俞藤属—葡萄科一新属

作者在研究中国葡萄科植物过程中发现分布于中国亚热带、尼泊尔和印度卡西山区一些植物种自成一类,与葡萄科现有属的定义不符,命名为一新属-愈藤属（YuaC.L.Li)。文中讨论了它与爬山虎属（Parthenocissus Planch.)、崖爬藤属（TetrastigmaPlanch.)、乌蔹莓属（CayratiaJuss.)和蛇葡萄属（Ampelopsis Michx.)的区别,并在野外和栽培条件下观察了某些重要属级鉴定性状在个体发育过程中的表现,以证明其可靠。为了正确鉴定这个属和种类,给出了包括这些属在内的国产葡萄科植物分属检索表和该属的分种检索表,最后,讨论了俞藤属的地理分布及其意义。     

西藏列当科新记录属——豆列当属

在西藏八宿县然乌镇安久拉山垭口进行植物多样性调查时,发现一种寄生植物,经过查阅文献、核对模式标本,最终鉴定为列当科(Orobanchaceae)豆列当属(Mannagettaea)植物矮生豆列当(Mannagettaea hummelii H. Smith)。该种分布在中国及俄罗斯(萨彦岭地区),国内记载仅分布在甘肃、青海、四川;西藏为新记录属。该发现丰富了西藏的植物区系,同时将矮生豆列当分布海拔提升至4 459 m。凭证标本现存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN)。     

中国蚜科一新纪录属--麻黄蚜属(同翅目:蚜科)

报道中国蚜科Aphididae 1新纪录属－麻黄蚜属Ephedraphis Hille Ris Lambers,1959和1新纪录种－麻黄蚜Ephedraphis gobica Szelegiewicz,1963。该蚜虫取食具有重要药用价值和固沙作用的麻黄属Ephedra spp.植物。麻黄蚜在中国采自宁夏回族自治区的盐池县和铜川市,国外分布在蒙古国,文中记述了麻黄蚜无翅孤雌蚜和有支孤雌蚜的形态特征及在中国的地理分布,绘制了形态特征图,研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物研究进展

从分类历史、地理分布、实验生物学研究等方面综述了中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物的研究进展,并就该属植物分类、实验生物学、种质资源保护与开发利用等未来研究方向和重点提出了建议。     

中国苦苣苔科三特有属花粉形态研究

对中国苦苣苔科异片苣苔属、长檐苣苔属和报春苣苔属等3个特有属中3种代表植物的花粉形态进行了光镜和扫描电镜的观察。结果发现这些植物的花粉形状比较一致,均为长球形或近球形,表明花粉形状对苦苣苔科的系统与分类没有太大的参考价值。观察到两种类型的花粉外壁纹饰:细网状纹饰、粗网状纹饰;异片苣苔属具粗网状纹饰,长檐苣苔属和报春苣苔属具细网状纹饰。还讨论了一些花粉外壁纹饰特征在苦苣苔科的系统研究方面的潜在价值。     

梧桐科一些属的分类位置探讨

梧桐科（Ｓｔｅｒｃｕｌｉａｃｅａｅ）是锦葵目中的一个多型科,科的特征比较比样化。自从Ｅ．Ｐ．Ｖｅｎｔｅｎａｔ（１８３０）建立该科以来,对于该科范围和包含的属种数目,各国学者至今尚存在各种不同的看法。作者认为,火桐属（Ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｓｉｓ）应当从梧桐属（Ｆｉｒｍｉａｎａ）中分出成为单独的属;午时花属（Ｐｅｎｔａｐｅｔｅｓ）不应归入锦葵科（Ｍａｌｖａｃｅａｅ）,应当置于梧桐科;田麻属（Ｃｏｒｃｈｏｒ     

中国柽麦蛾属研究（鳞翅目：麦蛾科）

柽麦蛾属(Ornativalva Gozmany,1955)隶属于麦蛾科(Gelechiidae)、麦蛾亚科(Gelechiinae)、麦蛾族(Gelechiini)。全世界已记录45种和亚种,其中已知寄主的12个种,除一种可取食柽柳属(Tamarix)和瓣鳞花属(Frankenia)植物外,其余的只取食柽柳属植物。该属的分布与柽柳属植物的分布几乎完全一致,分布在非洲、南欧、印度和蒙古。我国北方柽柳属植物分布广泛,但过去仅有一种该属昆虫的分布记录。     

红豆杉科及三尖杉科的分子系统发育——兼论竹柏属的系统位置

测定了红豆杉科、三尖杉科、罗汉松科及松科共9属13种植物的matK基因序列,发现3′端的单碱基插入造成mat k基因在这些类群间有较大的长度变异(1488∽1548bp),其它插入或缺失的长度为3、6或9bp(白豆杉中有一个长为27bp的缺失),且绝大多数插入或缺失事件具有系统发育信息。matK基因中,密码子第1、2及3位的变异率较为相近,平均同义替代率约为平均非同义替代率的2倍。以松科2属3种植物为外类群,运用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析仅得到一棵最简约树(步长为895,CI=0．850,RI=0．876),该简约树的各分支均得到bootstrap分析的极强支持。结果表明：红豆杉科与三尖杉科均为单系群,二者互为姐妹群;白豆杉属与穗花杉属为红豆杉科中两个很自然的属,白豆杉属为红豆杉属的姐妹群,穗花杉属为榧树属的姐妹群。竹柏属与罗汉松属聚为一支,二者间的亲缘关系得到boot-strap分析的100％支持,从分支分类学及遗传距离角度,作者不赞同将竹柏属提升为科。     

树蟾科及其属种检索

树蟾科肩带弧胸型,椎体前凹型,舌卵圆形,后端微有缺刻;指、趾末两节间有间介软骨,指、趾末端有吸盘,适于树栖。树蟾科现有37属,约630种。北美、西印度、南美热带、澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚、新几内亚和所罗门岛等均有分布。以中美、南美及大洋洲种类最多,北美次之。我国现仅有1属9种。     

鳞毛蕨科四个属的染色体数目

报道了鳞毛蕨科的4个属(毛枝蕨属Leptorumohra、石盖蕨属Lithostegia、黔蕨属Phanerophlebiopsis和柳叶蕨属Cyrtogonellum)6种植物的染色体数目及生殖方式。其中柳叶蕨Cyrtogonellum fraxinellum 'n'=123, 2n=123; 离脉柳叶蕨C. caducum 'n'=123; 斜基柳叶蕨C. inaequalis 2n=123; 四回毛枝蕨Leptorumohra quadripinnata n=41; 石盖蕨Lithostegia foeniculacea 2n=164; 长叶黔蕨Phanerophlebiopsis neopodophylla 2n=82。石盖蕨属、黔蕨属和柳叶蕨属的染色体数目为首次报道。结果表明这3个属的染色体基数和鳞毛蕨科中其他属一样均为x=41。细胞学证据支持将石盖蕨属、黔蕨属置于鳞毛蕨科的处理。本文还发现柳叶蕨属与贯众属Cyrtomium的一些种一样, 具有无融合生殖方式, 而其他3个属仅具有在蕨类植物中较为常见的有性生殖方式。     

海南铜鼓岭与五指山种子植物属的比较研究

铜鼓岭位于海南省东北部,共有维管植物166科626属984种及变种。五指山位于海南岛中部山区,共有维管植物196科911属2146种及变种。前者共有单型科54科,单种属431属,分别占科和属总数的27.11%,68.74%;后者共有单型科35科,单种属496属,分别占科及属总数17.77%,54.5%。说明五指山物种组成比铜鼓岭的更丰富,但两个区系属内种系分化程度都较弱。区系分析表明:(1)铜鼓岭以泛热带分布占优势,热带亚洲分布次之,分别占该区非世界分布属总数的34.5%和17.8%;五指山以热带亚洲分布占优势,泛热带分布次之,分别占非世界分布属总数的37.5%和24.1%;两个区系热带性质强烈,但前者以泛热带分布为主,后者以热带亚洲成分为主。(2)铜鼓岭共有35种海南特有种,占海南536个海南特有种(变种)的6.53%;五指山共有284个海南特有种,五指山特有种16种,占海南特有种的52.99%,说明其在海南植物区系中比铜鼓岭更重要。     

海南和台湾蕨类植物多样性及其大陆性特征

海南和台湾是我国南部和东部两个最重要的大陆性岛屿,具有极为丰富的蕨类植物多样性。特有现象揭示着植物区系和植物多样性的历史,间断分布揭示着与邻近或相关植物区系的联系;特别是在岛屿地区,这种现象和意义尤其明显。海南有蕨类植物区系55科、135属、466种,其中特有种有32种,台湾蕨类植物区系57科、142属、599种,其中特有种达66种。在海南与台湾两地,有共有属104属,共有种仅有176种。台湾海峡出现始于晚白垩世,持续至第四纪;琼州海峡出现于早第四纪,因此,两地的特有现象远少于种子植物(台湾有801种,海南有501种),原因与蕨类植物具有更广的散布性相关,而且在被子植物中起重要作用的物种生物学障碍(机制)在蕨类是缺乏的;形态学的、生殖生物学特征导致蕨类植物具有较缓慢的物种演化历史和较低的灭绝率(Smith,1972)。海南和台湾蕨类植物区系的比较还表明,地理位置和海拔高度对植物区系的物种分化和物种多样性产生了极大的影响。     

海南岛吊罗山种子植物区系分析

吊罗山位于海南岛东南部 ,约 1 8°5 0′N,1 0 9°5 0′E,为北热带地区 ,其种子植物区系共有种子植物1 71科、846属、1 90 0种 (裸子植物 4科 5属 1 0种 ,被子植物 1 67科 841属 1 890种 )。区系分析表明 :(1 )地理成分以泛热带、热带成分占绝对优势 (非世界属总数的 84.2 9% ) ;(2 )纯热带成分不形成区系和植被的表征 ,许多泛热带、热带种类已接近其分布北限 ;山地成分表现出热带、亚热带 -温带成分相互渗透的特点 ;(3 )该区系在海南岛整体区系中占重要位置 ,特有现象较突出 ,有海南岛地区特有属 4个 ,其它中国特有属 6个 ;吊罗山包括邻近的陵水县有 2 3 7个海南岛地区特有种 ,占全部 5 3 6个海南特有种 (变种 )的 44.2 2 % ;吊罗山特有种 5 2个 ,占海南全部特有种的 9.7% ,这表明该区系在海南森林区系中具重要意义。     

论中国海南岛的生物地理起源

当前海南岛植物区系以热带分布的科和属占绝对优势,在属的地理成分上热带亚洲分布属的比例最高,显示出它是一个热带性质的植物区系,并具有热带亚洲亲缘。在海南植物区系中,仅有7个特有属和约10%的特有种,极低的特有性显示了它具有明显的大陆起源特征。通过比较研究发现,中国海南植物区系与越南植物区系关系最密切,其次是广西植物区系。在哺乳动物上,也显示出与植物区系类似的生物地理格局,中国海南与越南的联系最密切。古植物学研究揭示海南岛在始新世时曾具有亚热带性质的植物区系和亚热带气候,处在比现今更北的位置。古地磁学研究揭示在中生代时期海南岛连接着越南和中国广西,处于比现在高5~6个纬度的位置。综合各方面的研究,我们从生物地理的角度提出中国海南岛在始新世时曾连接着越南和中国广西,后来发生了向东南移动和旋转,最终到达现在的位置。     

Biogeographical Evidences Help Revealing the Origin of Hainan Island

Both the continental or island origin of Hainan, and the Indo-Malaysian or East Asian affinity of its flora, are debatable. In this study, 196 families, 1283 genera and 3894 species of Hainan plants were recognized. Patterns of seed plant distribution were quantified at the generic and the family levels. The floras of Vietnam, and the adjacent Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of mainland China, were compared with Hainan. The results showed that the flora of Hainan Island is dominated by families and genera with tropical distributions. Among its floristic elements, tropical Asian distributions make up 23.85% of the total flora, while East Asian distributions contribute only 3.74%. There are only 7 genera and c. 10% of species endemic to Hainan Island. The Hainan flora has strong similarities to the flora of Vietnam at the family and the generic levels, and also to the flora of Guangxi, but less with the adjacent Guangdong province. The main conclusions are: Hainan’s flora is tropical in nature with a strongly tropical Asian affinity, and it has very low endemism at the generic and species levels, which implies a continental origin. We conjecture that Hainan Island could have been adjacent to northern Vietnam and the Guangxi at least in Eocene. This suggestion is supported by palaeobotanical, palaeomagnetic and volcanism studies.     

海南铜铁岭地区植被和种子植物区系研究

海南铜铁岭地区植被类型为热带低地雨林,其垂直分布变化不太明显。该地区共有野生种子植物161科、664属、1243种(含变种)。该区系热带性质强烈,其中泛热带和热带亚洲成分占优势,各占总属数(除去世界属)的28.64％和28.01％;在种级水平上,热带成分占绝大多数;本地区中国特有种279种,占总种数的22．65％,其中海南特有植物121种,占该地区中国特有种的43．37％。讨论了该地区与临近4个不同纬度地区植物区系的关系。     

海南岛尖峰岭地区种子植物区系组成及地理成分研究

尖峰岭地区位于海南岛西南部 ,面积约 470 km2 ,有种子植物 1 83科、90 6属、2 0 87种及变种。区系组成及地理成分分析结果表明 ,本区种子植物区系有如下特征 :(1 )科属种的组成较为丰富 ,但属内种系较贫乏、分化程度弱 ;(2 )地理成分复杂 ,以热带成分、热带亚洲成分占优势 ,特有成分也相对较丰富 ,是海南岛整体区系的重要组成部分 ;(3)区系有一定邃古性 ,本质上是华夏植物区系不可分割的一部分。     

Quantitative Analysis of Genera Endemic to China

Chinese flora with many endemic elements is highly important in the world’s flora. According to recent statistics there are about 196 genera of spermatophytes, being 6.5% of total Chinese genera. These endemic genera comprising 377 species belong to 68 families, among which the Gesneriaceae (28 genera), Umbelliferae (13), Compositae (13), Orchidaceae (12) and Labiatae (10) are predominant. The tropical type containing 24 families and 80 genera is dominant. After it follows the temperate type with 23 families and 50 genera. There are also 4 families endemic to China, i.e. Ginkgoaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Eucommiaceae and Davidiaceae. It shows that genera endemic to China are obviously related to the tropical and temperate flora in essence. The endemic monotypic genera (139) and endemic obligotypic genera (48) combined make up more than 95% of the total number of genera endemic to China. Phylogenetically more than half of them are ancient or primitive. The life forms of all endemic genera are also diverse. Herbs, especially perennial herbs, prevail with the proportion of about 62%, and trees and shrubs are the next, with 33%, and the rest are lianas. Based upon the calculated number of genera endemic to China in each province and the similarity coefficents between any two provinces, some conclusions may be drawn as follows: Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces combined are the distribution centre of genera endemic to China and may be their original or differentiation area, because numerous endemic genera, including various groups, exist in these two provinces. The second is Guizhou where there are 62 endemic genera. Others form a declining order, south China, central China and east China. But towards the north China endemic genera decrease gradually, and the Qinling Range is an important distributional limit. The largest simitarity coefficient, over 50%, appears between Shaanxi and Gansu probably because of the Qinling Range linking these two provinces. But between any other two provinces it is less than 30% and it is generaly larger between two south provinces than between two north provinces. These characteristics mentioned above are correlated with topography and climate, and they may be resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time.     

On Genera Endemic to China and Occurring in Xizang Plateau Flora

The Xizang (Tibetan) flora with numerous endemics is of importance in Chinese flora. According to recent statistics there are in Xizang 27 genera of spermatophytes endemic to China, being only 2.25% percent of the total number of genera in the Xizang flora. Four of them are regarded as palaeoendemics (14.81%) and the others as neoendemics (85.19%). These endemic genera, of 30 species and 3 varieties, belong to 17 families, of which, Umbelliferae contains 6 genera, 7 species and 3 varieties; Compositae has 6 genera and 7 species, and Gentianaceae 1 genus and 2 species. All the other families each comprises one genus with a single species. The cosmopolitan families together comprising 14 genera with 15 species have the highest perecentage (52.92%) and the tropical ones (5 families, 5 genera with 5 species) come to the next (29.42%), followed by the temperate ones (3 families, 10 genera with 10 species) (17.66%). It shows that these endemic genera are obviously related to the tropical flora and temperate one in essence. According to the number of species, the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang flora may be grouped as fallows. Monotypic endemic ones 14 (51.85%) Ditypic endemic ones 6 (22.22%) Oligotypic endemic ones 4 (14.81%) Small endemic ones 3 (11.11%) The formation of the endemic genera is correlated with the topography, climate and environmental conditions, and they may have resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time. The southeastern part of Xizang Plateau is of very diverse ecological conditions, with the adequate precipitation, which may explain the concentration of these endemic genera in this region. The largest similarity coefficient (38.30%) of the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang is with those in Qinghai Plateau, next, with those in Yunnan and in Sichuan provinces (both 27.60%), which shows that these endemic genera are related to the floras of the regions mentioned above. The difference in the horizontal distribution of these endemic genera is obviously between the southern and northern parts of Xizang Plateau. The vertical distribution of the genera is also rather obvious, from 800 m to 5200 m above sea level, but concentrated in the zone of 3000 m to 4500 mm. Therefore their occurrence in Xizang is not only affected by the historical environmental conditions but also controlled by the horizontal and vertical distribution. The origin and evolution of some endemic genera, such as Psammosilene, Parateropyrum, Sphaerotylos, Salweenia, Ajaniopsis, Xizangia, Sinoleontopodium, are discussed in this paper. Parateropyrum, a monotypic palaeotropic endemic, belongs to the tribe Atraphaxideae including Atraphaxis, Calligonum and Pteropyrum. It may be a comparatively advanced group in the tribe, and is closely related to the genus Pteropyrum which is distributed in western Asia. The genus Parapteropyrum has possibly survived as a palaetropic-tertiary relic in this region. Sphaerotylos, a member of the subtribe Sphaerotylinae, the tribe Boehmerieae in the family Urticaceae, is a comparatively primitive genus in the tribe Boehmerieae so far known. As the other subtribes, such as Boehmerinae, Sarconchlamydinae, Orecnidinae and Maoutinae, are distributed in the tropics, rarely in the subtropics, the genus is no doubt a palaetropic -tertiary relic. Sinoleontopodium, belonging to the tribe lnuleae in Compositae, is also related to the genus Leontopodium. It is probable that the genus Sinoleontopodium arised later than the other. We come to the conclusion that the southern part of Xizang Plateau is also one of thecentres of the origin and differentiation of genera endemic to China.     

海南文昌维管植物区系特征分析

采用全面踏查结合文献研究的方法,对海南文昌地区维管植物组成、区系成分、分布区类型进行了研究。结果显示,文昌地区共计有维管束植物201科777属1397种,其中蕨类植物31科46属67种,种子植物170科731属1330种;野生种子植物634属1183种(包括珍稀濒危植物25种,海南特有种49种)。在属级水平上,文昌植物区系以热带成分占绝对优势,热带、亚热带成分占非世界分布总属数的93.23%。在种级水平上,热带亚洲成分和中国特有成分是该地区植物区系的主要组成部分,其中热带亚洲分布及其变型的分布种最多,占非世界广布种的47.26%;中国特有种占非世界广布种的12.01%。此外,村落风水林保存了大量当地珍稀植物和古树名木,对当地生物多样性保护具有重要意义,建议当地政府加强对村落风水林的保护。