耐高渗产赤藓糖醇酵母的诱变筛选与鉴定

使用含碘乙酸的固体平板培养基对自然界中富含高浓度糖分的含菌样品进行筛选,获得一株产赤藓糖醇的菌株,再运用紫外线、氯化锂和硫酸二乙酯(DES)对出发菌株进行诱变育种,利用纸层析、高碘酸氧化法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)进行定性、定量分析赤藓糖醇,最终获得一株能够高产赤藓糖醇的耐高渗菌株JunA-27.对该菌株的细胞形态进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察,提取了菌株的DNA并对18S rDNA进行PCR扩增、测序和DNA序列同源性比对,确定该菌株与Yarrowia lipolytica相似性最高,并将其命名为Yarrowia lipolytica WX 506.     

赤藓糖醇发酵工艺研究

赤藓糖醇的制备方法主要为微生物发酵法。为提高圆酵母(Torulasp.)B84512转化葡萄糖生产赤藓糖醇的发酵产量,采用控制发酵过程中葡萄糖起始浓度(30.0%)、中间流加葡萄糖浆的工艺使总葡萄糖糖浓度达到40%,发酵120h可产赤藓糖醇162.5gL,生产率为1.35gL·h,而不采取中间流加工艺,起始葡萄糖浓度为40.0%,发酵120h可产赤藓糖醇120gL,生产率为1.00gL·h。通过研究发现在赤藓糖醇发酵过程中采取中间流加葡萄糖工艺,能大大提高赤藓糖醇的发酵水平,提高幅度达30-35%,生产率也有相应提高。     

产赤藓糖醇菌种的诱变育种

以耐高渗酵母为出发菌株,采用紫外线诱变处理,得到了一株变异株C1。其摇瓶发酵产赤藓糖醇24．9g／L左右。通过摇瓶发酵试验,研究了菌株C1的遗传稳定性。研究结果表明,经多次传代实验,菌株C1的发酵产糖醇能力没有改变,表明其是稳定的变异株。赤藓糖醇的产量由诱变前的12、594g／L提高到24.943g／L,提高了98.1％。关键词：     

发酵产泡性能降低的解脂耶氏酵母菌株的获得及其评价

微生物发酵过程中泡沫的产生是发酵领域遇到的共性问题。在不影响发酵性能的前提下抑制菌株的产泡,对简化操作以及降低发酵成本具有较为重要的意义。解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica,之前称为Candida lipolytica)是一种常用的合成生物学底盘,也是合成赤藓糖醇等功能糖醇的生产菌株。但在发酵合成赤藓糖醇的过程中会产生大量的泡沫,需要添加消泡剂以消除泡沫。【目的】本研究旨在开发一种产泡能力显著降低的解脂耶氏酵母新菌株,以减少赤藓糖醇发酵过程中消泡剂的添加。【方法】本研究利用解脂耶氏酵母中非同源靶向重组占支配地位的原理,采用一段外源DNA随机插入基因组的手段,随机突变基因组,改变菌株的发酵产泡性能,使突变株在发酵过程中不产泡或者降低其产泡的能力。【结果】通过筛选,获得一株在发酵过程中产泡性能显著降低的工程菌株,该菌株在保留高效合成赤藓糖醇性能的同时,显著降低了泡沫的产生。【结论】所获得的菌株对工业发酵合成赤藓糖醇具有较为重要的意义,也为控制其他微生物发酵过程中泡沫的生成提供了思路。     

陶瓷膜系统在赤藓糖醇发酵液提取应用研究

当前，陶瓷膜已经在发酵液中的赤藓糖醇提纯过程中得到了广泛应用，工艺技术人员将陶瓷膜组件引进各大生产企业，实现了对赤藓糖醇发酵液的分离提取。文章结合陶瓷膜在赤藓糖醇的提取实验和工业中的实际应用，总结分析了在陶瓷膜运行过程中，运行压力、运行温度、浓缩倍数、加水量等对陶瓷膜组件运行的通量、稳定性及收率的影响。较之传统工艺，陶瓷膜过滤的优点主要体现在以下几方面，即工艺流程更短、过滤清液的质量更稳定、除菌效果更好以及运行成本更低等。     

赤藓糖醇高产菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵特性的初步研究

目的：筛选出发酵性能优良的赤藓糖醇高产菌株。方法：利用含50%葡萄糖的高渗培养基筛选出耐高渗酵母,采用薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析发酵液中多元醇的组成和含量,并通过形态和生理生化试验对菌株进行初步鉴定。结果：由泰山养蜂场上采集的蜂蜜、花粉、蜂巢里筛选出13株单产赤藓糖醇的野生菌,其中7株赤藓糖醇产量高于20g/L。菌株K-23经初步鉴定为球拟酵母属,在含20%葡萄糖、1%酵母膏、0.1%尿素的发酵培养基中培养144h后赤藓糖醇的浓度达46.8g/L,转化率达23.4%。结论：所获得的菌株K-23具有一定的赤藓糖醇生产能力,且具有产物单一的优良发酵性能,为该菌株的菌种改良奠定了基础。     

食用菌菌丝体中糖醇类成分含量测定的研究

采用高效阴离子色谱-脉冲安培法(HAPEC-PAD)对食用菌菌丝体中糖醇类成分赤藓糖醇、阿糖醇和甘露醇进行分析,并对赤藓糖醇测定的方法进行考察,结果表明该方法对赤藓糖醇的分析具有灵敏度高、分离度好、检测效率高等特点。不同食用菌菌丝体均含有糖醇类成分,但含量和种类差异大,同时发现百令胶囊的测定结果与药典有较大差异,主要含有赤藓糖醇,而非甘露醇。此研究为糖醇类成分的质量标准的建立奠定了基础。     

赤藓糖醇对主要致龋链球菌及耐氟菌株生长和产酸的影响

目的通过赤藓糖醇对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌及其耐氟菌株混合菌生长和产酸影响的体外研究,为赤藓糖醇防龋作用的机理提供制论依据。方法采用最小抑菌浓度递增法对变形链球菌（S.mutans ATCC 25175,S.m）、远缘链球菌（S.sobrinus 6715,S.s）进行氟化钠体外诱导耐氟菌株（S.m-FR、S.s-FR）,利用液体稀释法配制赤藓糖醇TSB液8个浓度,分别加入含有变形链球菌、远缘链球菌及其耐氟菌株的细菌混悬液48 h,用比浊法观察其对混合菌生长的影响,并用pH计测定培养前后上清液的△pH值。结果吸光度A值和△pH值实验前后与对照组相比最低浓度为12%时差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且随着浓度的升高A值和△pH值均下降。结论赤藓糖醇能抑制变形链球菌、远缘链球菌及耐氟菌株混合菌生长和产酸,并且随着浓度的升高抑制作用增强。     

HOG1抑制剂调节球头三型孢菌多元醇生产及机理

目的:采用HOG1抑制剂对球头三型孢菌产多元醇进行调控。方法:向培养基中加入SB239063、SB202190和SB203580三种抑制剂进行发酵实验,比较三种抑制剂对发酵的影响。结果:实验结果表明SB239063可以降低球头三型孢菌细胞内胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(ct GPD)的酶活,提高赤藓糖还原酶(ER)的酶活。此外对HOG1和Phospho-HOG1的Western blot结果分析显示,SB239063还会抑制球头三型孢菌细胞内HOG1的脱磷酸化。最终添加10μmol/L SB239063使发酵120 h后的多元醇产物中甘油产量下降20.57%,赤藓糖醇产量提高31.16%,底物转化率提高24.73%。结论:SB239063可以降低球头三型孢菌产甘油的能力,提高赤藓糖醇的产量。     

丛梗孢酵母发酵产赤藓糖醇的响应面优化

为了提高丛梗孢酵母发酵产赤藓糖醇的产量,在前期单因素实验结果的基础上,利用Plackett-Burman实验设计对影响其产赤藓糖醇的发酵条件进行评估并筛选出了影响显著的3个因素:葡萄糖、初始pH和温度.采用响应面法进行实验方案设计,利用SAS软件对其结果进行二次回归分析,确定了优化后的发酵条件为:葡萄糖260g/L、酵...     

Metabolic Adaptations to Dexamethasone‐Induced Insulin Resistance in Healthy Volunteers

Objective : Insulin resistance is observed in individuals with normal glucose tolerance. This indicates that increased insulin secretion can compensate for insulin resistance and that additional defects are involved in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate a procedure aimed at assessing the compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance. Research Methods and Procedures : Eight healthy nonobese female patients were studied on two occasions, before and after administration of 2 mg/d dexamethasone for 2 days during a two‐step hyperglycemic clamp. Insulin secretion was assessed from plasma insulin concentrations. Insulin sensitivity was assessed from the ratio of whole‐body glucose use (6, 6 ²H₂ glucose) to plasma insulin concentrations. This procedure is known to induce a reversible impairment of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Results : In all subjects, dexamethasone induced a decrease in insulin sensitivity and a proportionate increase in first‐phase insulin secretion and in insulin concentrations at both steps of glycemia. The resulting hyperinsulinemia allowed the restoration of normal whole‐body glucose uptake and the suppression of plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides. In contrast, the suppression of endogenous glucose production was impaired after dexamethasone (p < 0.01). Discussion : Increased insulin secretion fully compensates dexamethasone‐induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue but not in the liver. This suggests that failure to overcome hepatic insulin resistance can impair glucose tolerance. The compensatory insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance can be assessed by means of a hyperglycemic clamp after a dexamethasone challenge.     

Intestinal handling of a glucose gavage by the rat

An oral gavage of either 3, 1 or 0.1 mmoles of ¹⁴C-labelled glucose was given to rats under standard feeding conditions or food deprived for 24 hr. The fate of the glucose label was determined at 10, 15, 30 and 60 min after gavage; at 60 min 40% of the glucose was absorbed in fed rats (60% in food deprived). The portal vein blood flows were determined and the levels of glucose, lactate, alanine and pyruvate, and their radioactivity, as well as that of CO, were measured in both portal and arterial blood.The net computed glucose and 3-carbon carriers (lactate, alanine and pyruvate) actually released into the portal system by the intestine was lower than the amount of glucose taken up from the intestinal lumen in one hour. Oxidation to ¹⁴CO₂ accounted for a 12–15% of the absorbed glucose. The size of the gavage deeply affected the proportion of glucose released into the portal blood (c. 50% with a 3 mmoles gavage and practically nil with a 0.1 mmoles gavage), but it affected much less the generation of lactate and other 3 C carriers. In fed rats, the net intestinal balance of non-radioactive glucose was negative, and that of lactate positive; when radioactive glucose was considered, the pattern was inverted. In starved rats, both glucose and lactate were released in large proportions by the intestine, but alanine efflux was lower.It can be concluded that the intestine consumes a considerable proportion of glucose in the fed state. Glucose handling by the intestine is compartmentalized in two functional circuits: glucose is taken up from the arterial blood and used for intestinal metabolism and lactate production, luminal glucose is absorbed mainly unaltered and transferred to the portal blood. Thus, the generation of lactate is mainly related to the availability of arterial glucose. In addition to the release of the ingested glucose as 3 C carriers or glucose, an extraportal pathway for glucose transfer into the bloodstream is postulated.     

Effective Glucose Uptake by Human Astrocytes Requires Its Sequestration in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Glucose-6-Phosphatase-β

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An assay for glucose 6-phosphatase based on the formation of glucose

A rapid, convenient method for the assay of glucose 6-phosphatase dependent on the removal of radioactive substrate from radioactive product by Dowex 2 fluoride is described. The enzymatic reaction is stopped by the addition of an ethanolic slurry of the resin. After the tubes are shaken, the radioactivity of glucose in the clarified supernatant layer is measured. The release of glucose is directly proportional to time and enzyme concentration. Detergents do not interfere with the method.     

Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose: Turnover and Metabolism

The turnover of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was studied in cats during steady-state perfusion. In all experiments, the perfusion fluid contained either tracer [¹⁴C]glucose alone or tracer glucose along with 4.45 mM unlabeled glucose. In some studies, serum glucose was lowered with insulin. The concentration of glucose and [¹⁴C]glucose in the effluent fluid was measured, and the distribution of ¹⁴C between glucose and lactate was determined by chromatography. From these values, the extraction of glucose and the metabolism of glucose to lactate were calculated. From the decrease in the specific activity of glucose in the perfusion fluid, the influx of glucose from serum was also determined. During steadystate perfusion, 71% of the radioactivity was recovered in the effluent fluid: 50% in the form of glucose, 6% in the form of lactate, and 15% in forms that were not identified. Thus, 50% of the perfusion fluid glucose was cleared, of which 29% was extracted and 21% metabolized. The influx of glucose was proportional to the serum glucose when the latter was about 2.5 mM or 10.0 mM. During perfusion with tracer glucose only, the concentration of glucose in the effluent fluid was 25% that of serum. The transport of glucose from serum was independent of the glucose concentration gradient between serum and perfusion fluid. However, when perfusion fluid glucose concentration was greater than that of serum, transport was inhibited. These studies suggest that in maintaining CSF glucose at a lower concentration than serum glucose, with equal amounts of glucose entering and leaving the CSF, 50% of CSF glucose concentration cleared is replaced by 25% of serum glucose concentration.     

A Fall in Blood Glucose Level Precedes Meal Onset in Free-Feeding Rats

LOUIS-SYLVESTRE, J. AND J. LE MAGNEN. Chez les rats se nourrissant librement, une chute de glycémie précède chaque repas. NEUROSCI. BIOBEHAV. REV. Suppl. 1, 13–15, 1980 - L'hypothèse selon laquelle la stimulation à manger ou éveil spécifique de faim a pur origine une chute de glucèmie induite par le déficit périodique entre production hépatique et utilisation périphérique du glucose est ancienne. Cependant, jusqu'a present, les résultats de déterminations épisodiques de la glycémie, pratiquées au cours des intervalles interprandiaux, chez le rat se nourrissant ad libitum n'ont pas apporte de preuve directe. Une technique permettant une détermination continue, de longue durée, de la glycémie chez le rat se nourrissant librement a été mise au point. Son utilisation a permis de montrer que 5 à 6 minutes avant tout repas, diurne ou nocturne, se produit une chute de glycémie de 6 à 8%.     

Role of the rat liver in the disposal of a glucose gavage

An oral gavage of either 3, 1 or 0.1 mmoles of glucose was given to rats under standard feeding conditions or food deprived for 24 hr. The blood flow of the portal and suprahepatic veins as well as the hepatic balances for glucose, lactate, alanine and pyruvate were estimated.In fed rats, after the administration of an oral 3 mmoles load, the liver actually released 310 µmoles of glucose and 90 of lactate, amounts that could be accounted for by the uptake of alanine (148 µmoles) and small loss of glycogen (275 µmoles of glycosyl residues). In starved rats, however, the liver took a very high proportion (c. 71%) of the glucose absorbed, both as glucose (780 µmoles), lactate and pyruvate (892 µmoles) or alanine (134 µmoles). The synthesis of glycogen was considerably limited, accounting for only 205 µmoles, and leaving practically one mmol of glucose equivalent energy available for liver function and the synthesis of other compounds. Practically all glycogen was synthesized directly from glucose, since the synthesis from 3 C carriers was less than a 5%. Smaller gavages (1 or 0.1 mmoles) resulted in a much lower liver uptake activity.The strikingly different activity of the liver with respect to the available glucose and 3 C fragments could not be explained alone by the circulating levels of these compounds, suggesting a very deep influence of the intestine in hepatic function. The liver plays a very passive role in fed animals, with a very small involvement in the disposal of a glucose load, whereas it takes on an important role when the overall availability of energy is diminished.     

Glucose uptake and phosphorylating activities in two species of slow-growing Rhizobium

Abstract Glucose uptake and phosphorylating activities were studied in two strains of slow-growing Rhizobium: Rhizobium japonicum (USDAI-110) and cowpea Rhizobium (USDA3278). Cultured cells of both species actively took up glucose, and at least two systems appeared to be involved, whereas purified bacteroids of both species failed to accumulate glucose actively. In both cell types, glucose phosphorylation was ATP-dependent, and no evidence was obtained for a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system.     

Glucose transporter content and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro

Engineered muscle may eventually be used as a treatment option for patients suffering from loss of muscle function. The metabolic and contractile function of engineered muscle has not been well described; therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to study glucose transporter content and glucose uptake in engineered skeletal muscle constructs called myooids. Glucose uptake by way of 2-deoxyglucose and GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 transporter protein content was measured in basal and insulin-stimulated myooids that were engineered from soleus muscles of female Sprague-Dawley rats. There was a significant increase in the basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake of myooids compared with adult control (fivefold), contraction-stimulated (3.4-fold), and insulin-stimulated (threefold) soleus muscles (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). In addition, there was a significant increase in the insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake of myooids compared with adult control soleus muscles in basal conditions (6.5-fold) and adult contraction-stimulated (4.5-fold) and insulin- stimulated (3.9-fold) soleus muscles (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). There was a significant 30% increase in insulin-stimulated compared with basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the myooids. The myooid GLUT-1 protein content was 820% of the adult control soleus muscle, whereas the GLUT-4 protein content was 130% of the control soleus muscle. Myooid GLUT-1 protein content was 6.3-fold greater than GLUT-4 protein content, suggesting that the glucose transport of the engineered myooids is similar in several respects to that observed in both fetal and denervated skeletal muscle tissue.