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1.
Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白在维持细胞内pH稳态、Na+离子动态平衡和调控细胞体积方面发挥着重要作用。目前,细菌中许多参与高盐或高碱性环境压力应答的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白得到了鉴定和功能阐释。继续挖掘高效的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白,深入探究Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的分子机理,将为工业菌株或农作物的改良提供新的研究思路。本文以4种模式菌株为例,简要概述细菌Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的种类和特征,同时对其结构和功能等方面也进行探讨。  相似文献   

2.
Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物耐盐性关系   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物的耐盐性有密切的关系。在高等植物体内,主要存在两种Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白,分别为位于细胞质膜上的逆向转运蛋白SOS1,以及存在于液泡膜上的AtNHX1。质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责Na+ 的外排,液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责把Na+ 区隔化入液泡。过量表达质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白SOS1或液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白AtNHX1能够明显提高植物的耐盐性。本文对植物中Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性之间的关系研究最新进展作一概述。  相似文献   

3.
盐胁迫主要由Na+引起,过高的Na+浓度引起的离子毒害,渗透胁迫和K+/Na+比率的不平衡使植物新陈代谢异常,这是对大多数器官造成伤害的原因。植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式是将细胞内过多的Na+从质膜向细胞外排放和将Na+在液泡中区隔化,这一过程是由Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白完成的。本文概述了植物中Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白的发现、特征、分子生物学方面的研究,以及Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白在植物耐盐性中的重要作用。  相似文献   

4.
对从北美海蓬子中分离的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1进行了耐盐性及功能结构域分析.利用套叠PCR技术去除SbNHX1基因C末端162个核苷酸,得到SbNHX1-C基因,然后将SbNHX1、SbNHX1-C和拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1分别插入pET22b(+)表达载体,转化大肠杆菌B菌株,进行各种金属盐离子胁迫分析.结果表明,北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1只对Na+ 、K+离子有抗性,且耐盐性强于拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1.缺失C末端的SbNHX1-C基因对Na+、K+离子胁迫无抗性,说明北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1的耐盐作用与该基因C末端1 353 bp至1 514 bp的序列密切相关.  相似文献   

5.
盐胁迫是限制植物生长发育的主要因素之一,植物Na+/H+反向转运蛋白可通过将Na+逆向转运出细胞外或将Na+区隔化于液泡中来抵制环境中过高的Na+浓度.植物中Na+/H+反向转运蛋白存在于细胞质膜和液泡膜上,现在已得到多种编码这些Na+/H+反向转运蛋白的基因,对其结构功能特性进行了大量研究,并发现将这些基因转入非抗盐植物中过量表达可提高转基因植物的抗盐性.概述了Na+/H+反向转运蛋白及其编码基因的最新研究进展.  相似文献   

6.
张宏飞  王锁民 《植物学报》2007,24(5):561-571
盐胁迫是影响农业生产的重要环境因素之一。本文对植物Na+吸收的机制和途径、Na+在植物体内的长距离转运以及细胞内Na+稳态平衡的研究进展进行了概述。参与植物Na+吸收与转运的蛋白和通道可能包括HKT、LCT1、AKT和NSCC等。其中, HKT是植物体内普遍存在的一类转运蛋白, 能够介导Na+的吸收, 其结构中的带电氨基酸残基对于其离子选择性有着非常明显的影响。LCT1是从小麦中发现的一类能够介导低亲和性阳离子吸收的蛋白, 然而在典型的土壤Ca2+浓度下LCT1并不能发挥吸收Na+的功能。AKT家族的成员在高盐环境下可能也参与了Na+的吸收。目前虽然还没有克隆到编码NSCC蛋白的基因, 但是NSCC作为植物吸收Na+的主要途径的观点已被广泛接受。SOS1和HKT参与了Na+在根部与植株地上部的长距离转运过程, 它们在木质部和韧皮部的Na+装载和卸载中发挥重要作用, 从而影响植物的抗盐性。另外, 由质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白SOS1、蛋白激酶SOS2以及Ca2+结合蛋白SOS3组成的SOS复合体对细胞的Na+稳态具有重要的调节作用, 单子叶和双子叶植物之间的这种调节机制在结构和功能上具有保守性。SOS复合体与其它位于质膜或液泡膜上的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白以及H+泵一起调节着细胞的Na+稳态。  相似文献   

7.
采用RT-PCR、RACE方法从超旱生、耐盐植物梭梭中扩增出Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的开放阅读框架,其核苷酸序列长1 683bp,推测的氨基酸序列全长为560个氨基酸残基。含有多个物种Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的高度保守序列氨氯砒嗪脒的结合位点(LFFIYLIPPI)。序列一致性分析结果显示,该cDNA片段与同科植物NHX基因的一致性为70%~80%,但与不同科植物的一致性较低,仅为60%,表明该基因在进化上存在多样性,但它们都具有氨氯砒嗪脒结合位点,对Na+具有高度专一性,对植物的耐盐性起着重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
植物NHX家族基因,在植物的生长发育以及生物与非生物胁迫的应答反应中发挥着十分重要的作用。为了探究花烟草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的生理功能,为花烟草耐盐分子机制的研究提供参考。采用同源克隆的方法进行基因克隆,对花烟草进行非生物胁迫,并运用qPCR的方法进行基因表达模式分析。结果表明,从花烟草(Nicotiana alata)中克隆了一个属于Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族的基因NaNHX1。该基因的开放阅读框全长为1 599 bp,编码了532个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析结果表明,该基因编码的蛋白分子量为58.4 kD,等电点为5.66;具有Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族典型的保守结构域NhaP2;该蛋白属于疏水性蛋白,包含10个跨膜区。NaNHX1基因主要定位于细胞质膜,并含有多个磷酸化位点。同源性分析的结果显示,NaNHX1基因与美花烟草(Nicotiana sylvestris)、茸毛烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)以及番茄(Solanum lycoperisicum)NHX基因的亲缘关系最近,而与拟南芥的NHX基因同源性最低。NaNHX1基因的表达具有组织表达特异性,花中表达量最高,茎中次之,根和叶中表达量较低。在高盐、干旱、低温、ABA、低钾及H2O2等非生物胁迫下,NaNHX1的表达呈现3种不同的表达模式。其中,对高盐及低钾胁迫的响应强烈。本研究的结果表明,NaNHX1基因属于Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族,可能参与了花烟草高盐和低钾胁迫,以及其它非生物胁迫响应在内的众多生理过程。  相似文献   

9.
NaCl胁迫对盐芥质膜和液泡膜ATPase活性的影响   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
以盐生植物盐芥和中生植物拟南芥幼苗为材料,研究了盐胁迫对它们叶片和根质膜、液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPases和K+-ATPase活性以及H+-ATPase、Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白表达的影响.结果显示:在NaCl胁迫下,盐芥叶片和根质膜的H+-ATPase活性分别比对照显著升高41%~212%和35%~53%,液泡膜的H+-ATPase分别显著升高281%~373%和4%~38%,而拟南芥却比相应对照都显著降低;相同盐浓度胁迫下,盐芥叶片的H+-ATPase活性比根部高4~8倍,盐芥根也远高于拟南芥.在NaCl胁迫下,盐芥叶片和根的液泡膜H+-ATPase蛋白质β亚基含量变化与其酶活性变化趋势一致,质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白的表达量与Na+含量变化趋势一致.盐胁迫下盐芥根中Ca2+-ATPases和K+-ATPase活性的增加与根中Ca2+和K+含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,在盐胁迫条件下,盐芥能有效增强H+-ATPase蛋白和Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白表达,显著提高其根系与叶片质膜和液泡膜的H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和K+-ATPase活性,维持细胞质中较高的Ca2+和K+水平,从而缓解盐胁迫的伤害,增强耐盐性.  相似文献   

10.
植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白研究进展   总被引:28,自引:2,他引:26  
盐胁迫主要由Na 引起,过高的Na 浓度引起的离子毒害,渗透胁迫和K /Na 比率的不平衡使植物新陈代谢异常,这是对大多数器官造成伤害的原因。植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式是将细胞内过多的Na 从质膜向细胞外排放和将Na 在液泡中区隔化,这一过程是由Na /H 逆向转运蛋白完成的。本文概述了植物中Na /H 逆向转运蛋白的发现、特征、分子生物学方面的研究,以及Na /H 逆向转运蛋白在植物耐盐性中的重要作用。  相似文献   

11.
细菌钠离子输出系统的类型及其可能机制   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
在高盐条件下,绝大多数微生物通过拒盐策略适应其生存环境,其中,钠离子输出系统在维持细胞正常的盐浓度和pH稳态等生命活动过程中扮演十分重要的角色。细菌的钠离子输出系统包括初级钠泵和次级钠泵两种类型,前者所介导的钠离子输出与呼吸相偶联,后者又分为单亚基和多亚基两种类型。到目前为止,有关初级钠泵和次级钠泵转运钠离子的分子机制还停留在推测阶段。对细菌Na 输出系统的类型和Na 外排的可能机制进行综述,并对有待深入研究的问题进行探讨。  相似文献   

12.
外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响   总被引:22,自引:1,他引:21  
以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol/L NaCl和150mmol/L NaCl 10mmol/L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明:外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ /K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。  相似文献   

13.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus mutants lacking three Na+/H+ antiporters (NhaA, NhaB, NhaD) were constructed. The DeltanhaA strains showed significantly higher sensitivity to LiCl regarding their growth compared to the parental strain. The DeltanhaA and DeltanhaB strains exhibited higher sensitivities to LiCl. The mutant XACabd lacking all of the three antiporters could not grow in the presence of 500 mM LiCl at pH 7.0, or 50 mM at pH 8.5. The XACabd mutant was also sensitive to 1.0 M NaCl at pH 8.5. These results suggest that Na+/H+ antiporters, especially NhaA, are responsible for resistance to LiCl and to high concentrations of NaCl. Reduced Na+/H+ and Li+/H+ antiport activities were observed with everted membrane vesicles of DeltanhaB strains. However, Li+/H+ antiport activities of DeltanhaB strains were two times higher than those of DeltanhaA strains when cells were cultured at pH 8.5. It seems that expression of nhaA and nhaB is dependent on medium pH to some extent. In addition, HQNO (2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide), which is a potent inhibitor of the respiratory Na+ pump, inhibited growth of XACabd, but not of the wild type strain. Moreover, survival rate of XACabd under hypoosmotic stress was lower than that of wild type strain. It is likely that the Na+/H+ antiporters are involved in osmoregulation under hypoosmotic stress. Based on these findings, we propose that the Na+/H+ antiporters cooperate with the respiratory Na+ pump in ionic homeostasis in V. parahaemolyticus.  相似文献   

14.
Na+/H+ antiporters are integral membrane proteins that exchange Na+ for H+ across the cytoplasmic or organellar membranes of virtually all living cells. They are essential for control of cellular pH, volume homeostasis, and regulation of Na+ levels. Na+/H+ antiporters have become increasingly characterized and are now becoming important drug targets. The recently identified NhaP family of Na+/H+ antiporters, from the CPA1 superfamily, contains proteins with a surprisingly broad collective range of transported cations, exchanging protons for alkali cations such as Na+, Li+, K+, or Rb+ as well as for Ca2+ and, possibly, NH4+. Questions about ion selectivity and the physiological impact of each particular NhaP antiporter are far from trivial. For example, Vc-NhaP2 from Vibrio cholerae has recently been shown to function in vivo as a specific K+/H+ antiporter while retaining the ability to exchange H+ for Na+ and bind (but not exchange with H+) Li+ in a competitive manner. These and other findings reviewed in this communication make antiporters of the NhaP type attractive systems to study intimate molecular mechanisms of cation exchange. In an evolutionary perspective, the NhaP family seems to be a phylogenetic entity undergoing active divergent evolution. In this minireview, to rationalize peculiarities of the cation specificity in the NhaP family, the "size-exclusion principle" and the idea of "ligand shading" are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
In neutralophilic bacteria, monovalent metal cation/H+ antiporters play a key role in pH homeostasis. In Escherichia coli, only four antiporters (NhaA, NhaB, MdfA and ChaA) are identified to function in maintenance of a stable cytoplasmic pH under conditions of alkaline stress. We hypothesised that the multidrug resistance protein MdtM, a recently characterised homologue of MdfA and a member of the major facilitator superfamily, also functions in alkaline pH homeostasis. Assays that compared the growth of an E. coli ΔmdtM deletion mutant transformed with a plasmid encoding wild-type MdtM or the dysfunctional MdtM D22A mutant at different external alkaline pH values (ranging from pH 8.5 to 10) revealed a potential contribution by MdtM to alkaline pH tolerance, but only when millimolar concentrations of sodium or potassium was present in the growth medium. Fluorescence-based activity assays using inverted vesicles generated from transformants of antiporter-deficient (ΔnhaA, ΔnhaB, ΔchaA) E. coli TO114 cells defined MdtM as a low-affinity antiporter that catalysed electrogenic exchange of Na+, K+, Rb+ or Li+ for H+. The K+/H+ antiport reaction had a pH optimum at 9.0, whereas the Na+/H+ exchange activity was optimum at pH 9.25. Measurement of internal cellular pH confirmed MdtM as contributing to maintenance of a stable cytoplasmic pH, acid relative to the external pH, under conditions of alkaline stress. Taken together, the results support a role for MdtM in alkaline pH tolerance. MdtM can therefore be added to the currently limited list of antiporters known to function in pH homeostasis in the model organism E. coli.  相似文献   

16.
细胞内pH和囊泡运输是影响细胞功能的重要影响因子,也是决定细胞是否死亡的重要因素。植物Na^+,K^+/H^+反向转运体是位于细胞膜结构上的跨膜反向转运蛋白,介导Na^+、K^+与质子(H^+)的跨膜反向转运,影响胞内pH的动态平衡。研究表明,NHX缺失造成细胞pH失衡的同时,将影响囊泡运输,从而对生长发育产生不利影响。主要对植物NHX在pH调节、囊泡运输中的功能进展进行了概述,并对其关系进行探讨。  相似文献   

17.
Na(+)/H(+) antiporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins that are involved in homeostasis of H(+) and Na(+) throughout the biological kingdom. Corroborating their role in pH homeostasis, many of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter proteins are regulated directly by pH. The pH regulation of NhaA, the Escherichia coli Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (EcNhaA), as of other, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic Na(+)/H(+) antiporters, involves a pH sensor and conformational changes in different parts of the protein that transduce the pH signal into a change in activity. Thus, residues that affect the pH response, the translocation or both activities cluster in separate domains along the antiporter molecules. Importantly, in the NhaA family, these domains are conserved. Helix-packing model of EcNhaA based on cross-linking data suggests, that in the three dimensional structure of NhaA, residues that affect the pH response may be in close proximity, forming a single pH sensitive domain. Therefore, it is suggested that, despite considerable differences in the primary structure of the antiporters from the bacterial NhaA to the mammalian NHEs, their three-dimensional architectures are conserved. Test of this possibility awaits the atomic resolution of the 3D structure of the antiporters.  相似文献   

18.
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a normal inhabitant of aquatic environments, where it survives in a wide range of conditions of pH and salinity. In this work, we investigated the role of three Na+/H+ antiporters on the survival of V. cholerae in a saline environment. We have previously cloned the Vc-nhaA gene encoding the V. cholerae homolog of Escherichia coli. Here we identified two additional antiporter genes, designated Vc-nhaB and Vc-nhaD, encoding two putative proteins of 530 and 477 residues, respectively, highly homologous to the respective antiporters of Vibrio species and E. coli. We showed that both Vc-NhaA and Vc-NhaB confer Na+ resistance and that Vc-NhaA displays an antiport activity in E. coli, which is similar in magnitude, kinetic parameters, and pH regulation to that of E. coli NhaA. To determine the roles of the Na+/H+ antiporters in V. cholerae, we constructed nhaA, nhaB, and nhaD mutants (single, double, and triple mutants). In contrast to E. coli, the inactivation of the three putative antiporter genes (Vc-nhaABD) in V. cholerae did not alter the bacterial exponential growth in the presence of high Na+ concentrations and had only a slight effect in the stationary phase. In contrast, a pronounced and similar Li+-sensitive phenotype was found with all mutants lacking Vc-nhaA during the exponential phase of growth and also with the triple mutant in the stationary phase of growth. By using 2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, a specific inhibitor of the electron-transport-linked Na+ pump NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQR), we determined that in the absence of NQR activity, the Vc-NhaA Na+/H+ antiporter activity becomes essential for the resistance of V. cholerae to Na+ at alkaline pH. Since the ion pump NQR is Na+ specific, we suggest that its activity masks the Na+/H+ but not the Li+/H+ antiporter activities. Our results indicate that the Na+ resistance of the human pathogen V. cholerae requires a complex molecular system involving multiple antiporters and the NQR pump.  相似文献   

19.
过量表达星星草PtSOS_1提高拟南芥的耐盐性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
将星星草中分离的质膜型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因PtSOS1(GenBank登录号EF440291)构建到pGWB2植物表达载体上,转化拟南芥,获得抗卡那霉素的抗性植株.PCR和Northern检测表明,PtSOS1已整合到拟南芥基因组中并过量表达.耐盐性实验表明,PtSOS1过量表达提高了拟南芥植株的耐盐性.盐分测定表明,盐胁迫下PtSOS1转基因植株中Na+积累低于野生型的,K+含量则高于野生型的,转基因植株中K+/Na+比值高于野生型.  相似文献   

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