芥子油苷在甘蓝蚜寄主部位选择行为中的作用

利用刺吸电位技术（EPG）记录甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae在芥菜Sinapis alba 不同部位上的取食行为,同时用高压液相色谱（HPLC）分析芥菜相应部位的芥子油苷(glucosinolates)含量,据此分析芥子油苷在甘蓝蚜对寄主部位偏好行为中的作用。选择芥菜三个部位进行取食行为记录和化学分析,即新出完全叶(第7片)的叶片、叶柄,以及花茎。相对于其它两个部位,甘蓝蚜的口针在花茎上用较少的刺探次数和较短的时间到达韧皮部;一旦口针进入韧皮部持续吸食阶段,蚜虫在三个部位的取食行为没有太大的差异。只在花茎的表皮和皮层中测定到较高含量的白芥子苷（glucosinalbin）。因此,本实验的结果证明,白芥子苷是甘蓝蚜寄主部位选择的关键信号化学物质或取食促进剂。     

麦长管蚜在高CO2浓度下生长的抗性与感性小麦品种上的取食行为

在加倍CO2浓度(0.7 mL/L)的人工气候箱中培养小麦感蚜品种(铭贤169)和抗蚜品种(KOK1679)幼苗30d,正常CO2浓度(0.35 mL/L)处理为对照.应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fab.),在苗期小麦上的取食行为进行了比较研究.结果表明:蚜虫在加倍CO2浓度下生长的2个小麦品种上的取食过程中,电势降落次数(pd波个数)显著增加,刺探总时间(C波总时间)显著延长,首次出现在小麦韧皮部取食的时间(E2)显著滞后,被动取食持续时间(E2波的总时间)显著拉长.因此,加倍CO2浓度可能通过影响小麦而对麦长管蚜的取食行为产生了明显的间接影响.     

“EB-82灭蚜菌”制剂对老龄菜青虫室内作用研究——拒食方法应用

通过不同农药处理菜青虫 ,对其生长量、取食量及干重进行拒食性分析 ,验证“EB 82灭蚜菌”菌剂作用于老龄菜青虫 (Pierisrapae)幼虫的方式 ,利用拒食方法 ,比较不同处理菜青虫幼虫存活率、取食量、体重干重、粪便干重 ,通过方差分析 ,差异极显著 ,F =6.35～ 70 2 .16>F0 .0 1( 4 ,10 ) =5.994 ;进一步利用最小显著极差法 (LSR)分析 ,“EB 82灭蚜菌”菌剂与敌敌畏、饥饿和对照处理均差异极显著 ,p =5时 ,LSR0 .0 1=7.70 1,相差为 7.7～ 92 .3。     

多种植物提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的拒食活性研究

采用改进的蜜露色斑法 ,测试 34种植物乙醇提取物 (0 0 1g干重·mL-1,0 0 1gDW·mL-1)和几种天然源药剂对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)取食的影响。结果表明 ,白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott.、苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPrtr.etWidd、白花非洲山毛豆Tephrosiavo gelliHook .的提取物对两种蚜虫的活性均较高 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别达 0 6 82、0 6 2 9和 0 80 6 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 4 0 5、0 370和 0 383,与对照之间差异极显著 ;油茶Camelliaoleifera和花椒Zanthoxylumschinifolium的提取物拒食作用亦较强 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 5 2和 0 5 14 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 70和 0 5 18。三种药剂 (0 3%印楝素乳油、鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂 )在所测试的浓度对两种蚜虫的拒食率均达 0 719以上 ,拒食效果显著。     

不同大豆品种上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的种群参数

【目的】探讨不同大豆品种对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum种群参数的影响,为大豆品种的抗蚜性评价及豌豆蚜的预测预报与综合防治提供试验依据。【方法】在光周期10L∶14D、温度23±1℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光照强度212μmol/m~2·s的人工气候箱中,观察和分析4个大豆品种(汾豆牧绿2号、南夏豆25、南黑豆20和南豆5号)叶片上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的成虫寿命、繁殖和种群生命表参数。【结果】在大豆品种汾豆牧绿2号上,红绿两种色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命均最短,繁殖力均最弱,且红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长1.07 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的29.93倍;在南夏豆25上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.46 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的5.86倍;在南黑豆20上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.47 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.54倍;在南豆5号上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型短0.02 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.41倍。【结论】不同大豆品种对红色和绿色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响不同,且两种色型豌豆蚜对不同大豆品种适应性反应也不相同。     

不同食物对烟粉虱三种寄生蜂取食寄生等行为的影响

【目的】就不同食物对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)寄生蜂取食、寄生等行为的影响进行分析,以阐明食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂取食、寄生等生物学行为的影响机制。【方法】以古桥桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus furuhashii、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa和双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata为研究对象,分别以蜂蜜水、2~3龄烟粉虱若虫及清水进行饲喂,观察和研究分析3种食物来源对3种蚜小蜂取食与寄生等行为的影响。【结果】3种蚜小蜂均以取食15%蜂蜜水的蚜小蜂的取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最高、分配时间最长,而取食清水的蚜小蜂取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最低、分配时间最短;取食不同食物后,3种蚜小蜂各种行为的变化趋势一致。【结论】不同食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂的取食及寄生等行为有着显著的影响,进而可以影响到蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的生物防治效率。     

大豆蚜寄生蜂豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂室内生物学特性观察

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum( Marshall)是大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura的一种重要寄生蜂.在实验室条件下,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期、繁殖力、寿命和性比等指标,以及成蜂的羽化、取食、产卵行为等生物学特性进行了观察描述.结果表明:在19 ～31℃范围内,发育历期随着温...     

几个粳稻品种抗白背飞虱的研究

本研究用苗期群体鉴定法对若干水稻品种进行了抗白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)比较测定,并探讨籼、粳稻品种抗性差异和粳稻抗性性质.结果指出:在供试“80079”,“中国91”、“盐粳2号”等粳稻品种上,白背飞虱生物学表现明显不同.粳稻抗性可分两类:(1)“80079”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,对种群为害还表现有耐虫性;(2)“中国91”、“盐粳2号”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,但却有一定的拒产卵机制,对种群为害还兼有耐虫性,从而能有效地抑制白背飞虱种群的建立.     

麦蚜在不同抗级小麦上刺吸行为的比较

应用EPG(E1ectrical Penetration Graph)技术记录了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae F.及禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi L.在不同抗性级别的小麦品种(红芒红、小白冬麦、kok1679和L₁)上的取食行为。结果表明,麦蚜在参试品种上刺吸的各种特征波型基本相同,但其出现时间、重复出现的次数及历期长短存在差异,其中自开始记录至第一次出现E₁：波的时间及E₂。波历期比率可做为参试品种是否抗蚜的主要生理性指标。依据主要波型统计参数用聚类分析方法对参试品种抗蚜性进行分类,其结果与室内生命表参数研究及田间鉴定结果基本一致。本文还对EPG在抗性因子定位、抗蚜鉴定中作用及EPG记录的影响因素略作讨论。     

取食雄蜂蛹粉对龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫卵黄发生的影响

本文比较了龟纹瓢虫Proylea japonica和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis取食蚜虫和取食雄蜂蛹粉时的卵黄发生情况.当取食雄蜂蛹粉时,体内卵黄蛋白出现迟,积累速度慢,产卵前期长.但用保幼激素类似物ZR512点滴处理后则能达到与食蚜对照相当的水平.ZR512对取食雄蜂蛹粉瓢虫的作用显著大于取食岈虫者.进一步的研究表明,ZR512能促进这两种瓢虫取食雄蜂蛹粉,但对成虫的体重没有明显的影响.因此推论,雄蜂蛹粉基本能够满足这两种瓢虫生殖的营养需要,但对其内分泌有一定的影响,使瓢虫处于类似生殖滞育的状态.本文根据不同食物条件对卵黄蛋白发生的影响不同,建议用卵黄蛋白的量作为生理指标,以快速初步筛选和评估人工饲料.     

Responses of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) to leaf excision in resistant and susceptible sorghum

Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were reared on intact and excised leaves of varieties of sorghum which differed in their suitability as hosts for this aphid. Aphids grew poorly on intact leaves of three resistant varieties, but grew well on excised leaves of the same varieties. Leaf excision did not affect aphid growth on three susceptible varieties. By electronically monitoring the feeding behaviour of aphids on two resistant and one susceptible variety, significant differences were found in many parameters between aphids assayed on excised vs. intact leaves of only the resistant varieties. Aphids on excised leaves of the resistant varieties, and on excised or intact leaves of the susceptible variety, made fewer probes to the phloem, spending more time ingesting from phloem during each probe, compared to aphids on intact resistant plants. There was a higher level of free amino acids in excised leaves of all varieties, but aphid growth and feeding behaviour improved as a result of excision only on resistant varieties. This observation, coupled with the fact that intact plants of all varieties have similar amino acid levels, indicates that these nutrients are not of primary importance in sorghum suitability to the greenbug. Other explanations for the aphids' responses to excised leaves are discussed.     

Assessment of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, and their natural enemies on aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible wheat varieties in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is an important cotton pest in northern China, especially in the seedling stage of cotton. After large scale commercial use of transgenic Bt cotton, cotton aphids became one of the most important cotton pests. A 2‐year study was conducted to evaluate the role of four winter wheat varieties that were resistant or susceptible to wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae), in conserving arthropod natural enemies and suppressing cotton aphids in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system in northern China. The results indicated that wheat–cotton intercropping preserved and augmented natural enemies more than a monoculture of cotton. The density of natural enemies in cotton was significantly different among relay‐intercropping fields with different wheat varieties. The highest density of natural enemies and low cotton aphid populations were found in the treatment of cotton in relay intercropped with the wheat variety Lovrin10, which is susceptible to wheat aphid. The lowest density of predators and parasitoids associated with high cotton aphid populations were found with the wheat variety KOK1679, which is resistant to wheat aphid. The results showed that wheat varieties that are susceptible or moderately resistant to wheat aphid might reduce cotton aphids more effectively than an aphid‐resistant variety in the intercropping system by enhancing predators to suppress cotton aphids during the cotton seedling stage.     

不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的抗性

在大田对18个品种98-10-34、PI-矮、千斤早、XZ1三代、AmigoF3、98-10-30、98-10-35、Tm44、98-10-9、Amigo、XZ13三代、98-10-32、AmigoF2、AmigoF4、PI-高、XZ13母本、陕229及Largo进行耐害性测定,对小麦的感蚜量做了系统调查,分别分析各品种耐害补偿功能及自然感蚜特征之间的关系。结果显示:品种Tm44、AmigoF3、Amigo、AmigoF2、AmigoF4和98-10-9虽然自然感蚜率比较高,但与同类相比减产率却不高;品种Largo、98-10-32、陕229、98-10-35、XZ13母本、PI-高和XZ1三代自然感蚜率比较低,而且其减产率也相对较低;品种PI-矮不仅自然感蚜率高,减产率也排名第二;98-10-34为明显感虫品种,还有98-10-30、XZ13三代和千斤早因为虽然感蚜率最小,但减产率相对较高,所以也是感虫品种。采用室内网罩饲养实验系统研究4个小麦品种陕229、98-10-9、Tm44和largo对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)生命周期及生殖情况等的影响,同时通过组建不用品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜增长之间的关系。结果表明:不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的存活率,发育历期和净增值率的影响明显不同,品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。     

Tripartite Interactions of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus,Sitobion avenae and Wheat Varieties

The tripartite interactions in a pathosystem involving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and the BYDV vector aphid Sitobion avenae were studied under field conditions to determine the impact of these interactions on aphid populations, virus pathology and grain yield. Wheat varietal resistance to BYDV and aphids varied among the three wheat varieties studied over two consecutive years. The results demonstrated that (1) aphid peak number (APN) in the aphid + BYDV (viruliferous aphid) treatment was greater and occurred earlier than that in the non-viruliferous aphid treatment. The APN and the area under the curve of population dynamics (AUC) on a S. avenae-resistant variety 98-10-30 was significantly lower than on two aphid-susceptible varieties Tam200(13)G and Xiaoyan6. (2) The production of alatae (PA) was greater on the variety 98-10-30 than on the other varieties, and PA was greater in the aphid + BYDV treatment on 98-10-30 than in the non-viruliferous aphid treatment, but this trend was reversed on Tam200(13)G and Xiaoyan6. (3) The BYDV disease incidence (DIC) on the variety 98-10-30 was greater than that on the other two varieties in 2012, and the disease index (DID) on Tam200(13)G was lower than on the other varieties in the aphid + BYDV and BYDV treatments in 2012, but not in 2011 when aphid vector numbers were generally lower. (4) Yield loss in the aphid + BYDV treatment tended to be greater than that in the aphid or BYDV alone treatments across varieties and years. We suggested that aphid population development and BYDV transmission tend to promote each other under field conditions. The aphids + BYDV treatment caused greater yield reductions than non-viruliferous aphids or virus treatment. Wheat varietal resistance in 98-10-30 affects the aphid dispersal, virus transmission and wheat yield loss though inhibits aphid populations from increasing.     

Vertical and Temporal Distribution of Aphis gossypii Glover and Coccinellid Populations on Different Chilli (Capsicum annuum) Varieties

The vertical and temporal distribution of an aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and the coccinellid populations on six chilli varieties were studied. The total number of apterous aphid per plant stratum was significantly different among plant strata of a particular variety (treatment) as well as among the treatments. Generally, the total number of aphids was significantly greater in the lower stratum than in the middle and upper strata. However, the varieties with erect and open plant architecture (Kulai and MC 11) had significantly less number of apterous aphids at all strata as compared to varieties with compact or prostrate plant architectures. There was a significant difference in the total number of coccinellids per plant strata among the treatments but not within a treatment. The distribution of apterous aphid populations varied significantly among sampling periods and treatments. The temporal distribution of coccinellids showed a similar trend as that of apterous aphids. The total number of alate aphids caught per week was significantly different among the sampling periods. However, its population was significantly greater during the early season and gradually declined as the season progressed except during June 18 to 24. The importance of recording the most observed coccinellids species, which limit the aphid populations at each particular plant stratum per variety, and the conditions that favor natural enemies are also discussed.     

桃蚜取食行为对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应

【目的】近年来随着人类活动的增加,温室气体尤其是大气CO_2浓度升高造成的虫害爆发已成为国际上关注的焦点,因此,研究拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana上桃蚜取食行为的变化对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应意义重大。【方法】本研究以拟南芥和绿色桃蚜Myzus persicae为研究对象,利用野生型拟南芥Col-0,茉莉酸途径信号传导缺失突变体(jar1)、水杨酸途径信号传导缺失突变体(npr1)、乙烯途径信号传导缺失突变体(ein2-5)为材料,以大气CO_2浓度升高为影响因子,利用刺吸式电位仪(EPG)记录了桃蚜在不同处理的拟南芥上的取食波形。【结果】研究结果发现:CO_2浓度升高缩短了Col-0和jar1植株上蚜虫首次刺探时间和首次到达韧皮部的时间,却延长了npr1和ein2-5上蚜虫首次到达韧皮部的时间,降低了jar1植株上蚜虫总的刺探时间且增加了其总的取食韧皮部时间,但没有改变其它基因型植株上蚜虫总的刺探和取食时间;同时增加了野生型植株上蚜虫的刺探频率,却没有影响其它基因型植株上的刺探频率。【结论】CO_2浓度升高降低了野生型植株和jar1植株抗性,有利于蚜虫到达韧皮部;却增加了npr1和ein2-5上的植物抗性,从而不利于蚜虫到达韧皮部。     

The impact of Meu1-mediated resistance in tomato on longevity, fecundity and behavior of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

The effect of the tomato resistance gene, Meu1, on feeding, longevity, fecundity and developmental rate of the pink biotype of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae), was determined using nearly isogenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Solanaceae) lines. Aphid mortality was significantly higher on resistant plants, with 60% of the aphids dying by the 4th day of exposure. By the 10th day, all the aphids on the resistant plants were dead whereas 100% of the aphids on susceptible plants were alive. Meu1-mediated resistance resulted in significantly decreased fecundity with a ten-fold decrease in the net fertility rate (4.5 and 45.7 progeny per aphid on resistant and susceptible tomato, respectively). A qualitative analysis showed that honeydew was produced by aphids on resistant and susceptible plants, suggesting that aphids initiate feeding on both plant types. However, significantly lower quantities of honeydew were present when aphids were caged on resistant plants. There were also significant differences in aphid location on resistant and susceptible leaves. Experiments evaluating behavior in less than 24 h showed that aphids left resistant leaves after relatively short exposure (3–6 h). Aphids transferred from resistant to susceptible tomato at intervals between 3 h and 24 h resumed feeding as evidenced by presence of honeydew. Although the mechanism by which Meu1-mediated resistance operates is not yet known, our data suggest that resistance factors act rapidly after initiation of feeding and that lower fecundity and longevity are related to reduction in aphid feeding.     

Aphids do not avoid resistance in Australian lupin (Lupinus angustifolius, L. luteus) varieties

Laboratory bioassays and field trials were used to characterize resistance to three aphid species (Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, Aphis craccivora (Koch) in two aphid-resistant varieties (Kalya, Tanjil) and one susceptible variety (Tallerack) of Lupinus angustifolius L., and in one resistant variety (Teo) and one susceptible variety (Wodjil) of L. luteus L. Host selection tests in the glasshouse showed that alates of all three species preferred L. luteus to L. angustifolius, but provided no evidence that alates selected susceptible varieties over resistant. These results were supported by a field trial, which showed no difference in the number of colonizing A. kondoi alates collected from the resistant and susceptible lines of each lupin species, but there were significantly more late-instar nymphs and apterous adults on the susceptible lines. In laboratory host suitability experiments, there was much greater suppression of aphid growth and survival on Teo than on Kalya and Tanjil. In field trials, the numbers of aphids were generally lower on resistant compared to susceptible lines of both lupin species with one notable exception: M. persicae numbers were not lower on the resistant variety Tanjil compared to the susceptible variety Tallerack (L. angustifolius). These results suggest that the resistance mechanisms in both lupin species do not affect the selection of hosts by colonizing aphids, but rather are affecting the growth, survival and possibly reproduction of aphids after settling.     

棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理

通过生活在甜瓜和棉花上的棉蚜Aphisgossypii Glover的行为,研究棉蚜的寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理。生物学观察显示： 两类棉蚜在寄主植物相互交换以后,定居数显著减少,棉花蚜型棉蚜的繁殖系数及若虫存活率显著下降,说明棉蚜存在甜瓜蚜型和棉花蚜型两种寄主专化型。通过刺探电位技术研究棉蚜的取食行为,以探索其寄主专化型形成的行为机理。结果表明： 甜瓜蚜型棉蚜在棉花上的取食行为容易被中断,但其口针定位韧皮部的能力并没有显著削弱;而棉花蚜型棉蚜在甜瓜上的取食行为受到更大的影响,口针无法顺利定位至韧皮部,并在2 h内根本无法在筛管内取食。生物学观察和EPG取食行为分析都显示： 与甜瓜蚜型棉蚜相比,棉花蚜型棉蚜对寄主的要求更严格-寄主专化程度更高,对寄主的利用率更高。     

小麦抗禾缢管蚜的生化研究

通过福林法、葸酮法、滴定法等分别测定了不同抗蚜性小麦品种植株中酚、糖含量及酸度。结果表明：小麦对禾缢管蚜尺Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的抗性与小麦体内酚含量有关,抗性强的小麦其体内含酚量相对高,反之低。同时小麦抗性的强弱与体内糖含量,酸度亦有相关性。另外还测走了在不同抗性小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶及羧酸酯酶的活性,结果表明在抗性强的小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶,羧酸酯酶活性强,反之弱。