处理的土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈\"双峰\"曲线变化趋势,而铵态氮浓度则呈先升后降的变化趋势.玉米田土壤氮素淋失以硝态氮形式为主,其累计淋失量为12.90~46.53 kg·hm-2,铵态氮的累计淋仅为1.66~5.11 kg·hm-2,两种形态氮的淋失量都随施氮量的增加而升高.秸秆还田配施氮肥处理的氮素淋失率比单施氮肥处理高6.53%~13.07%,低氮处理的氮素淋失率比高氮处理高3.66%~10.10%;玉米田土壤速效磷的累计淋失量较小,仅为0.148~0.235 kg·hm-2,而速效钾的累计淋失量较大,为7.08~13.00 kg·hm-2.在夏玉米生长后期,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理使土壤速效磷淋失量升高,并可加剧土壤速效钾的淋失,而单施氮肥处理作用不明显.  相似文献   

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