氨氮胁迫对黄河鲤幼鱼红细胞微核、核异常的影响

以黄河鲤幼鱼为实验动物,研究氨氮暴露对鲤鱼红细胞微核、核异常的影响.结果表明:氨氮可引起鲤鱼红细胞微核及核异常率发生明显变化,随着氨氮暴露浓度的增加,鲤鱼红细胞微核及核异常率呈现规律性上升变化,且方差分析差异显著(P<0.01);随着氨氮暴露时间的延长,红细胞微核率呈现上升趋势,核异常及总核异常率呈现先升再降趋势,方差分析差异不显著(P>0.05).因此在试验浓度范围内氨氮对鲤鱼红细胞具有明显的遗传毒性,高密度养殖条件下氨氮的毒性不容忽视.     

复合肥对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪红细胞微核及核异常的影响

以花背蟾蜍蝌蚪外周血红细胞微核及核异常作为毒理监测指标,对Gosner 31、42和46期蝌蚪进行观察,研究了复合肥对水生生物的毒性效应.结果表明:用复合肥溶液浓度为1、1.5、2、2.5和3g·L-1进行染毒时,红细胞出现了大、小2种类型的微核,在核异常类型中出现了严重的核分叶和双核类型;在3个被观察的蝌蚪发育期中,42期蝌蚪红细胞微核细胞率和核异常细胞率数值明显低于其他两个发育期;在5个浓度的染毒中,2.5g·L-1浓度组在微核、双核和核分叶与对照组间无显著性差异;花背蟾蜍不同发育时期的蝌蚪,对生境中不良因素的抵抗能力存在着明显的差别,且微核和核异常与复合肥浓度之间没有明显的剂量-效应关系.     

稀土与铜对鲹鲦鱼红细胞微核及核异常的影响

研究了稀土元素镧与铜离子单独或联合作用时,对鲹鲦红细胞微核及核异常的影响。结果表明:处理24h,0.01～0.5mg/L的La3 能显著降低红细胞微核及核异常的发生,不具遗传毒性.但当浓度为1～50mg/L时则能诱发红细胞微核及核异常的发生,与对照组相比,相差显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),具较强的遗传毒性;铜能显著诱导红细胞微核及核异常的发生;联合作用时,微核率及核异常率明显低于Cu2 而高于La3 单独作用时的微核率和核异常率,提示一定浓度的稀土元素能减轻其他重金属元素引起的遗传毒性。     

除草剂丁草胺对蟾蜍红细胞微核及核异常的影响

本文研究除卓剂丁革胺对蟾蜍红细胞核的诱变效应。采用体内红细胞微核测定法,观察蟾蜍在不同浓度和不同的染毒时间红细胞微核及核异常的变化。结果表明,在一定的范围内,丁草胺可引起蟾蜍微核细胞率和核异常细胞率等遗传指标发乍明显变化,随着丁草胺浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,蟾蜍红细胞微核和核异常率呈现先上升后下降的规律性变化。丁草胺的作用具有双向性。一定利量的除草剂丁草胺对蟾蜍红细胞具有明显的遗传毒性,除草剂对水体的污染不容忽视。     

阿维菌素对黑斑侧褶蛙毒理效应的研究

本文选用生物农药阿维菌素作为染毒试剂,以农田中常见黑斑侧褶蛙Pelophylax nigromaculatus为研究对象,分别从急性毒性、亚急性毒性、遗传毒性和生理毒性四个方面的实验综合探讨了阿维菌素对黑斑侧褶蛙的生态毒理学效应。急性毒性实验结果表明,阿维菌素对黑斑侧褶蛙24h、48h、72h、96h的LC50分别为:0.3227mg/L、0.0966mg/L、0.0623mg/L、0.0432mg/L,其对黑斑侧褶蛙的安全浓度(SC)为0.004316mg/L。亚急性毒性实验结果表明,暴露期间,随着浓度的升高,毒害作用越大,其对黑斑侧褶蛙肝脏组织损害也越大,而经恢复期后,各实验组肝脏组织受损程度较暴露期都有降低。红细胞核异常及微核诱导实验结果表明,微核和核异常现象与阿维菌素浓度的相关性有一定的范围;随着时间的延长,红细胞核异常率及微核率先上升后下降。肝脏LDH同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳实验结果表明,在一定时间条件下,随浓度的升高,LDH1和LDH2酶带活性呈现降低趋势,LDH4酶带活性无明显变化,LDH5酶带活性先升高后再降低,在同一浓度条件下,随着时间的延长,肝脏LDH同工酶活性均呈升高的趋势。实验结果表明阿维菌素对黑斑侧褶蛙能够造成不同程度的生理、病理及遗传性损伤。     

敌百虫对中国花鲈的毒性效应

为了给中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)病害防治提供根据,研究了不同浓度的敌百虫对中国花鲈鱼苗和幼鱼的急性毒性,检测了幼鱼肝脏的谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力,测定了暴露在不同浓度敌百虫中幼鱼的红细胞总核异率和微核率.结果表明:敌百虫对中国花鲈鱼苗24、48、72和96h的半致死浓度分别为7.76、3.02、1.74和1.58 mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.14 mg·L-1;对幼鱼24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度分别为10.96、6.15、3.98和2.89 mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.58 mg·L-1.濒死的中国花鲈肝脏组织有溶解性坏死灶.幼鱼在不同浓度的敌百虫中暴露48 h,随着敌百虫浓度的升高GSH含量先下降后恢复再下降;MDA含量先上升后恢复;各组SOD活力与对照组比较无显著的差异;CAT活力先下降后恢复;GPT活力维持在低水平;GOT活力在1.35和2.70 mg·L-1实验组下降;AChE活力先下降后略回升.GSH和MDA含量以及CAT、GPT、GOT和AChE活力对敌百虫胁迫敏感而SOD活力则不敏感;幼鱼在敌百虫浓度为1.45mg·L-1的实验组中暴露96 h,其红细胞的总核异率与对照组比较显著升高(P＜0.05);在0.73 mg·L-1实验组中暴露96 h,红细胞的微核率与对照组比较显著升高(P＜0.05).     

SO2衍生物诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核和后期异常的研究

研究SO2体内衍生物--亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液(31 mmol*L-1/mmol*L-1)诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核和后期异常的效应.结果表明SO2衍生物处理可诱发蚕豆根尖间期细胞微核和核芽,使分裂后期出现多种染色体异常,如断片、桥以及滞后染色体等.异常细胞中以微核细胞和染色体断裂细胞居多.在一定浓度范围内,细胞异常率与处理液浓度之间表现正的线性相关.这些研究结果表明,蚕豆根尖间期微核和后期染色体异常有可能用作检测SO2污染的生物剂量计.     

间苯二酚与邻苯二酚对泥鳅血清卵黄蛋白原的诱导作用

为探讨间苯二酚(m-dihydroxybenzene)与邻苯二酚(o-dihydroxybenzene)对雄性泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicau-datus血清卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin,Vtg)的诱导作用,将雄性泥鳅分别暴露于4种不同质量浓度间苯二酚(5.287mg/L、6.531mg/L、8.072mg/L、10.000mg/L)和邻苯二酚(16.708mg/L、17.742mg/L、18.836mg/L、20.00mg/L)中持续7d、14d、21d和28d,采用碱不稳定性蛋白结合磷法检测血清Vtg水平的变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,泥鳅在低质量浓度间苯二酚(5.287mg/L)和邻苯二酚(16.708mg/L)中暴露7d时,血清Vtg水平均有极显著升高,并且随着暴露浓度的增加,Vtg水平逐渐升高;在同一暴露浓度下,Vtg水平随暴露时间的延长逐渐升高;2种酚类化合物相比,暴露在间苯二酚中的泥鳅血清Vtg水平高于邻苯二酚。上述结果说明,2种化合物均可诱导雄性泥鳅肝脏合成Vtg,具有一定的环境雌激素效应,其诱导作用随着暴露剂量的增大和时间的延长逐渐增强。     

NaCl诱导大麦细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

大麦幼苗生长在含NaCl的介质中【c(NaCl) =0 ,0 .0 5 ,0 .1 0 ,0 .1 5 ,0 .2 0 ,0 .2 5mol/L】 ,其根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降 ,各NaCl处理组的微核率均有不同程度地增加 ,并诱发产生了如染色体断片、后期染色体桥及“不均等分裂”等异常分裂。诱发微核及异常分裂细胞的比率与NaCl浓度和作用时间呈正相关 ,浓度提高或作用时间延长则微核千分率与异常分裂细胞的比率增高。     

壬基酚对黑斑蛙的毒性效应

通过研究壬基酚对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)血浆渗透压以及血细胞的影响,探讨壬基酚对黑斑蛙血液的毒性效应。用200、400和600mg/kg壬基酚分别对黑斑蛙腹部淋巴囊注射染毒,在不同的时间间隔内利用渗透压仪测量各组血浆渗透压,同时制作血涂片观察血细胞的异常现象。结果表明,在相同处理时间内,随着壬基酚浓度的增加,黑斑蛙血浆渗透压值上升,血细胞膨大,血细胞核分裂以及核质不均匀现象明显;在相同浓度处理组中,随着处理时间的延长,黑斑蛙血浆渗透压上升,血细胞膨大,细胞核损害严重。壬基酚可诱发红细胞出现微核现象,随着壬基酚浓度的增加,同一处理时间内黑斑蛙红细胞微核及核异常率呈现先上升后下降的变化规律;随着处理时间的延长,各处理组红细胞微核率及核异常率呈现下降的趋势。     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.