不同给药方式下环丙沙星在模拟水生态系统中的归趋

采用不同的给药方式对环丙沙星(CPFX)在模拟水生态系统中的归趋进行研究,包括环丙沙星在水体、沉积物、生物体(皇冠草、河蚬、异育银鲫)等不同分配相及生物体不同组织、器官中的含量、分布以及迁移、富集等动态变化过程。结果表明:CPFX进入模拟水生态系统后,水体中药物浓度下降迅速,3种给药方式下,最高浓度不超过15.30μg.L-1。底泥表现出明显的吸附积累,而且长时间地保持高浓度残留;在饲料给药方式下,底泥药物浓度最高可达2379.67μg.L-1。水生生物对CPFX有不同程度的富集和残留,水草对CPFX的吸收较多,尤其是叶片部分,药物浓度最高可达899.83μg.L-1;河蚬、鱼体对CPFX有一定的吸收积累,停药15d后,河蚬、鱼体内仍有明显的残留,不同组织对CPFX的吸收积累存在显著差别,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高。3种给药方式导致的鱼体内药物残留量大小依次是:饲料给药>混合给药>水体给药。     

三氯异氰尿酸在模拟水生态系统中归趋的研究

利用高效液相色谱法对三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)在微宇宙模拟水生态系统中的归趋,包括TCCA在水体、沉积物、生物体(皇冠草、河蚬、异育银鲫)等不同分配相及生物体不同组织中的分布、富集以及迁移等动态变化过程进行了研究.结果表明:TCCA进入模拟水生态系统后,除发生水解外,其余或被水生生物所吸收,或者沉降进入底泥中.水生生物对TCCA有不同程度的富集和残留.水草对TCCA的吸收较大,尤其是叶片部分;河蚬、鱼体对TCCA具有明显的吸收积累,并且在体内的残留时间较长,不同组织对TCCA的吸收积累存在明显的差别,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高.不同生物对TCCA的分布和富集存在着较大的差异,其趋势为皇冠草>河蚬>异育银鲫.     

水生态系统中宇宙发展现状

水生态系统中宇宙指人工构建的河流、湖泊、湿地、海洋等水生态系统近自然模拟装置,可以控制一定的物理、化学要素和生境条件,开展生物群落响应研究。中宇宙实验可以弥补传统实验室小型装置模拟要素过于简单,而野外现实系统复杂不可控制和难以开展对比实验的局限。本文列举了当前国际上多个科研机构长期运行的水生态系统中宇宙,将其归纳为流水型中宇宙、围隔装置、陆基模拟池、移动式水槽4类,各类中宇宙一般包括物理-生物模拟系统、自动调控系统、监测分析系统、中央控制系统。近年来,我国水生态系统的研究逐渐从单一环境要素向生态系统整体转变,对中宇宙模拟实验的需求愈加迫切。建议我国水生态系统中宇宙建设应提高结构复杂性,并与野外现场监测相结合,共同支撑更大尺度系统的整体模拟。     

模拟水生态系统及其在环境研究中的应用

随着70年代污染生态毒理学的发展,微宇宙作为评价化学品的环境影响的有力工具日益受到重视。由于从点源和非点源释放的化学物质可经直接或间接途径进入水生态系统,水生微宇宙在环境研究中的应用发展很快。早期的研究工作侧重于化学污染物在水环境的归宿。自70年代末以来,研究注意力逐渐集中于有毒物质在水生态系统内不同生物学组织水平上的生态学效应。本文分下列4个方面进行述评:(1)关于模拟生态系统的若干基本概念;(2)应用于环境研究的不同类型水生微宇宙;(3)尚有争议的若干问题;(4)水生微宇宙技术应用的新动向和展望。     

生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的研究与应用

生态化学计量学主要是研究碳、氮、磷等元素在各种生态过程中平衡的一门科学,其核心问题是揭示生物体元素组成的差异对生态功能的影响。由于生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。目前,生态化学计量学的研究与应用已深入到生态学的各个层次(分子、细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统及区域等不同尺度)。该文围绕生态化学计量学的两个重要组成理论,并结合笔者近年来的研究,归纳总结了生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的研究与应用及未来研究重点,希望有助于推动我国生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的应用研究。     

三峡水库蓄水前后水生态系统动态的初步研究

本专辑登录的论文系中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向性项目“三峡水库库区蓄水前后水生态系统变化的研究”的部分研究结果,内容包括1)蓄水前后水体理化参数变化;2)蓄水前后水生生物群落变化;3)三峡水库的富营养化问题;4)春季水华暴发过程的连续监测与动力学;5)对三峡水库生态学研究的几点思考和建议。     

95Zr在鱼-海水-底泥模拟生态系统中的迁移与分布

采用同位素示踪技术研究了^95Zr在鱼-海水-底泥模拟系统中的迁移与分布。旨在探明海洋鱼类对^95Zr的吸收以及^95Zr在海水生态系统中的行为特性。结果显示：（1）海水中的^95Zr比活度随时间呈快速下降,降至一半所需的时间仅为0.2d;底泥吸附的^95Zr主要集中在表层（0-2.5cm）,至试验后期（13-20d）其量占总量的99.5％以上,表明来自于海水中的^95Zr被表层底泥吸附,不易随渗流水向下迁移,海泥对^95Zr有强烈的吸附作用。（2）中华乌塘鳢从水体中摄入和吸收^95Zr的主要器官是肠胃道（内脏）,与水体直接接触而吸附、吸收的^95Zr主要集中在鱼鳃和鱼鳍中。肉、骨、肝脏和鱼卵中的比活度均比较低（略高于本底水平）,表明通过肠胃道吸收和鳃、鳍等组织吸附、吸收的^95Zr不易向肉、骨、肝脏和鱼卵等内部组织输运。（3）运用封闭3分室模型原理对实验数据进行拟合得：鱼体中的比活度Cf=0.05-6.36e^-3.4274t 6.61e^-0.2682t,海水中的比活度Cw=215.42e^-3.4274t 2.00e^-0.2682t,底泥中的比活度Cs=143.86 14.83e^-3.4274t-158.69e^-0.2682t;方差分析结果表明各回归方程较好地反应了^95Zr在鱼-海水-底泥生态系统中的消长动态。     

镉在白骨壤模拟湿地系统中的分布、迁移及净化效应

在温室中建立红树林植物白骨壤模拟湿地系统,分别用正常(C₁)、5倍(C₅)和10倍(C₁₀)3种人工配置的不同浓度的污水每周定时定量对模拟系统污灌1年,研究重金属Cd的分布、迁移以及系统对Cd污染的净化效果.结果表明,由人工污水加入系统中的Cd主要存留在土壤子系统中(87.67%～96.74%),只有很少部分迁移到植物体和凋落物中,约占总加入量的0.43%～3.23%;白骨壤植物各器官中Cd含量在根中最高;模拟系统对污水中Cd的净化效果显著,在植物-土壤系统中,正常、5倍和10倍浓度组的净化率分别为90.43%、97.17%和97.06%,在无植物系统中,对应组分别为93.29%、93.10%和90.4%.     

淡水生态系统中的TOP—DOWN效应与生物多样性保护

淡水生态系统中高营养级类群可以对低营养级类群产生强烈的影响,最终导致整个生态环境的改变,这一现象被称作下行（ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ）效应。本文对ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ的含义特别是鱼类所产生ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应的结果进行了阐述,提出了ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应还表现在当原来生态系统中的高营养级类群缺少时,也会造成生态系统结构与功能发生变化的观点。最后,根据淡水生态系统ｔｏｐｄｏｗｎ效应的特点,认为在淡水生态系统的生物多样性保护中,应注意高营养级类群的保护和谨慎地对待引种问题     

白骨壤模拟湿地系统中Pb的分布、迁移及其净化效应

在温室中建立红树林植物白骨壤模拟湿地系统,分别用正常(NW)、5倍(FW)和10倍(TW)浓度人工配置的城市污水每周定时定量对模拟系统污灌2次,用海水作对照(CL),持续1年。研究重金属Pb在湿地系统中的分布、迁移及其被净化的效果。结果表明：加入系统中的Pb主要存留于土壤子系统中,很少迁移到植物体和凋落物中：植物各器官中的Pb含量在根中最高;模拟系统对重金属。Pb的净化效果显著,各污水处理组分别为：NW组97．97％、FW组97．86％、TW组98．06％。根据物质平衡模型计算得土壤子系统。Pb的环境容量较大,因此整个模拟系统对Pb污染的承受力较大。     

Use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the estimation of polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p-DDE residues in marine mammals

We present a screening technique for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p-DDE residue levels in marine mammal blubber using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method modifies the standard extraction and clean-up methods for organochlorines for use with HPLC and uses a method of chemical derivatization to separate and semi-quantify the two organochlorines with HPLC.     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood by solid-phase extraction including on-column lipid decomposition

A method for the isolation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from human blood using solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed. The procedure incorporates decomposition of lipids by concentrated sulphuric acid directly on the SPE column. Conditions for transferring PCBs onto the SPE column and washing the decomposed blood components from the SPE column were optimised. After clean-up the extracts were analysed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. An average recovery of PCBs from spiked blood samples was about 78±8% and an average precision was about 109±7%. Quantitation has been done using four internal standards and calibration curves based on five concentration levels. Low procedural blanks made it possible to determine PCBs in blood quantitatively at a level down to 2–10 pg g⁻¹. The integrated method for blood is fast, less laborious than methods using liquid–liquid extraction and has a low consumption of organic solvents.     

New high-resolution mass spectrometric approach for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human serum

To increase our analytical throughput for measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides without sacrificing data quality, we have developed and validated a combined PCB/OC pesticide gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) analysis. In a single GC-HRMS analysis, both selected PCBs and OC pesticides are detected and quantified. Previously, this has been difficult, if not impossible, because of the major difference in masses of the most abundant electron-impact ions. However, we have identified slightly less abundant ions to monitor that allow us to successfully combine these analytes into a single analysis without sacrificing any analytical sensitivity or instrument reliability. Consequently, we have been able to double our analytical throughput by modification of mass spectrometric parameters alone. Our new methodology has been validated against our current GC-HRMS method, which entails using two separate injections, one for PCB analysis and one for OC pesticide analysis. The two methods differ by less than 4% overall, with no systematic bias. We used this method to analyze approximately 350 serum samples over a period of several months. We found that our new method was as reliable in automated, overnight runs as our current method.     

Improved sample preparation method for selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in human serum using solid-phase disk extraction with gas chromatographic analysis

An improved solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to isolate and concentrate trace levels of selected POPs (persistent organochlorine pollutants) in human serum prior to GC–MS in SIM mode or GC–ECD quantitation. The extraction involves denaturation of serum proteins with formic acid, SPE using C₁₈ Empore™ disk cartridges, followed by elimination of lipid interferences using a sulfuric acid wash of the eluate. Use of the SPE disk improved assay throughput and gave a cleaner analytical matrix compared with previously reported solid-phase and liquid–liquid extraction techniques. The extraction method provided consistent recoveries at three fortification levels using ¹³C₁₂ PCB 149 as internal standard. Recoveries ranged from 48 to 140% for organochlorine pesticides (6.25, 12.5 and 25 ng/ml) and 71 to 126% for polychlorinated biphenyls (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 ng/ml).     

The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the membrane lipids of Pseudomonas stutzeri

In this study we examined the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on biomass production of a PCB-degrading Pseudomonas stutzeri, and on the fatty acid profile of its major membrane lipids. Growth based on biomass weight was stimulated when PCBs were added at the time of inoculation, but PCB addition three days after inoculation led to a significant decrease in biomass. Simultaneous addition of PCBs plus biphenyl or PCBs plus carvone negatively affected P. stutzeri biomass (addition of biphenyl or carvone at the time of inoculation and PCBs to three-day-old culture). In the presence of PCBs alone the amount of the prevalent fatty acids C16:0 and C17-cyclopropyl fatty acid (C17-CP) of P. stutzeri in total and neutral lipids was significantly reduced. When PCBs were added together with carvone (carvone at the time of inoculation and PCBs after three days) a significant reduction of these fatty acids was obtained, but, in addition, oleic, cis-vaccenic, and cyclononadecanic (C19-CP) acids were increased. When PCBs were combined to biphenyl the prevalent fatty acids were reduced and oleic, cis-vaccenic, and cyclononadecanic acids were increased in total and neutral lipids. Addition of 3-chlorobenzoic acid led to a significant growth inhibition and to the production of oleic and cis-vaccenic acids in the membrane fraction phosphatidylcholine.     

多氯联苯的环境毒理研究动态

本文综述了当前国内外对多氯联苯这种持留性有机污染物环境生态毒理的研究现状,详细论述了多氯联苯的来源、分布、迁移变化等环境行为,特别强调了多氯联苯这种持留性有机污染物在生态系统中因食物网营养关系产生的积累、富集、放大进而影响人类健康的可能性,并对多氯联苯对生物影响的早期预警研究作了展望。     

Growth on dichlorobiphenyls with chlorine substitution on each ring by bacteria isolated from contaminated African soils

Until recently, it was generally believed that the presence of more than one chlorine substituent prevented chlorinated biphenyls from serving as a sole source of carbon and energy for aerobic bacteria. In this study, we report the isolation of three aerobic strains, identified as Enterobacter sp. SA-2, Ralstonia sp. SA-4, and Pseudomonas sp. SA-6 from Nigerian polluted soils, that were able to grow on a wide range of dichlorobiphenyls (diCBs). In addition to growing on all monochlorobiphenyls (monoCBs), the strains were all able to utilize 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 2,3-diCB as a sole source of carbon and energy. With the exception of strain SA-2, growth was also sustainable on 3,3′-, and 3,5-diCB. Washed benzoate-grown cells were typically able to degrade 68 to 100% of the diCB (100 ppm) within 188 h, concomitant with a cell number increase of up to three orders-of-magnitude and elimination of varying amounts of chloride. In many cases, stoichiometric production of a chlorobenzoate (CBA) as a product was observed. During growth on 2,2′-, and 2,4′-diCB, organisms exclusively attacked an o-chlorinated ring resulting in the production of 2-CBA and 4-CBA, respectively. A gradual decline in the concentration of the latter was observed, which suggested that the product was being degraded further. In the case of 2,3-diCB, the unsubstituted ring was preferentially metabolized. Initial diCB degradation rates were greatest for 2,4′-diCB (11.2 ± 0.91 to 30.3 ± 7.8 nmol/min per 10⁹ cells) and lowest for 2,2′-diCB (0.37 ± 0.12 to 2.7 ± 1.2 nmol/min per 10⁹ cells).     

多氯联苯对剑尾鱼超氧化物岐化酶活性的影响

目的　研究多氯联苯 (PCBs)暴露对剑尾鱼 (Xiphophorushelleri)超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的影响 ,探讨剑尾鱼器官组织内SOD活性变化作为环境风险评价 (ERA)的有效生物学标记的可行性。方法　测定了PCBs对剑尾鱼 30d的半致死浓度 (LC50 ) ;使用浸浴法以 0、2、5 0 μg L三个PCBs浓度为剑尾鱼染毒 ,定量测定了 72h内肝、鳃及卵巢组织中的SOD的活性变化。结果　PCBs对剑尾鱼的 30dLC50 为 1 0 5 80 μg L ;PCBs对剑尾鱼肝脏和卵巢的SOD活性有明显 (P <0 0 1 )的影响。在最初染毒的 1 2h内 ,SOD活性略有上升 ,但随暴露时间延长 ,浓度增加 ,肝和卵巢的SOD活性均呈下降趋势。此外 ,结果还显示肝组织的SOD活性较高于卵巢的SOD活性 ,表明不同器官组织的SOD活性对PCBs胁迫的敏感性存在一定的差异。实验中鳃组织SOD活性在PCBs暴露后其变化不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　表明剑尾鱼肝细胞SOD活性可作为环境风险评价 (ERA)的有效生物学标记