山楂叶螨种群空间格局及其应用的研究Ⅱ．成螨种群密度综合估计及其抽样技术

本文结合Ｉｗａｏ零频率法和Ｇｅｒｒａｒｄ阈限密度法,提出一种改进的种群密度估计方法──“综合阈限密度估计法”,并由此探讨了苹果树上山楂叶螨成螨的密度估计及其抽样技术．采用零样频率来估计成螨的平均密度,并得到用概率保证的理论抽样数模型．比较结果表明,零频率法所需的理论抽样数少于直接计数法．综合阈限密度估计法的拟合效果更为显著．     

Iwao P_0-M模型特征参数估计的新方法

昆虫的空间分布型是昆虫种群的生物学特性对环境条件适应或选择的结果。明确昆虫的分布型对进一步了解昆虫生态特性,提高防治效果及试验设计的精确度,解决抽样问题及种群数量消长分析,具有生态学理论及生产实践的双重意义。昆虫种群的简易估计法,国内外已有不少报道[1～3,8,～10,12]。但是利用样本中零样方频率（比例）与种群密度间的关系来估计Iwao（1977）非线性模型中的特征参数,国内外未见报道。文献[2]利用Nachman（1984）模型对参数进行估计,而精度不够理想。本文设想在Iwao提出的零频率估计法基础上,提出一个新的估计特…     

棉花不同栽培方式对卵形异绒螨种群密度的影响

卵形异绒螨是棉蚜的一种外寄生性天敌,研究结果表明,呋喃丹和甲拌磷处理的种子中卵形异绒螨种群波动趋势,与非杀虫剂各种子处理田一致,药剂处理田的天敌数量与非药剂处理田无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,单作露地棉田的螨量高于棉,麦套种和地膜覆盖田;卵形异绒螨随着翅蚜向露地棉田在迁移量为９０．７头／ｍ＾２．２４ｈ向覆盖田的迁移量为３６．０头／ｍ＾２．２４ｈ随着棉田连作时间的延长,卵形异绒螨的种群密度呈逐渐增加的     

池鹭繁殖种群数量、活动规律和生物生产量的研究

本文报道池鹭种群数量变动,种群活动,雏鸟生长和生物生产量。种群活动可划分为适到期,运情期,繁殖期,同鸟活动期,集群活动和迁离期。１９９０,１９９１二年繁殖前种群密度分别为１３００只／ｈｍ＾２和１４０１只／ｈｍ＾２,繁殖后增加密度为２０８７只／ｈｍ＾２和２２４８只／ｈｍ＾２。雏鸟体重增长曲线议程为：Ｗ＝２８６／１＋ｅ＾－０．４０９（ｔ－１２．６）１９９０,１９９１年繁殖种群的生物生产量分别为１９７．     

达乌尔黄鼠种群空间分布型研究及其应用

本文根据1987年在内蒙古东北部低山丘陵区和平原区草原的调查资料,应用频数分布比较法研究了达乌尔黄鼠的空间分布型。结果表明：在抽样单位(样方)大小为1公项(1OO米×100米)时,4个样地内达乌尔黄鼠交尾期和幼鼠分居期的空间分布型均属poisson分布(随机分布)。环境与密度制约因素的影响不明显。并经回归分析得到：种群密度(m)与零样方频率(Po)和有鼠样方频率(Px )的曲线关系分别为m=4.5451-0.96721nPo和m=4.5451-0.96721n(1-Px)。经X²检验与poisson分布理论曲线基本一致(x²《x^{2 _0.05},P>0.05)。为达乌尔黄鼠种群密度估计提供了理论依据.     

稻飞虱迁入初期成虫种群密度的零频率估计方法

为了在一定精度保证的前提下,简便、快捷地估计稻飞虱迁入初期成虫田间发生情况,本文基于稻飞虱成虫种群发生的田间调查数据,用种群密度m和零频率p0分别拟合Gerrard-Chiang模型、线性函数、二次函数、指数函数、幂函数和对数函数6种不同模型。结果表明,以Gerrard-Chiang模型m=1.2467（—ln p0）1.0721为最优,用其可根据零频率有效地估计稻飞虱迁入初期成虫种群密度。还确定了稻飞虱成虫不同零频率下的理论抽样数,同时进行了具体应用。     

种群空间格局研究的零频率方法

在建立S~2=a'(-lnP_0)~b'模型的基础上,结合Gerrard＆Chiang模型(m=a(-InP_0)~β)和扩散系数C,本文提出一个种群空间格局研究的零频率方法.根据种群聚集临界零频率,可对空间格局连续统作出定量描述,按参数(b'-β)可将生物种群划分为“聚集度非零频率制约型”、“聚集度逆零频率制约型”和“聚集度零频率制约型”3种类型.通过13种生物种群资料的实例验证,表明新模型能客现地反映出种群空间格局的本质特征,应用于低密度种群已显示出它的独到之处.此外,文中还推导出了确定理论抽样数的公式和简易序贯抽样决策模型.     

麦长管蚜的序贯二项式分类抽样设计与管理决策优化：样本单位虫口数阈的重要性

依据１９８８～１９９１年间对麦长管蚜（Ｓｉｔｏｂｉｏｎａｖｅｎａｅ）种群的抽样数据和新的抽样理论而设计了用样本单位（分蘖株）虫口数阈Ｔ（每株不超过Ｔ头蚜虫,Ｔ≥０）进行样本分类的序贯二项式分类抽样方案,用于蚜害的管理决策。负载不超过Ｔ头蚜虫的植株比例（ＰＴ）与种群密度（ｍ,头／株）的关系通过拟合经验式ｌｎ［－ｌｎ（ＰＴ）］＝ａ＋ｂｌｎ（ｍ）和负二项分布的概率模型而建立。一系列Ｔ值（０～２５）和３个干扰阈限即经济危害水平（２．５和１０头／株）用于抽样方案的设计和比较,以优化麦作不同生育期控制蚜害的决定。抽样设计的可靠程度和经济性状分别由运行特征（ＯＣ）函数和平均样本数（ＡＳＮ）函数判别。结果显示,各干扰阈限的抽样设计随Ｔ值的增大而愈趋合理。传统的０－ｌ抽样（Ｔ＝０）被证明错误决策的风险很大,所需样本数最多,应当摒弃。考虑到Ｔ过大会增加处理单位样本的时间,作者建议使用略高于干扰阈限的Ｔ值进行麦蚜的分类抽样和田间管理决策。     

异视界绒螨（Allothrombium ignotum）种群密度与生态环境的关系

研究表明,无视异绒螨种群密度与棉田连作年限之间呈正相关,与棉田海拔高度和水位之间呈负相关．露地棉田螨量明显高于地膜覆盖棉田．若螨在静水中的浮水时间可持续５．２ｈ．成螨产卵的最适土壤含水量为１２．５％．不同杀虫剂对幼螨杀伤力为溴氰菊酯喷雾＞氧化乐果喷雾＞三氯杀螨醇喷雾＞氧化乐果缓释剂涂茎．因此,发展灌溉棉田、棉花适当连作、棉花生长期采取药剂涂茎治蚜对壮大无视异绒螨种群密度有重要作用．     

截线法对西藏盘羊种群数量的估计

１９８７～１９９０年间,采用截线抽样法对西藏盘羊的种群数量及分布进行了全面调查。结果在１５５０ｋｍ样线上遇见９９头盘羊。由此资料,以傅立叶级数表达其探测函数,估计出了盘羊在西藏分布区内的平均分布密度为０．０８２０±０．００９７头／ｋｍ２,即每１２ｋｍ２约有１头,而波动在０．０１２１～０．３６７１头／ｋｍ２之间。并依此确定的１０．５万ｋｍ２的栖息面积计算、西藏盘羊的种群数量为８６３０±１０２１头。目前,盘羊群平均数下降为５～６头／群,亟待保护。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.