急危重症眼镜蛇伤大鼠多项凝血指标动态变化

目的动态观察蛇伤后大鼠多项凝血指标、病理及皮下出血情况的改变,为蛇毒毒理及抗蛇毒制剂的研究提供实验数据。方法将SD大鼠注入2～4 LD50眼镜蛇毒造模,于注毒后不同时段(20～140 min)分别进行凝血功能、肝脏和肾脏病理等检测,处死大鼠后观察注毒部位皮下出血情况。结果大鼠注入4 LD50蛇毒20 min,凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)延长;40 min时,纤维蛋白原(Fbg)明显下降;40 min后凝血功能逐渐回复至0 min水平。肾脏、肝脏组织见血管扩张、充血明显。注毒部位皮下出血范围于20～80min时最明显。2 LD50剂量组凝血功能的变化与4 LD50组相似,但其Fbg下降程度小于4 LD50组,皮下出血面积较4 LD50组小。结论眼镜蛇毒引起凝血功能改变,且其变化程度与剂量及注入时间密切相关。     

复合感染脓毒症模型大鼠的炎症与凝血功能紊乱进程

目的 探讨脓毒症病程中凝血功能和炎症水平的改变。方法 通过改良盲肠结扎穿刺术(cecal ligation and puncture, CLP)构建复合感染脓毒症大鼠模型(multiple infection sepsis model, MIM),将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组(Control组,n=8)、假手术组(Sham组,n=8)、复合感染脓毒症模型4 h(4 h组,n=8)、8 h(8 h组,n=8)、12 h(12 h组,n=8)、16 h(16 h组,n=8)组,检测炎症指标和凝血相关指标。结果 (1)所有脓毒症模型大鼠脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)及白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)含量较Sham组均显著升高(P<0.001),且术后随时间延长,LPS及IL-6含量逐渐升高,12 h后LPS无明显变化;(2)脓毒症模型病程中后期组(8 h及以后)凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)较Sham组明显延长(P<0.01);(3)与Sham组相比,8 h组、12 h组、16 h组活化部分凝血酶原时间(...     

β-乳香酸对血瘀证大鼠血液流变学和血管内皮功能的影响

目的:研究β-乳香酸(β-BA)对血瘀证大鼠血液流变学和血管内皮功能的影响。方法:24只SD大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组、模型组、低剂量β-BA(100 mg/kg)组、高剂量β-BA(200 mg/kg)组,每组6只,每12小时给药1次、连续给药7次,第5次给药后,除空白组大鼠外,给予皮下注射盐酸肾上腺素(0.8 mg/kg)2次,间隔4小时,中间给予冰水(0-2℃)刺激5分钟造成大鼠急性血瘀证模型。最后一次给药30分钟内腹主动脉取血检测不同切变率下的全血粘度(WBV)、凝血指标、血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)浓度,并取颈动脉观察病理变化。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型组全血粘度明显升高(P0.01),凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)显著缩短(P0.01),纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量增加(P0.01),血浆ET-1水平升高,血浆NO含量降低(P0.01)。与模型组相比,β-BA组全血粘度明显降低,TT、APTT、PT显著延长(P0.01),纤维蛋白原含量减少(P0.01),血浆ET-1水平降低,血浆NO水平升高(P0.01)。结论:β-乳香酸能显著改善血瘀证大鼠血液流变学异常,并保护其血管内皮功能。     

乙型肝炎患者凝血功能与胱抑素C 联合检测的临床意义

目的:探讨乙型肝炎患者凝血功能与血清胱抑素C联合检测的临床诊断价值。方法:收集260例乙型肝炎患者为实验组及健康者70例为对照组,采用全自动凝血分析仪进行活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)的测定,采用全自动生化分析仪进行血清胱抑素C、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清γ谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)的检测。结果:除急性肝炎组外,其他各组乙型肝炎患者的APTT、PT值均高于对照组(P<0.05)。重型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化组FIB值均低于对照组(P<0.05);对于血清胱抑素C水平,除急性肝炎组外,其他各组值均明显高于健康对照组(P<0.05),且肝炎肝硬化组依次高于重型肝炎组和慢性肝炎组。各实验组ALT和AST水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而对于GGT水平,重型肝炎组和肝炎肝硬化组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:联合检测APTT、PT、FIB凝血功能指标与血清胱抑素C水平,对临床判断乙型肝炎患者病变程度及预后具有重要意义。     

气温突变对高血压大鼠心梗发病及心肌损害的影响

目的:探索气温突变对高血压大鼠心梗发病及心肌损害的影响。方法:给予肾动脉半结扎大鼠一次维生素D370 U/kg体重腹腔注射,22℃环境下饲以高脂饲料。10周后随机分为S、J和D三组,S组予以30分钟内升温至40℃处理,J组予以30分钟内降温至4℃的处理,D组为对照组。结果:S组大鼠急性心梗发病率为59.09%,J组大鼠发病率为26.32%,D组发病率为28.57%,S组大鼠以及J组大鼠血清肌钙蛋白、肌酸激酶、谷草转氨酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶含量(P<0.05)均明显高于D组大鼠,S组与D组大鼠肌钙蛋白等含量(P>0.1)无显著差异。结论:气温骤升、骤降均能加重造成心肌损害,但夏季气温骤升所造成的急性心梗发病率高于气温的骤降。     

中枢氧化应激抑制高血压大鼠压力感受性反射功能

目的:观察中枢氧化应激对压力反射功能的影响,探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)压力反射敏感性降低的中枢机制。方法:24周龄雄性SHR和正常大鼠在乌拉坦和α-氯醛糖混合麻醉下,静脉注射苯肾上腺素(PE)和硝普钠(NP)诱发动脉压力感受性反射,以心率变化与血压变化的比值代表压力反射敏感性(BRS)。侧脑室给予超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)拟似剂tempol和SOD抑制剂DETC,检测给药前后BRS变化。结果:高血压大鼠BRS明显低于正常大鼠(P<0.01),侧脑室应用Tempol明显改善高血压大鼠BRS(P<0.05),但不影响正常大鼠BRS;而DETC则衰减两组大鼠BRS(P<0.05),对正常大鼠BRS抑制作用更明显。高血压大鼠下丘脑丙二醛(MDA)含量明显高于正常大鼠(P<0.01),但总抗氧化能力、总SOD、CuZn-SOD、过氧化物酶(CAT)等活性均明显低于正常大鼠(P<0.05)。结论:高血压大鼠压力反射功能减弱与中枢氧化应激有关,脑内抗氧化酶活性降低和抗氧化能力下降可能导致中枢氧化应激。     

氮气气腹制作腹内高压对肝脏功能的影响

目的研究腹内压升高及持续时间对肝脏功能的影响。方法选择SD大鼠45只,随机分为正常对照组,10mmHg腹内压(IAP)模型组,20mmHg腹内压(IAP)模型组,每组15只。各IAP组大鼠以头皮针于腹腔穿刺,通过三通管连接压力计及氮气袋,运用氮气气腹法制作SD大鼠腹内高压动物模型,对照组不充气。各组动物按腹内压持续时间分别于1、2、4h处死,使用全自动生化分析仪检测每个动物的天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)。结果 10mmHg和20mmHg IAP持续4h组的血清AST、ALT含量均明显高于持续1h和2h组(P<0.01,P<0.05);20mmHg IAP 2h组血清AST、ALT含量亦明显高于1h组(P<0.05);但10mmHg IAP持续2h组血清AST、ALT含量与1h相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IAP维持1h的3组(10mmHg组,20mmHg组,对照组)大鼠的血清AST、ALT含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);IAP持续2h,20mmHg IAP组的AST、ALT含量明显高于10mmHg IAP组和对照组;IAP维持4h,20mmHg IAP组血清AST、ALT含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),较10mmHg IAP组血清AST含量增高(P<0.05),而ALT间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);10mmHg IAP组持续4h组血清AST、ALT含量高于对照组4h组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论腹内高压可致肝损伤,并与腹腔压力和时间密切相关。SD大鼠腹内高压动物模型的制作简易、稳定可靠,且可重复。     

替米沙坦及吡哆胺对自发性高血压大鼠脑组织氧化应激的影响

目的:探讨替米沙坦及吡哆胺对自发性高血压大鼠脑组织氧化应激的影响。方法:自发性高血压大鼠24只随机分为4组(n=6):高血压对照组(HC组);替米沙坦组(T组);吡哆胺组(P组);联合治疗组(TP组)。同龄WKY大鼠作为正常对照组(NC组)。药物干预16周,测定各组脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶p47phox mRNA表达。结果:与NC组比较,HC组脑组织中MDA含量明显升高、SOD活性明显减低(P<0.05);与HC组比较T组、P组、TP组MDA含量明显减低,SOD活性明显升高(P<0.05);与NC组比较HC组(NADPH)氧化酶p47phox mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.01);与HC组比较T组、TP组NADPH氧化酶p47phox mRNA表达明显下调(P<0.01);HC组与P组比较NADPH氧化酶p47phox mRNA表达无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:自发性高血压大鼠脑组织处于氧化应激状态,替米沙坦及吡哆胺可抑制自发性高血压大鼠脑组织的氧化应激水平,联合治疗并不优于替米沙坦单药治疗。     

气温骤升诱发脑梗塞过程中单胺类神经递质的变化

目的:研究气温骤升导致高血压大鼠发生脑梗塞过程中单胺类神经递质的变化。方法:采用易卒中型肾血管性高血压(RHRSP)模型,放置于人工模拟的气温骤升环境中诱发脑卒中,检测气温骤升前后大鼠单胺类神经递质E、NE和DA的变化。结果:气温骤升时,正常生理组大鼠血中NE水平明显降低(P<0.01),E和DA变化不明显;而当升温结束后,NE出现明显的回升(P<0.01),恢复到升温前水平,DA继续下降,明显低于同组降温前和降温中水平(P<0.01)。高血压大鼠血中的单胺类神经递质在气温骤升的刺激下出现异常升高,E、NE和DA浓度均比升温前明显的升高(P<0.01),其中E和NE水平还明显地高于同一时间点的生理组大鼠(P<0.01)。模型组升温后发生脑梗塞的大鼠血E水平仍明显高于同一时间点的生理组大鼠(P<0.05)和同组升温前水平(P<0.01)。结论:在气温骤升的应激刺激下,高血压机体内单胺类神经递质的异常升高及其调节的紊乱是骤然高温诱发脑梗塞发病的重要机制。     

近交系HFJ大鼠的抗肿瘤细胞Walker-256特性

目的检测近交系HFJ大鼠的肿瘤学特性。方法采用大鼠肿瘤细胞Walker-256分别接种HFJ大鼠和Wistar大鼠制作腹水瘤、实体瘤模型,观察两种动物对同一种肿瘤细胞的敏感性及免疫反应差异。结果对于腹水瘤Walker-256接种7d,Wistar大鼠有6只腹水产生为阴性,HFJ大鼠腹水产生均为阳性。继续观察至20d,可见到Wistar大鼠有3只腹水阴性(阳性率9/12,死亡2只,染色体用1只),而HFJ大鼠腹水全部为阴性(阳性率0/12,死亡2只,染色体用1只)。腹水中Walker-256细胞染色体分析,Wistar大鼠和HFJ大鼠众数变化范围均为50～62条,无显著差异。实体瘤接种7d,Wistar大鼠和HFJ大鼠均可触摸到右侧腋下有肿块产生。20d后Wistar大鼠除2只肿块消失外其他均有肿块存在并随时间延长而增大(阳性率13/15);所有HFJ大鼠腋下肿块均变软并逐渐消失(阳性率0/15)。检测各组大鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫功能,发现正常HFJ大鼠IgM、IgA显著低于Wistar大鼠(P<0.01),IgG差异不显著。荷瘤组HFJ大鼠和Wistar大鼠IgG均高于各自正常对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01)。Wist-ar大鼠腹水瘤阳性组IgG显著低于阴性组和HFJ腹水阳性组(P<0.05),Wistar大鼠实体瘤阳性组也显著低于HFJ实体阳性组(P<0.01)。Wistar大鼠腹水瘤阳性组IgM显著低于阴性组(P<0.05),Wistar大鼠腹水瘤阴性组和HFJ大鼠腹水瘤、实体瘤阳性组IgM均高于各自对照组,且差异显著(P<0.05)。细胞免疫结果显示各组CD4+数量差异不显著;正常HFJ大鼠CD8+显著少于Wistar大鼠(P<0.05),Wistar大鼠腹水瘤和实体瘤阳性组CD8+数量较阴性组和正常对照组均显著减少(P<0.05)。各荷瘤阴性组大鼠CD8+数量均较正常值增加,除Wistar大鼠腹水瘤和HFJ实体瘤阴性组大鼠差异显著(P<0.05)外,其他均不显著;CD4+/CD8+结果与CD8+相反。结论 HFJ大鼠具有抗大鼠肿瘤细胞Walker-256的特性,腹水瘤及实体瘤均不易生长。     

Hypohydration and thermoregulation in cold air

O'Brien, Catherine, Andrew J. Young, and Michael N. Sawka.Hypohydration and thermoregulation in cold air.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 185-189, 1998.This study examined the effects of hypohydration onthermoregulation during cold exposure. In addition, the independentinfluences of hypohydration-associated hypertonicity and hypovolemiawere investigated. Nine male volunteers were monitored for 30 min at25°C, then for 120 min at 7°C, under three counterbalancedconditions: euhydration (Eu), hypertonic hypohydration (HH), andisotonic hypohydration (IH). Hypohydration was achieved 12 h beforecold exposure by inducing sweating (HH) or by ingestion of furosemide(IH). Body weight decrease (4.1 ± 0.2%) caused by hypohydrationwas similar for HH and IH, but differences(P < 0.05) were found between HH andIH in plasma osmolality (292 ± 1 vs. 284 ± 1 mosmol/kgH₂O) andplasma volume reduction (8 ± 2 vs. 18 ± 3%).Heat debt (349 ± 14 among) did not differ(P > 0.05) among trials. Mean skintemperature decreased throughout cold exposure during Eu but plateauedafter 90 min during HH and IH. Forearm-fingertemperature gradient tended (P = 0.06)to be greater during Eu (10.0 ± 0.7°C) than during HH or IH(8.9 ± 0.7°C). This suggests weaker vasoconstrictor tone duringhypohydration than during Eu. Final mean skin temperature was higherfor HH than for Eu or IH (23.5 ± 0.3, 22.6 ± 0.4, and 22.9 ± 0.3°C, respectively), and insulation was lower on HH than onIH (0.13 ± 0.01 vs. 0.15 ± 0.01°C · W¹ · m²,respectively), but not with Eu (0.14 ± 0.01°C · W¹ · m²).This provides some evidence that hypertonicity impairs the vasoconstrictor response to cold. Although mild hypohydration did notaffect body heat balance during 2-h whole body exposure to moderatecold, hypohydration-associated hypertonicity may have subtle effects onvasoconstriction that could become important during a more severe coldexposure.

     

Heat debt during cold air exposure before and after cold water immersions

Acclimation to cold can manifest itself in several different ways, insulative and metabolic being the most common. Bittel (J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 1627-1634, 1987) has demonstrated that heat debt, which encompasses both heat production and heat loss, can be used as a unitary index of acclimation. However, conflicting results are obtained if heat debt is calculated using a mean-weighted body temperature (Tb) vs. the change of body heat content through the integration of heat storage (S). The present study examines the determination of heat debt by three methods of calculation, the first based on Tb and the other two based on S where heat losses are measured in one and predicted in the other. Data were obtained from five healthy young males exposed to 10 degrees C air for 2 h on four different occasions. The first two exposures provided control data, while the last two were performed after 5 and 10 days, respectively, of daily immersions in 15 degrees C water to induce acclimation. The variability in response between the control exposures was as large as that among the other exposures. Although the method of calculation using Tb indicated that subjects were close to a thermal balance after 2 h of cold air exposure, this contrasted sharply with the result of the other two methods that indicated heat debt was still increasing steadily. The latter two methods are considered more accurate for transient heat debt calculation. Although cases of individual acclimation were found, these were different among the subjects, resulting in pooled responses that indicated no group acclimation by means of any of the three methods of calculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Human thermoregulatory responses to cold air are altered by repeated cold water immersion

The effects of repeated cold water immersion on thermoregulatory responses to cold air were studied in seven males. A cold air stress test (CAST) was performed before and after completion of an acclimation program consisting of daily 90-min cold (18 degrees C) water immersion, repeated 5 times/wk for 5 consecutive wk. The CAST consisted of resting 30 min in a comfortable [24 degrees C, 30% relative humidity (rh)] environment followed by 90 min in cold (5 degrees C, 30% rh) air. Pre- and postacclimation, metabolism (M) increased (P less than 0.01) by 85% during the first 10 min of CAST and thereafter rose slowly. After acclimation, M was lower (P less than 0.02) at 10 min of CAST compared with before, but by 30 min M was the same. Therefore, shivering onset may have been delayed following acclimation. After acclimation, rectal temperature (Tre) was lower (P less than 0.01) before and during CAST, and the drop in Tre during CAST was greater (P less than 0.01) than before. Mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) was lower (P less than 0.01) following acclimation than before, and acclimation resulted in a larger (P less than 0.02) Tre-to-Tsk gradient. Plasma norepinephrine increased during both CAST (P less than 0.002), but the increase was larger (P less than 0.004) following acclimation. These findings suggest that repeated cold water immersion stimulates development of true cold acclimation in humans as opposed to habituation. The cold acclimation produced appears to be of the insulative type.     

Reduced hyperpnea-induced bronchospasm following repeated cold air challenge

This study assessed reduction in expiratory function in 12 asthmatic subjects both after 5 min of cold air provocation (CAP) with dry air conditioned to approximately 0 degrees C and after exercise (to 85% of predicted maximum heart rate) while breathing ambient room air (approximately 21 degrees C and 40% relative humidity). These assessments were done both before and after the following training protocol. Three 5-min periods of isocapnic cold air hyperpnea separated by 5-min rest periods were performed breathing 0 degrees to -10 degrees C air, for 36 sessions over 12 wk. As expected, pretraining expiratory function was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) after both CAP and exercise. The posttraining reduction in expiratory function after CAP and exercise, however, was significantly less pronounced (largest P less than 0.05). These data support our hypothesis that repeated bouts of cold air challenge result in airway acclimatization to cold air and consequent decrease in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Acclimatization may result directly either by habituation of the airways or by vasodilation leading to increased bronchial blood flow and consequent reduced airway cooling. An unanticipated finding, though, is that repeated cold air challenge may also cause long-term inflammatory changes in the airways. A significant percentage of subjects experienced reduced base-line pulmonary function and overall exacerbation of asthma symptoms during the training period.     

Electrical activity of the brain during isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air

The influence of hyperventilation on the electrical activity of the brain has conventionally been the subject of study of physiologists. The role of the brain in the adaptation to the inhalation of cold air remains to be understood in more detail. The aim of the study was to determine certain features of the cerebral response to isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air and to reveal the correlation of its electric activity in different modes of ventilation, with the pattern of quiet breathing and the forced expiration parameters. Twenty-one apparently healthy volunteers were subjected to comprehensive functional examination. Qualitative differences in the ?-rhythm relative power were revealed under the conditions of isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air. The specific features of the correlation of the electrical activity of the brain provoked by cold with the breathing pattern and the bronchomotor tone were revealed.     

Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats

In mammals, somatosensory input activates feedback and feed-forward inhibitory circuits within the spinal cord dorsal horn to modulate sensory processing and thereby affecting sensory perception by the brain. Conventionally, feedback and feed-forward inhibitory activity evoked by somatosensory input to the dorsal horn is believed to be driven by glutamate, the principle excitatory neurotransmitter in primary afferent fibers. Substance P (SP), the prototypic neuropeptide released from primary afferent fibers to the dorsal horn, is regarded as a pain substance in the mammalian somatosensory system due to its action on nociceptive projection neurons. Here we report that endogenous SP drives a novel form of feed-forward inhibitory activity in the dorsal horn. The SP-driven feed-forward inhibitory activity is long-lasting and has a temporal phase distinct from glutamate-driven feed-forward inhibitory activity. Compromising SP-driven feed-forward inhibitory activity results in behavioral sensitization. Our findings reveal a fundamental role of SP in recruiting inhibitory activity for sensory processing, which may have important therapeutic implications in treating pathological pain conditions using SP receptors as targets.