超高产水稻组合‘培矮64S/E32’的耐光氧化特性及其机理

甲基紫精（MV）介导的光氧化导致两个水稻品种‘汕优63’(目前我国大面积推广的杂交水稻)和‘培矮64S/E32’（新培育的超高产杂交水稻）细胞电解质渗漏率都增加,前者增加的量大于后者,显示‘培矮64S/E32’的细胞膜系统受光氧化的伤害小。光氧化条件下,‘培矮64S/E32’仍能维持较高的光合放氧能力（Amax、Φi）、PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ）和叶绿素荧光猝灭系数（qP、NPQ）,而且光氧化引起‘培矮64S/E32’这些参数的下降幅度也小。另外,光氧化导致了两个水稻品种抗氧化酶SOD和APX活性增加,‘培矮64S/E32’增加的幅度约为‘汕优63’的3倍。结果表明超高产水稻具有更强的耐光氧化能力。     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L．)“培矮64S／E32”和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻“汕优63”为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化。结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP—MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻“培矮64S／E32”的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于“汕优63”;PEPcase和NADP—ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升。不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△^13C值相近(19．49‰～19．82‰),在成熟期时较高。超高产水稻“培矮64S／E32”叶片的平均△^13C值比“汕优63”高0．43‰。     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)"培矮64S/E32"和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻"汕优63"为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化.结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75 d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP-MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻"培矮64S/E32"的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于"汕优63";PEPCase和NADP-ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升.不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△1aC值相近(19.49‰～19.82‰),在成熟期时较高.超高产水稻"培矮64S/E32"叶片的平均△13C值比"汕优63"高0.43‰.     

超高产杂交稻剑叶衰老过程中PSII功能的变化

对田间自然条件下培矮64S/E32和对照汕优63的剑叶衰老过程中PSII光化学效率、光能耗散和叶黄素循环组分的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ光化学效率(F/Fm)、PSII量子产量(φPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光合速率(Pn)均降低,但非辐射热耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库和中午时的脱环氧化状态则升高.移栽后55-75 d两品种剑叶的φPSII和qP变化相近,此后培矮64S/E32比汕优63下降缓慢.在生育后期的衰老过程中培矮64S/E32剑叶的PSII功能比汕优63下降慢,并具有更高的光能利用效率.     

超高产杂交稻剑叶衰老过程中的抗氧化性的变化

与对照种汕优63相比,超高产水稻组合培矮64S/E32的剑叶在生长后期具有更高的抗氧化酶(抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和小分子抗氧化剂(抗坏血酸Vc、总Vc、还原型谷胱甘肽GSH和β-胡萝卜素)含量,高的清除有机自由基DPPH·能力,更低的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量。这表明培矮64S/E32剑叶在生长后期有强的抗氧化性,这种强抗氧化性与超高产水稻在结实后期剑叶中较慢的叶绿素和蛋白质降解速度相一致。     

超级杂交水稻谷粒产量与叶光合速率的关系

在2000～2005年期间,通过测定几种超级杂交水稻与普通杂交水稻‘汕优63’的产量构成和叶片光合作用探讨了谷粒产量与光合作用的关系。结果表明:(1)4种超级杂交水稻‘培矮64S/E32’、‘P88S/O293’、‘金23A/611’和‘GD-lS/ RB207’的产量水平显著高于‘汕优63’,是对照的108%～120%。(2)与‘汕优63’相比,这些超级杂交水稻的株型好,上层叶片直立,穗大即每穗粒数多,是对照的125%～177%。(3)与‘汕优63’相比,这些组合第二叶的净光合速率显著提高,但第一叶即剑叶的未必都较高。(4)去半叶处理降低了‘GD-1S/RB207’的结实率,而去半穗处理显著提高了结实率。因此,这些超级杂交水稻的高产原因在于穗大、株型好以及群体光能利用效率高。增加单叶特别是剑叶的光合能力是克服谷粒产量的光合产物源限制和在未来的超级杂交水稻育种中实现产量潜力新突破的关键。     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型(Oryza sativa L.)杂交组合汕优63为对照,以中粳9516、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮64S/E32、培矮64S/9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优881和两系杂交组合X07S/紫恢100为材料,研究其在生育后期(抽穗-成熟)自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现.结果表明: 水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧,产生O(-)/(*)2累积,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏,发生光氧化早衰.这种现象在品种间有明显差异,耐光氧化的粳稻9516,其叶内的 Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP下降较少,具有较稳定的光能转化能力,不易早衰,具有较高的结实率;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优63其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多,易发生膜脂过氧化,导致叶片早衰,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间.从水稻超高产育种的角度出发,在目前株型良好的基础上,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重视的策略.     

在光氧化条件下不同类型高产稻的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化特点

用不同类型高产稻(Oryza sativa L.)粳稻9516、具有粳型成分的两系法亚种间杂交稻培矮64/E32、两优培九(培矮64/9311)和籼型杂交稻X07S/紫恢100、冈优881、汕优63为材料,研究了孕穗期叶片在光氧化条件下的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化表现.光氧化处理后,与籼型杂交稻比较,粳稻和具有粳型组分的亚种间杂交稻的PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的线性电子传递的量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)下降的较少;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)诱导的活性较高,活性氧 (O(-)/()2、H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)的产生积累较少,叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降较少,表现出耐光氧化特性,这与在自然条件下生育后期叶绿素含量变化相一致.相关分析表明它们的耐光氧化特性与结实率密切相关,说明耐光氧化品种抗早衰,有利籽粒充实.这些结果启示我们:从超高产育种出发,兼顾杂种优势利用和抗早衰两方面考虑,在母本不育系中引入粳型成分是一个值得重视的育种策略.     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型 (OryzasativaL .)杂交组合汕优 6 3为对照 ,以中粳 95 16、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮 6 4S/E32、培矮6 4S/ 9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优 881和两系杂交组合X0 7S/紫恢 10 0为材料 ,研究其在生育后期 (抽穗 -成熟 )自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2 交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现。结果表明 :水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减 ,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ 、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降 ,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧 ,产生O-·2 累积 ,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累 ,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏 ,发生光氧化早衰。这种现象在品种间有明显差异 ,耐光氧化的粳稻 95 16 ,其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ 、ETR、qP下降较少 ,具有较稳定的光能转化能力 ,不易早衰 ,具有较高的结实率 ;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优 6 3其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ 、ETR ,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多 ,易发生膜脂过氧化 ,导致叶片早衰 ,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量 ;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间。从水稻超高产育种的角度出发 ,在目前株型良好的基础上 ,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑 ,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重     

在光氧化条件下不同类型高产稻的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化特点

用不同类型高产稻 (OryzasativaL .)粳稻 95 16、具有粳型成分的两系法亚种间杂交稻培矮 6 4/E32、两优培九(培矮 6 4/ 9311)和籼型杂交稻X0 7S/紫恢 10 0、冈优 881、汕优 6 3为材料 ,研究了孕穗期叶片在光氧化条件下的叶绿素荧光特性和膜脂过氧化表现。光氧化处理后 ,与籼型杂交稻比较 ,粳稻和具有粳型组分的亚种间杂交稻的PSⅡ原初光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的线性电子传递的量子效率 (ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数 (qP)下降的较少 ;超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶 (POD)诱导的活性较高 ,活性氧 (O-·2 、H2 O2 )和丙二醛 (MDA)的产生积累较少 ,叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降较少 ,表现出耐光氧化特性 ,这与在自然条件下生育后期叶绿素含量变化相一致。相关分析表明它们的耐光氧化特性与结实率密切相关 ,说明耐光氧化品种抗早衰 ,有利籽粒充实。这些结果启示我们 :从超高产育种出发 ,兼顾杂种优势利用和抗早衰两方面考虑 ,在母本不育系中引入粳型成分是一个值得重视的育种策略。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.