RFLP mapping and race specificity of bacterial blight resistance genes (QTLs) in rice

ＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｂｌｉｇｈｔｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｏｒｙｚａｅｐｖ.ｏｒｙｚａ(Ｘｏｏ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｒｉｃｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｉｎＡｓｉａ.Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ1920ｓ,ｐｒｏｂｉｎｇｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｂａｓｉｓｏｆｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｔｏＸｏｏａｎｄｂｒｅｅｄｉｎｇｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎａｈｏｔｐｏｉｎｔｏｆｒｉｃｅｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ[1,2].Ｂｏｔｈｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ,ＶＲ(ｑｕａｌｉｔａｔｉｖｅｒｅｓ…     

东北地区中生代化石木异木属及其古生态

迄今为止,我国共了现异木属（Ｘｅｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ）化石木１０种（包括２新种）,它们是Ｘ．ｌａｔｉｐｏｒｏｓｕｍ,Ｘ．ｃｏｎｃｈｙｌｉａｎｕｍ,Ｘ．ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｅｌｌｉｐｔｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｈｏｐｅｉｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｐｅｉｄｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｙｉｘｉａｎｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｆｕｘｉｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｘ．ｈｕｏｌｉｎｈｅｎｅｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中对该属的古生态作了     

中国吉林蓝藻门3新种

1　高山真枝藻　新种　图1Ｓｔｉｇｏｎｅｍａａｌｐｉｎｕｍ　Ｈ.Ｘ.Ｘｉａｏ,ｓｐ.ｎｏｖ.Ｆｉｇ.1ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｎｏｖａｈａｂｉｔｕｓｉｍｉｌｌｉｍａＳ.ｎａｎｘｉｏｎｇｅｎｓｉＷ.Ｊ.Ｚｈｕ,ａｑｕｏｆｉｌｉｓ18～19μｍｃｒａｓｓｉｓ,ｖａｇｉｎｉｓａｄａｐｉｃｅｓｒａｍｕｌｏｒｕｍｆｕｌｖｉｓ,ｈｏｒｍｏｇｏｎｉｉｓｍａｊｏｒｉｂｕｓａｄａｐｉｃｅｓｒａｍｕｌｏｒｕｍｅｔａｄｌａｔｅｒｅｓｒａｍｕｌｏｒｕｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｔ.Ｔｈａｌｌｕｓｐｕｌｖｉｎａｔｕｓ,ｇｅｌａｔｉｎｏｓｕｓ,ｎｉｇｅｒ…     

新疆农业绿洲生态建设的探讨

新疆农业绿洲生态建设的探讨夏爱林（新疆农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,乌鲁木齐８３００００）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｔｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＯａｓｃｓｉｎＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇ￥ＸｉａＡｉｌｉｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ,ＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｕｒｏｍｑｉ８３００００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：６７－７０。Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒａｒｉｄａｒｅａｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ,ｔｈｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｏａｓｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ：１．ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｄｅｓｅｒｔａｎｄｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄ,ａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｆａｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌ－ｏｐｒｎｅｎｔ,２．ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｂｕｎｄａｎｔｌｉｇｈｔ,ｈｅａｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｇｒｅａｔｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｐｒｏｄ     

稻纵卷叶螟对杂交水稻及常规水稻的生态反应

稻纵卷叶螟对杂交水稻及常规水稻的生态反应钱希（国营黄海农场,江苏省响水县２２４６２４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｅａｌＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｏｆＲｉｃｅＣａｓｅｗｏｒｍｔｏＨｙｂｒｉｄＲｉｃｅｓａｎｄＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＲｉｃｅｓ￥ＱｉａｎＸｉ（ＴｈｅＳｔａｔｅＦａｒｍｏｆＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａ,ＸｉａｎｇｓｈｕｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ,Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ,Ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ２２４６２４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：２１－２４．Ｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｒｉｃｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓｏｎｔｈｅｏｖｉｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ,ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ,ｗｏｒｍｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｅｍｖｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｃａｓｅｗｏｒｍａｎｄｌｏｓｓｅｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐｅｓｔ,ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｏｎ１６ｒｉｃｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓｉｎＨｕａｎｇｈａｉＳｔａｔｅＦａｒｍｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＪｉａｎｇｓｕｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,ｗｈｅｒｅｃａｓｅｗｏｒｍｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｖｉ－ｏｌｅｎｔｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｃｕｌｔｉｖａ     

生态网络分析的研究进展

生态网络分析的研究进展韩博平（厦门大学生物系,３６１００５）ＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＥｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ￥ＨａｎＢｏｐｉｎｇ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ,ＸｉａｍｅｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｘｉａｍｅｎ３６１００５）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４１－４５．Ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍｏｄｅｌｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ。Ｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｔｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ,ｉｔｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｆｌｏｗｆｅａｔｕｒｅ,ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ,ｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｐｒｏ－ｃｅｓｓ,ｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｇｉｖｅｎ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ     

安徽景天属新植物

皖南景天新种图１ＳｅｕｄｍｗａｎｎａｎｅｎｓｅＸ．Ｈ．Ｇｕｏ,Ｘ．Ｐ．ＺｈａｎｇｅｔＸ．Ｈ．Ｃｈｅｎ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓａｆｉｎｉｓＳ．ａｌｆｒｅｄｉｏＨａｎｃｅ,ｓｅｄｓｔｏｌｏｎｅ,ｒａｍｏｓｏ,ｒａｍｉｓｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｂｕｓ;ｆｏｌｉ...     

湿地的国内外研究进展

湿地的国内外研究进展王宪礼李秀珍（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＷｅｔｌａｎｄｓ’Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓ．ＷａｎｇＸｉａｎｌｉ,ＬｉＸｉｕｚｈｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善：—以五华县新一村为例

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善──以五华县新一村为例钟继洪,唐淑英,谭军（广东省土壤研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｃｎｔｏｆＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＨＩｉｌｌｙａｎｄＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｃａｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａ：ＴａｋｉｎｇＸｉｎｙｉＶｉｌｌａｇｅｏｆＷｕｈｕａＣｏｕｎｔｙａｓａｎＥｘａｍｐｌｅ￥．ＺｈｏｎｇＪｉｈｏｎｇ,ＴａｎｇＳｈｕｙｉｎｇ,ＴａｎＪｕｎ（ＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＩｎｓｔｉ－ｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６５０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：５２－５４．ＸｉｎｙｉｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｈｉｌｌｙａｎｄｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｉｎＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇｅｄｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ｉｔｓａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｗａｓｗｏｒｓｅｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｈａｒｎｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆｔ     

毛药山茶——中国广东山茶属一新种

毛药山茶　新种　图 1ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｒｅｎｓｈａｎｘｉａｎｇｉａｅＣ .Ｘ .ＹｅｅｔＸ .Ｑ .Ｚｈｅｎｇ ,ｓｐ .ｎｏｖ . (Ｓｕｂｇｅｎ .ＭｅｔａｃａｍｅｌｌｉａＨ .Ｔ .Ｃｈａｎｇ,Ｓｅｃｔ.ＥｒｉａｎｄｒｉａＣｏｈｅｎ Ｓｔｕａｒｔ) .Ｆｉｇ .1ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓＣ .ｃｒａｔｅｒａｅＨ .Ｔ .ＣｈａｎｇｅｔＣ .ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｃａｒｐａｅＨ .Ｔ .Ｃｈａｎｇａｆｆｉｎｉｓ,ｓｅｄｉｌｌａｆｌｏｒｉｂｕｓｒｕｂｒｉｓ (ｔｅｓｔｅｎｏｔｕｌａｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｉｓ) ,ｂｒａｃｔｅｏｌｉｓｓｅｐａｌｉｓｑｕｅｕｔｒｉｎｑ…     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> shoot multiplication through shoot tip cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Decalepis hamiltonii</Emphasis> Wight &; Arn., a threatened plant endemic to Southern India

Summary An efficient and rapid micropropagation system was developed for a food and medicinally important endangered shrub, Decalepis hamiltonii (‘swallow root’), through shoot multiplication. The influence of 2.5–7.5 μM isopentenyladenine (2iP), 4.4–17.7 μM 6-benzyladenine, 2.3–4.7 μM kinetin, 2.8–6.8 μM thidiazuron, and 2.3–11.4 μM zeatin alone and in combination with 0.3–0.9 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on in vitro multiple shoot production was studied. The maximum number of multiple shoots (6.5±0.4) was induced from shoot tips cultured on agar-based Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 4.9 μM 2iP. But, both zeatin (9.1 μM) and kinetin (4.7 μM) in combination with IAA (0.6 μM) were able to produce a maximum of 5.0±0.4 and 5.1±0.4 multiple shoots, respectively. Further elongation of shoots and adventitious shoot formation was obtained on medium containing 2.5 μM 2iP and 0.3 μM gibberellic acid. Elongated shoots were separated and rooted on MS medium supplemented with 9.8μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and various phenolic compounds within 5–6 wk. Phloroglucinol and salicylic acid interaction with IBA stimulated in vitro rooting of shoots. Successful field transfer was achieved in rooted plantlets.     

Change in striation density and systematics ofCocconeis scutellum var.Ornata (Bacillariophyceae)

Cocconeis scutellum var.ornata Grun. from three localities of Japan was studied. The striation density in 10 μm showed a marked tendency to increase with the decrease of the valve length in both raphe and rapheless valves, and this tendency did not vary with locality or environmental condition. The striation densities of rapheless valves were 4–6 in 10 μm for a valve length of 40μm, 4–6.5 for 30 μm, 6–9 for 20μm and 6.5–11 for 15μm. Those of raphe valves were 10–11 in 10μm for a valve length of 40μm, 10–12 for 30μm, 11–14.5 for 20μm and 12.5–17 for 15μm. According to the range of changing value in striation density obtained by the present study,C. scutellum var.schmidti Frenguelli andC. japonica Schmidt are identical withC. scutellum var.ornata. Dedicated to Prof. Munenao Kurogi on the occasion of his academic retirement. Culture experiment in the present study was undertaken at the Institute of Algological Research, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University at Muroran.     

Morphological differences among three species of newly settled pocilloporid coral recruits

 Investigation of the life history of corals is hampered by an inability to identify early recruits. In this study, the pattern of formation and morphology of the juvenile skeletons of three laboratory-reared pocilloporids, Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis, were compared to determine whether they could be reliably distinguished. The pattern of skeleton formation, including the origin and structure of the septa, columella and corallite wall was similar in all species. Following the completion of the primary corallite wall after 4–5 days, these species could be identified by differences in the diameter of the primary corallite. The mean diameter (±SE) of each species differed markedly: S. hystrix 400 ± 2.7 μm, range 325–450 μm; S. pistillata 505 ± 3.5 μm, range 400–550 μm; P. damicornis 697 ± 7.5 μm, range 492–885 μm. Values for the primary corallite diameter overlapped in only 3% of samples, demonstrating the potential utility of this feature as a tool for classifying recruits obtained from the field. Accepted: 4 January 2000     

Tracheids in white spruce seedling's long lateral roots in response to nitrogen availability

This study examined how the availability of inorganic nitrogen (N) modified the anatomical characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) roots related to their hydraulic properties. Seedlings were grown for one growing season in 4 L capacity pots filled with sand under one of three N levels: low (10 ppm), medium (50 ppm) and high (125 ppm). First order lateral roots with intact tips were sampled from dormant seedlings in October. Root segments were collected from 4, 10, and 14 cm distances above the root tip for fixation and sectioning and for maceration. Additional specimens were collected from the 4 and 14 cm distances for maceration and scanning electron microscopy of xylem pits. Root diameter and surface area occupied by the xylem in root cross sections increased basipetally in all treatments but exceptions were found. Higher N-levels significantly increased root diameter and surface area occupied by the xylem. In the two higher N treatments secondary root development was more advanced near the root tip than in the low N treatment. There was a strong positive correlation between root diameter and cross-sectional root area occupied by the xylem (30–50% of the root cross section) but not in portions with little secondary development. Non-conducting space within the xylem occupied 10–13% of its cross-sectional surface. Tracheids of the primary xylem were larger, had larger lumens but thinner cell walls than those of the secondary xylem. Low N treatment seedling tracheids had smaller total cross-sectional area, less lumen, and less cell wall surface area than the two other N treatments. Tracheid diameter means were between 19–20 μm in the high and medium N treatments, and 15.2 μm in the low N treatment. The range was 4.5–51.3 μm. Tracheid length was not significantly affected by N. The average tracheid was about 1000 μm long, and the range was 110–3530 μm. Pit-border diameters ranged between 4.1–20.6 μm (average 10–11 μm) and were not affected by the N treatment. Pit aperture diameters were within 0.62–10.2 μm range (average between 3–4 μm) and were also not significantly affected by the N treatment, although tracheids from the medium N-treatment roots tended to have larger apertures. The pit border diameter equals that of the margo while the aperture size should be similar to that of the torus of the pit membrane. If the capacity for axial water transport in spruce roots is affected by N, it would be by its impact on conduit diameter and, possibly on the pit-membrane pore sizes but not by changes to conduit length and to the size of the pit membrane surface area. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Somatic embryogenesis and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bixa orellana</Emphasis> L.

Establishment, maintenance, regeneration, and transformation of somatic embryos by both direct and indirect means (callus-mediated) was achieved for Bixa orellana, a tropical plant whose seeds produce commercially edible ‘annatto pigment,’ which mainly constitutes an apocarotenoid called bixin. Callus-mediated methodology was found to be efficient in producing a greater number of embryos in a short time. The maximum of 28 somatic embryos were produced in 16–18 weeks when immature zygotic embryonic stalks were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing B5 vitamins supplemented with 0.44 μM benzyladenine (BA), 0.054 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2.89 μM gibberellic acid (GA₃), 0.02 μM triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), and 0.011 μM triacontanol (TRIA). Callus initiation from hypocotyl explants was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.07–2.14 μM NAA and 10.2 μM BA. In 3 months, somatic embryos were produced when callus was inoculated onto MS medium supplemented with 4.44 μM BA, 40 μM AgNO₃, and 0.011 μM TRIA. Somatic embryos were efficiently regenerated on MS basal solid and liquid media supplemented with 0.44–4.4 μM BA, 0.54–2.69 μM NAA, 4.92 μM 2iP, 2.1 μM calcium d-pantothenate, 0.21 μM biotin, 227.7 μM cysteine HCl monohydrate, and 108.6 μM adenine sulfate. Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV 3101 harboring pCAMBIA 1305.2 binary vector-mediated stable transformation of somatic embryos exhibited a transformation frequency of 2.56%. As somatic embryogenesis in any perennial system is useful in terms of both commercial and scientific nature, this somatic embryo-based transformation protocol for the commercially important dye-yielding tropical plant B. orellana is useful for its improvement through genetic engineering.     

Purification and characterization of a novel biosurfactant produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> MS3

The physical properties and chemical structure of a new biosurfactant (licheniformin) produced by Bacillus licheniformis MS3 were investigated. The purified biosurfactant was identified as a lipopeptide with amino acid sequence of Gly, Ala, Val, Asp, Ser, Gly, Tyr and a lactone linkage between the carboxyl group of Aspargine and hydroxyl group of Tyrosine residue. The fatty acid moiety was attached to N-terminal amino acid residue through an amide bond. The purified licheniformin could lower the surface tension of water from 72 to 38 mN/m at concentrations higher than 15 μg/mL and its relative emulsion volume (EV%) was equal to 36%. It also showed stable surface activity over a wide range of temperature (45–85°C) and pH (3–11).     

Aphanomyces infection in juvenile soft-shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis,imported from Singapore

Aphanomyces sp. was isolated from the carapaces of two juvenile soft-shelled turtles with fungal infections imported from Singapore. Their sizes were 2.9–3.5 cm in carapace length. Lesions with integumental necrosis and ulceration looked like white cotton. The fungus exhibited slow growth, hyphae were 7.5–15 μm in diam, coarse, and abundantly branched. Zoosporangia observed in the isolate were complex, its entire thallus being converted into zoosporangial units, with short or long lateral evacuation tubes, and isodiametric, 100–500 μm in length. Clusters of zoospores were also produced at the terminals of hyphae. The production of the primary zoospores was achlyoid. The primary encysted zoospores were spherical, 10–15 μm in diam. No sexual stages were observed on a hemp seed incubated in sterile tap water. The optimal temperature for the fungus was 30° C.     

Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Immature Embryo Explants of Papaya

A simple and rapid method for multiple shoot formation in vitro from immature embryo axis explants of Carica papaya L. cvs. Honey Dew, Washington and Co2 is described. Multiple shoot regeneration was achieved by culture of the explants on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented either with thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.45–22.7 μM) or a combination of benzylaminopurine (BAP; 0.2 – 8.84 μM) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.5 – 2.64 μM). Highest frequency of shoot regeneration occurred on medium supplemented either with 2.25 μM TDZ or a combination of BAP (4.4 μM) and NAA (0.5 μM). Composition of the basal media influenced the frequency of multiple shoot initiation. Stunted shoots regenerated at 4.5 μM and higher concentrations of TDZ. Such shoots could, however, be elongated by transfer to medium containing 5.7 μM GA₃. Rooting of the regenerated shoots was achieved in presence of indolebutyric acid (IBA; 4.92 – 19.68 μM), however, least response was in presence of 14.7 μM IBA. Rooted plants were hardened and transferred to pots. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evidence for the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and their receptors in Eisenia fetida: a multilevel hormonal interface between the nervous system and the peripheral tissues

The present study describes the localization and distribution of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TGB) and their receptors in Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) as revealed by immunohistological methods. Immunopositive neuronal and non-neuronal cells are present in both the central nervous system and some peripheral organs (e.g. foregut and coelomocytes). TSH- and TGB-immunopositive neurons in the various ganglia of the central nervous system are differentailly distributed. Most of the immunoreactive cells are found in the suboesophageal ganglion. The stained cells also differ in their shapes (round, oval, pear-shaped) and sizes (small, 12–25 μm; medium, 20–35 μm; large, 30–50 μm). In all ganglia of the central nervous system, TSH-positive neurons additionally show gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunopositivity. Non-neuronal cells also take part in hormone secretion and transport. Elongated TSH-positive cells have been detected in the capsule of the central ganglia and bear granules or vacuoles in areas lacking neurons. Many of capillaries show immunoreactivity for all four tested antibodies in the entire central nervous system and foregut. Among the coelomocytes, granulocytes and eleocytes stain for TSH and its receptor and for TGB but not for thyroid hormone receptor. Most of the granulocytes are large (25–50 μm) but a population of small cells (10–25 μm) are also immunoreactive. None of the coelomocytes stain for GABA. We therefore suggest that the members of this hormone system can modify both metabolism and immune functions in Eisenia. Coelomocytes might be able to secrete, transport and eliminate hormones in this system.This work was supported by the MTA-PTE Adaptation Biology Research Group and National Research and Developmental Fund (NKP 1/048/2001). M.W. is in receipt of a János Bolyai Scholarship.