基于B-IBI评价淮河流域(河南段)河流生态健康

依据2015年4—5月淮河流域(河南段)的67个底栖动物调研点位(13个参照点和54个受损点)数据,对20个候选生物学指数值的分布范围、相关关系和判别能力进行分析,从中筛选出总分类单元数、敏感类群比例、生物指数、端足目+软体动物物种数、端足目+软体动物%、最优势类群相对丰度构成淮河流域(河南段)的底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)指标体系。分别用3分制、4分制以及比值法统一各参数量纲,并比较3种方法的评价结果准确性。结果表明:采用4分制统一各参数量纲并依据所有样点的B-IBI值分布的95%分位数法建立的健康评价标准优于3分制法和比值法;建立了适合淮河流域(河南段)河流生态系统的健康评价标准:B-IBI值24,健康;18~24,亚健康;12~18,一般;6~12,差;≤6,极差。评价结果表明:淮河流域(河南段)67个样点中,"健康"的点位占比19.40%;"亚健康"的点位占比26.87%;"一般"的点位占比32.84%;"差"的点位占比10.45%;"极差"的点位占比10.45%,淮河流域(河南段)整体B-IBI与氧化还原电位呈极显著正相关,与NH4+-N呈显著负相关,其余水质指标与B-IBI无显著相关关系。B-IBI与各水质指标之间的相关性在不同的河流上差异较大。     

基于底栖生物完整性指数的赣江流域河流健康评价

底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。       

应用大型底栖动物完整性指数评价海拉尔河健康

根据海拉尔河26个采样点(11个参照点, 15个受损点)的大型底栖动物数据和水化学指标,对21个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,最终确定了海拉尔河底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)指标体系由甲壳动物和软体动物分类单元数、耐污类群和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲,将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定海拉尔河健康评价标准。结果表明：在26个采样点中,12个为健康,8个为亚健康,5个为一般,1个较差; 总体来看,海拉尔河处于健康和亚健康状态; 各支流中大雁河、库都尔河、特尼河和莫勒格尔河处于健康状态、免渡河为亚健康状态、伊敏河处于一般状态; 海拉尔河干流上游处于健康状态,下游处于亚健康状态,干流中游处于一般和较差状态。B-IBI值与电导率（R²=0.52,P<0.01）、COD（R²=0.46,P<0.01）和铵氮（R²=0.42,P<0.01）显著相关。     

基于B-IBI指数的温榆河生态健康评价

基于温榆河底栖动物和水质采样数据,采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方法,进行温榆河生态健康评价,并探求河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关性。通过分布范围、判别能力以及相关性分析等,确定研究区B-IBI指标体系,包括总分类单元数、总生物量、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、生物指数和粘附者个体丰度6个指标。根据参照点25%分位数确定温榆河底栖动物完整性评价标准,即B-IBI>1.821为健康,1.366—1.821为亚健康,0.910—1.366为一般,0.455—0.910为较差,0—0.455为极差。结果表明,温榆河27.3%河段处于健康状态,9.1%河段处于亚健康状态,13.6%河段处于一般状态,50%河段处于较差和极差状态。河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关系数为-0.549,表明生物指标作为水体评价的补充指标十分必要。     

流溪河底栖动物群落结构及基于完整性指数的健康评价

2015年2月、6月、9月、12月对流溪河21个采样河段底栖无脊椎动物进行了调查。结果表明:4个季节共检出54科95属114种,其中昆虫纲81种,占总数71.05%;软体动物门的腹足纲、瓣鳃纲共23种,占总数20.18%;蛭纲、寡毛纲和甲壳纲等10种,占总数的8.77%。根据6个参照点和15个受损点的底栖动物数据,对21个生物指数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,确定流溪河底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)指标体系,该体系由多样性指数、EPT分类单元数、摇蚊百分数、颤蚓百分数、敏感类群分类单元数和耐污类群百分数构成。采用比值法计算各生物指数并对各指数值加和得到B-IBI指数值。评价结果表明:在21个河段中,5个为健康,3个为亚健康,10个健康评价为一般,3个较差;总体来看,流溪河处于一般的健康状态;流溪河上游(桂峰水、石坝河、吕田河)等源头支流处于相对健康状态;干流中下游、牛栏河及其他多处支流水质一般或较差。分析表明:上述方法适用于评价流溪河水质健康,可用该方法进行长期监测评价;人类活动程度对底栖动物群落结构影响较大。     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数的伊犁河健康评价及其对时间尺度变化的响应

大型底栖动物完整性指数（Benthic index of biotic integrity， B-IBI）是广泛应用的河流生态健康评价方法，然而从时间尺度（月份、年际变化）上评价B-IBI适用性的研究较少。有鉴于此，于2013-2015年期间，每年在5月、7月、8月和10月分别对新疆伊犁河大型底栖动物群落结构进行系统调查，并构建底栖动物完整性指数，评价河流水体的健康状况，同时评价其在时间尺度上的影响。非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling， NMDS）显示，伊犁河不同月份的大型底栖动物群落结构相似度较高。通过对群落丰富度、种类个体相对丰度、功能摄食群、耐污能力、小生境质量和生物多样性指数等6个大类共计30个候选参数进行筛选，选取EPT（蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目）分类单元数、蜉蝣目个体相对丰度、耐污类群的个体相对丰度、生物指数（Biotic index， BI）以及黏附者个体相对丰度为伊犁河流域B-IBI健康评价体系的核心指标。B-IBI的评价等级为：B-IBI>3.38为健康，2.53-3.38为亚健康，1.69-2.53为一般，0.84-1.69为差，B-IBI值≤0.84为极差。结果显示，伊犁河8个典型样点中，6个采样点健康状况为健康或者亚健康，2个采样点为一般。总体上伊犁河健康状况较好，其中支流巩乃斯河和喀什河的健康状况要好于伊犁河干流和支流特克斯河。不同月份的B-IBI值无显著性差异（P>0.05），表明伊犁河流域整体健康状况不受季节变化的重要影响。2013年与2015年B-IBI值差异显著（P<0.05），伊犁河健康状况存在逐年变好的趋势，河流的生物健康评价需要开展长期的监测才能较全面的反映河流健康状况。参照点整体上的B-IBI值显著高于受损点的B-IBI值，表明B-IBI健康评价体系在伊犁河流域的良好适用性。该研究将从时间尺度上为基于B-IBI的河流健康评价方法提供理论参考。     

基于浮游植物生物完整性指数的湖泊生态系统评价——以2012年冬季太湖为例

依据2012年12月对太湖29个样点和同一地理区划4个湖、库的浮游植物和环境变量的监测结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建冬季太湖浮游植物生物完整性指数,评价冬季太湖水生态健康质量。采用干扰程度最小系统法定义筛选确定参照点,对51个候选参数进行分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、参数间相关性分析,获得了太湖枯水期P-IBI指数的6个构成参数:总分类单元数、硅藻门分类单元%、细胞Simpson指数、细胞密度、硅藻门细胞密度%和绿藻门个体密度%。采用比值法统一各参数的量纲,累加后得到枯水期太湖P-IBI分值,并划分健康评价标准。应用P-IBI对冬季太湖水生态进行评价,8个参照点中1个点位评价结果为健康其余7个为亚健康;25个受损点中,2个点位为亚健康,9个点位为一般,12个点位为差,2个点位为极差。太湖总体受到了不同程度的人为干扰,东太湖湖区水生态状况最好,评价结果多为亚健康或一般;竺山湖、贡湖、东部沿岸和西部沿岸次之;南部沿岸和湖心区最差,湖心区有2个点位评价结果为极差。与冬季太湖P-IBI指数显著相关的水化学因子是氨氮和总磷含量。     

用河流生物指数评价秦淮河上游水质的研究

1999～2001年用D-形网半定量法采集了南京秦淮河上游21个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物。12个底栖生物指数值的频数分布分析、Pearson相关分析和敏感性检测表明,总分类单元数、ET分类单元数、香农多样性指数、水生昆虫分类单元数和优势分类单元％最适合于秦淮河上游水质生物评价。采用5、3、1生物指数记分法统一量纲。提出了河流生物指数(RBI)概念,其值即为累加上述5个指数后的总分值,建立了河流生物指数评价秦淮河水质的标准,并对21个样点的水质进行重新评价,效果较单项生物指数如香农多样性指数评价结果更接近实际情况。     

亚热带城市河流底栖动物完整性评价——以流溪河为例

根据2016年前、后汛期及枯水期流溪河14个断面底栖动物群落组成数据(4门8纲22目52科94属103种),采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI),首次对亚热带地区河流进行健康评价。经筛选(32个候选指标),流溪河B-IBI体系由5个核心指标(总生物量,敏感类群个体%,EPT、摇蚊和耐污类群单元数)组成,评价标准为:健康3.24,亚健康3.24—2.43,一般2.43—1.62,差1.62—0.81,极差0.81,评价结果为:健康位点数占14.3%、亚健康50.0%、一般21.4%、差14.3%、无极差。总体上,B-IBI值反映流溪河上游健康状况较好,以EPT分类单元数和敏感类群个体%贡献最高,下游健康状况恶化,以耐污类群单元数贡献最高。此外,上游支流健康状况要优于上游干流,而下游则情况相反。相关性分析显示,B-IBI值与溶解氧呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与电导率、氨氮、总氮和总磷呈显著负相关(P0.05),反映流溪河当前健康水平受水体污染影响严重。核心指标与环境因子间CCA分析显示,前2主轴对环境因子解释度达68.1%,且对上、下游及干、支流有明显的梯度划分,说明所建B-IBI在流溪河有较高适用性。对比不同温度带研究结果发现,B-IBI体系受人为干扰和水体污染影响更加明显,体现其评价功能不受地理区域影响。     

标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数

依据浑太河流域340个样点的栖息地和水质评价结果,采用标准化方法筛选参照点与受损点,构建大型底栖动物生物完整性评估指数(Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity,B-IBI),开展河流健康生物评价研究。标准化方法共筛选出参照点和6个受损点构建B-IBI指数。B-IBI指数包括8个大型底栖动物核心生物指标,涵盖了分类单元、相对丰度、耐污特征、优势类群和功能摄食类群的生物指标。利用构建的完整性指数开展浑太河河流健康评价结果显示,所有样点中"极好"与"好"占24.8%,"一般"占27.8%,"差"与"极差"的占47.4%,表明浑太河健康状况整体上偏差。B-IBI指数分值在参照、测试和受损点间的箱线图分布表明验证结果较为可靠;同时与2009年5月太子河全流域70个样点采用专家经验法构建的大型底栖动物生物完整性指数进行了对比,结果表明两种方法的评价结果一致性较高,健康等级完全一致的占58%,健康等级只相差一个等级的占40.6%。B-IBI与环境要素的回归分析显示,B-IBI指数与栖息地具有较高的直线线性回归关系(R2=0.25,P<0.01),与电导、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(R2=0.23—0.34,P<0.01)均具有极显著的曲线相关关系。3个水质指标与B-IBI指数的回归方程的拐点分别约为1000μs/cm,5ml/L和1.0mg/L,当3个水质指标低于拐点值时,B-IBI指数表现为显著的下降趋势,当高于拐点值时,B-IBI指数的下降趋势明显减弱。表明高锰酸盐指数和氨氮在从清洁水体下降为III类的过程中,对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响最为强烈。利用标准化方法筛选参照点构建的大型底栖动物完整性指数及其核心参数具有较好的敏感性,能够指示随人为活动强度增加河流生态系统健康状况的下降,适用于浑太河流域开展河流健康评估研究。     

The Tetraconata concept: hexapod-crustacean relationships and the phylogeny of Crustacea

A growing body of evidence indicates that Crustacea and Hexapoda are sister groups, rather than Hexapoda and Myriapoda. Some recent molecular data even suggest that Mandibulata is not monophyletic, with Myriapoda and Chelicerata instead being sister groups. Here, arguments for homology of the mandible throughout mandibulate arthropods and for a monophyletic Mandibulata will be presented, as well as arguments supporting the taxon Tetraconata (i.e. Crustacea + Hexapoda). The latter include molecular data (nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and protein coding genes), and morphological characters such as ommatidial structure, the presence of neuroblasts and a very similar axonogenesis of pioneer neurons. However, crustaceans are insufficiently sampled for the molecular data, and studies of neurogenesis are lacking for many crustacean taxa. Remipedia, Cephalocarida and Maxillopoda are particularly problematic. This is important for the entire problem, because monophyly of the Crustacea has not yet been proven beyond doubt and several molecular analyses suggest a paraphyletic Crustacea. Here, arguments for the monophyly of the Crustacea are reviewed and two alternatives for the relationships between the five higher taxa Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca are discussed: the Entomostraca concept sensu Walossek with Malacostraca as sister group to Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda and Branchiopoda, and the Thoracopoda concept sensu Hessler with Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca forming a monophylum.     

Molecular phylogeny of the major arthropod groups indicates polyphyly of crustaceans and a new hypothesis for the origin of hexapods

A phylogeny of the arthropods was inferred from analyses of amino acid sequences derived from the nuclear genes encoding elongation factor-1 alpha and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II using maximum- parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood methods. Analyses of elongation factor-1 alpha from 17 arthropods and 4 outgroup taxa recovered many arthropod clades supported by previous morphological studies, including Diplopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Hexapoda, Branchiopoda (Crustacea), Araneae, Tetrapulmonata, Arachnida, Chelicerata, and Malacostraca (Crustacea). However, counter to previous studies, elongation factor-1 alpha placed Malacostraca as sister group to the other arthropods. Branchiopod crustaceans were found to be more closely related to hexapods and myriapods than to malacostracan crustaceans. Sequences for RNA polymerase II were obtained from 11 arthropod taxa and were analyzed separately and in combination with elongation factor-1 alpha. Results from these analyses were concordant with those derived from elongation factor-1 alpha alone and provided support for a Hexapoda/Branchiopoda clade, thus arguing against the monophyly of the traditionally defined Atelocerata (Hexapoda + Myriapoda).      

Selection of benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetrics and preliminary establishment of biocriteria for the bioassessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake, China

To develop benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetrics for the bioassessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake, benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 60 sites in 8 subareas of Taihu Lake. A total of 24 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were obtained: 14 species of Mollusca, 5 species of Arthropoda and 5 species of Annelida. A comprehensive evaluation of the metrics was carried out. The results showed that 7 metrics (i.e., total number of taxa, the number of Mollusca & Crustacea taxa, % Mollusca & Crustacea, % Gastropoda, Goodnight-Whitley index, Hilsenhoff biotic index and % Collector-gatherers) were sensitive. A score of 5, 3 or 1 was assigned to every metric for standardization of the metrics, and a multimetric on a scale ranging from 7 to 35 for bioassessment was developed. Four-level discriminatory biocriteria for water quality were eventually proposed by quartation: 7–14, very poor; 15–21, poor; 22–28, fair; 29–35, good. The re-scored results from the 60 sites showed that the water quality of southeastern Taihu Lake was relatively good, whereas that of northwestern Taihu Lake was relatively poor. Basically, the discriminatory biocriteria are suitable for the assessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake.     

A geographical survey of littoral crustacea in Norway and their use in paleolimnology

Littoral Crustacea from 400 sites all over Norway were related to lake pH, conductivity, altitude and major biogeography. Being tolerant animals, littoral Crustacea do not fall into clear pH classes as do many Bacillariophyceae or Chrysophyceae. Littoral Crustacea were subdivided into 4 main pH classes: acidobiontic, acidophilous, circumneutral and indifferent, the last group containing most species. Species typical for acidic lakes in the region were: A. excisa, S. serricaudatus, A. curvirostris, A. nana, S. mucronata and D. brachyurum; whereas D. longispina, S. vetulus, A. intermedia and A. rectangula were more common in circumneutral waters. Many littoral Crustacea were shown to be related to altitude, which should be considered in studies on lake histories. Some species showed in addition a restricted geographical distribution. Conductivity, with values recorded in this study, played a minor role in distribution of taxa. More ecological studies are necessary to fully utilize the potential of cladoceran remains in understanding lake histories.     

太湖水质评价中底栖动物综合生物指数的筛选及生物基准的确立

对太湖8个区域共60样点进行底栖大型无脊椎动物采样,共获得底栖动物24种,其中软体动物14种,节肢动物5种,甲壳动物5种.根据Hilsenhoff 生物指数确定了15个相对清洁的样点和45个污染样点,然后进行21种生物指数的综合评估,结果表明,总分类单元数、(甲壳动物 软体动物)分类单元数、%(甲壳动物 软体动物)、%腹足纲、Goodnight-Whitley指数、Hilsenhoff 生物指数和%直接收集者等7个底栖动物生物指数可以用作判别太湖水质的敏感生物指数.通过5, 3, 1记分法对6种生物指数统一量纲后,获得变化范围为7～35的综合生物指数,运用四分法划分了太湖水质判别的生物基准:7～14很差,15～21差,22～28一般,29～35好,并对60个样点进行重新记分,获得了太湖水质的基本生态分区现状,太湖的东南区属水质较好的区域,而西北区属水质较差的区域.该水质生物基准基本适合评价太湖不同区域的水质状况.     

ARTHROPOD PHYLOGENY: A COMBINED APPROACH

Abstract— Ribosomal and ubiquitin protein coding sequence data are generated from 20 arthropods and five close relatives. These molecular data are combined with morphological characters derived from the literature to approach arthropod phylogenetics from the perspective of total evidence. Trilobita were included in the analysis through morphological comparison alone. The overall data strongly support arthropod monophyly. Recent molecular analyses which have yield different results are shown to have been based on few characters, few taxa or both. The most parsimonious explanation of the data is (Annelida + (Onychophora + (Trilobita + Chelicerata) + (Crustacea + (Myriapoda + Hexapoda))))). The data are largely concordant both internally among data sets and externally with previous cladistic anatomical analyses.     

A checklist of epibiotic ciliates (Peritrichia and Suctoria) on the cladoceran crustaceans

Despite the growing awareness of the ecological importance of epibiont-host associations, detailed inventories for planktonic hosts are rare. Here, we provide an updated checklist of the peritrich and suctorian epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) on the cladocerans (Crustacea: Cladocera). Thirty-nine species of peritrich ciliates (of which 34 are assigned to species) and three species of suctorian ciliates are found to be epibionts on the Cladocera. Fifty-eight cladoceran taxa are known to be hosts of the ciliate epibionts, 33 of these hosts (57%) are planktonic. Seven taxa were determined to the level of genus. Complete species designations were geographically biased (38 of 51 species) towards European sites, suggesting poor taxonomic knowledge beyond Europe. Also, the recently discovered continental endemism of cladoceran hosts could indicate that associated ciliates are more diverse than previously appreciated.     

Phylogenetic analysis of arthropods using two nuclear protein-encoding genes supports a crustacean + hexapod clade

Recent phylogenetic analyses using molecular data suggest that hexapods are more closely related to crustaceans than to myriapods, a result that conflicts with long-held morphology-based hypotheses. Here we contribute additional information to this debate by conducting phylogenetic analyses on two nuclear protein-encoding genes, elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), from an extensive sample of arthropod taxa. Results were obtained from two data sets. One data set comprised 1092 nucleotides (364 amino acids) of EF-1 alpha and 372 nucleotides (124 amino acids) of Pol II from 30 arthropods and three lobopods. The other data set contained the same EF-1 alpha fragment and an expanded 1038-nucleotide (346-amino-acid) sample of Pol II from 17 arthropod taxa. Results from maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses strongly supported the existence of a Crustacea + Hexapoda clade (Pancrustacea) over a Myriapoda + Hexapoda clade (Atelocerata). The apparent incompatibility between the molecule-based Pancrustacea hypothesis and morphology-based Atelocerata hypothesis is discussed.