三刺角蝉族Tricentrini系统学研究I.三刺角蝉属Tricenlrus中国八新种(同翅目: 角蝉科: 露盾角蝉亚科)

本文讨论了三刺角蝉族ＴｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｉｎｉＡｈｍａｄｅｔＹａｓｍｅｅｎ,１９７４特征及所辖４个属的关系,认为秃角蝉属ＣｅｎｔｒｏｔｏｓｃｅｌｕｓＦｒｎｋｈｏｕｓｅｒ,１９１４为其中一独立属。记述了三刺角蝉属Ｔｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓ中国８个新种：胡颓子三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｅｌａｅａｇｎｉ,茶树三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｃａｍｅｌｉａｅ,马桑三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｃｏｒｉａｒｉａｅ,驼背三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｄｏｒｓｏｃａｍｅｌｏｉｄｅｕｓ,肖融瓣三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｃｏｌｉｇａｔｏｃｌｙｐｅｉｄｅｓ,油茶三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｃａｍｅｌｏｌｅｆｅｒ,半透翅三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｓｅｍｉｐｅｌｕｃｉｄｕｓ,以及铁刀木三刺角蝉Ｔ．ｃａｅｓａｌｐｉｎｉａｅ。它们的共同特征是：额唇基的中、侧瓣融合;雌性第９腹节背板的后上角管状。模式标本均保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆     

中国雅角蝉属一新种：同翅目：角蝉科

中国雅角蝉属一新种（同翅目：角蝉科）袁锋,范骁凌（西北农业大学昆虫研究所陕西省杨陵区７１２１００）本文记述了采自云南勐腊、勐养雅角蝉属ＣｅｎｔｒｏｃｈａｒｅｓＳｔｌ１新种。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。花翅雅角蝉Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｃｈａｒｅｓｐｏｒ...     

中国无齿角蝉属三新种：同翅目：角蝉科

西方记述无齿角蝉属ＮｏｎｄｅｎｔｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓＹｕａｎｅｔＣｈｏｕ３新种,即：拟黑无齿角蝉Ｎ．ｐａｒａｍｅｌａｎｉｃｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

山东危害槐树的三刺角蝉属一新种：同翅目：角蝉科：露盾角蝉亚科

本文记述在山东省危害槐树ＳｏｐｈｏｒａｊａｐｏｍｉｃａＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ的三刺角蝉属Ｔｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓ１新种；槐树三刺角蝉Ｔｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓｓｏｐｈｏｒａｅｓｓｐｎｏｖ，其寄主除槐树外，还有龙爪槐Ｓ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｆ．ｐｅｎｄｕｌａＬｏｎｄ．刺槐ＲｏｂｒｉｎｉａｐｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａＬｉｎｎ，紫穗槐ＡｍｏｒｐｈａｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＬｉｎｎ，模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

三刺角蝉族Tricentrini系统学研究Ⅰ.：三刺角蝉属Tricenlurs中国…

本文讨论了三角蝉族ＴｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｉｎｉＡｈｍａｄｅｔＹａｓｍｅｅｎ,１９７４特征及所辖４个属的关系,认为秃角蝉属ＣｅｎｔｒｏｔｏｓｃｌｕｓＦｒｎｋｈｏｕｓｅｒ,１９１４为其中一独立属。模式标本均保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

无齿角蝉属四新种记述(同翅目:角蝉科)

本文记述无齿角蝉属ＮｏｎｄｅｎｔｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓＹｕａｎｅｔＣｈｏｕ４新种,即：秦岭无齿角蝉Ｎ．ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,长角无齿角蝉Ｎ．ｌｏｎｇｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,金黄无齿角蝉Ｎ．ａｕｒｅｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,和亮斑无齿角蝉Ｎ．ｆｕｌｇｉｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

二刺角蝉属分类地位的讨论及中国种类的记述（同翅目：角蝉科）

二刺角蝉属ＨｅｍｉｃｅｎｔｕｒｓＭｅｌｉｃｈａｒ的分类地位历来有很大的争议,不同的作者往往把该属放在不同的亚科甚至不同的科中。该属全世界已知５种,均分布于东洋区,我国已记载有二种,即：Ｈ．ｃｏｒｎｕｔｕｓＦｕｎｋｈ．和Ｈ．ａｔｅｎｕａｔｕｓＦｕｎｋｈ．。作者研究了保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆的二刺角蝉属标本５０余件,鉴定出６种,其中有５新种：宽二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｌａｔｕｓ,褐二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｂｒｕｎｎｅｕｓ,细二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｔｅｎｕｉｓ,短二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｂｒｅｖｉｓ,斜二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ。并基于详细的形态学、细胞学、幼期形态特征的研究,进一步论证了该属的分类地位,认为应放到角蝉科Ｍｅｍｂｒａｃｉｄａｅ露盾角蝉亚科Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｔｉｎａｅ弧角蝉族Ｌｅｐｔｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｎｉ．。     

钩冠角蝉属的变异及分类研究（同翅目：角蝉科）

通过研究,作者认为钩冠角蝉属Hypsolyrium的前胸背板前角突形状在同种个体间变异很大,不能作为种鉴别的主要特征。作者通过对雄性外生殖器、头部额唇基端部形状、两单眼间距离、前胸背板齿的有无、后突起长度、雌性翅的形状等特征的观察,对钩冠角蝉属进行了分类研究,记述了本属所有已知种类——全世界共知7种,其中包括3新种,即乌桕钩冠角蝉H.sapium,油桐钩冠角蝉H.aleurites, 江西钩冠角蝉H.jangxiensis,制作了分种检索表。并应用Farris-Wagner数值分析法对7个种的系统发育进行了分析,绘制了系统发育支序图。     

中国角蝉科耳角蝉属一新种(半翅目:角蝉科)

本文记述了中国角蝉科耳角蝉属1新种——未来耳角蝉Maurya dreamonia,sp．nov．模式标本保存于四川大学生命科学学院动物标本馆。 未来耳角蝉Maurya dreamonia Zeng,新种 体中型,体长6．5mm,褐色,肩角间宽2．5mm,上肩角间宽3．2mm。近似于脊顶耳角蝉M．verticicarinalis Yuan,1988和瘤耳角蝉Mparadoxa（Lethierry,1876）,新种最显著特征在于上肩角发达,无弯曲,直伸向外上方：后突起中部更为拱起。与脊顶耳角蝉相比,新种前翅翅脉还具有小瘤结颗粒。 正模：♀,四川卧龙自然保护区（1980m）,2004-Ⅶ-06,曾昱采。     

隐盾角蝉亚科Oxyrhachinae在中国的发现及一新种记述：同翅目：角蝉科

中国记录的角蝉原只属于露盾角蝉亚科Centrotinae。在对1991年从云南采集的角蝉标本的鉴定中,我们发现在我国有另一个亚科——隐盾角蝉亚科Oxyrhachinae的种类分布。本文报导了这一新记录亚科,并记述该亚科一新种。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。 隐盾角蝉亚科Oxyrhachinae,中国新记录亚科 该亚科于1929年由Haupt所建立,识别特征是小盾片完全被前胸背板所遮盖,前胸背板下缘和中胸前侧片下方各有一个向下后方伸出的齿突。大多种类分布于非洲,仅少数种类分布于亚洲和澳洲。 隐盾角蝉属Oxyrhachis Germar,中国新记录属 根据Capener(1962)的意见,隐盾角蝉亚科仅包括一个属——隐盾角蝉属Oxyrhachis Germar,该属的异名有Oxyrhachidia Melichar(1903),Xiphistes Stal(1866),Gongroneura Jacobi(1910),Xiphistoides Goding(1931),Kombazana Distant(1908)。中华隐盾角蝉Oxyrhachis sinensis,新种(图1-10) 体中型,雄虫较雌虫体小,体长5.7-6.5mm,上肩角顶端间宽2.6—3.5mm,肩角间宽2.3-2.6mm,红褐色。外形很近似于分布在印度、南非等地的Oxyrhachis tarandus(Fabricius),但区别在于:①成虫的上肩角比较上举,后突起不伸出前翅臀角;②若虫头顶突粗壮,前胸背板前突起顶端钝;③雄虫细胞减数分裂中期X染色体     

Identifying female phenotypes that promote behavioral isolation in a sexually dimorphic species of fish Etheostoma zonale

In sexually dimorphic species characterized by exaggerated male ornamentation, behavioral isolation is often attributed to female preferences for conspecific male signals. Yet, in a number of sexually dimorphic species, male mate choice also results in behavioral isolation. In many of these cases, the female traits that mediate species boundaries are unclear. Females in sexually dimorphic species typically lack many of the elaborate traits that are present in males and that are often used for taxonomic classification of species. In a diverse and largely sexually dimorphic group of fishes called darters (Percidae: Etheostoma), male mate choice contributes to behavioral isolation between a number of species; however, studies addressing which female traits males prefer are lacking. In this study, we identified the dominant female pattern for two sympatric species, Etheostoma zonale and Etheostoma barrenense, using pattern energy analysis, and we used discriminate function analysis to identify which aspects of female patterning can reliably classify species. We then tested the role of female features in male mate choice for E. zonale, by measuring male preference for computer animations displaying the identified (species-specific) conspecific features. We found that the region above the lateral line is important in mediating male mate preferences, with males spending a significantly greater proportion of time with animations exhibiting conspecific female patterning in this region than with animations exhibiting heterospecific female patterning. Our results suggest that the aspects of female phenotypes that are the target of male mate choice are different from the conspicuous male phenotypes that traditionally characterize species.     

Asymmetric learning to avoid heterospecific males in Mesocricetus hamsters

If a female mates with a male of a closely related species, her fitness is likely to decline. Consequently, females may develop behavioral mechanisms to avoid mating with heterospecific males. In some species, one such mechanism is for adult females to learn to discriminate against heterospecific males after exposure to such males. We have previously shown that adult, female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) learn to discriminate against male Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) after exposure to a single heterospecific male during 8 days across a wire-mesh barrier. Here we repeated that experiment but this time we exposed female Turkish hamsters to a male Syrian hamster for 8 days and then measured sexual and aggressive behaviors towards that heterospecific male and towards a conspecific male. In contrast to female Syrian hamsters, female Turkish hamsters did not differ in their latency to go into lordosis or in any measure of aggression towards either type of male. Female Turkish hamsters spent less time in lordosis with the heterospecific male, but the percentage of trials in which females copulated with conspecific and heterospecific males did not differ. When comparing females from both species that had been exposed to a heterospecific male for 8days, female Syrian hamsters copulated less and were more aggressive towards the heterospecific male compared to the behavior of female Turkish hamsters. We discuss how this asymmetric response between females of the two species may be due to the much larger geographical range of Turkish hamsters compared to Syrian hamsters.     

Coevolution of Male and Female Response Preferences to Sexual Signals in Music Frogs

Male signaling influences both female choice and male-male competition. Although male signaling characteristics and female preferences have been shown to coevolve in many species, few studies have examined whether male signal characteristics and male receiver responses related to male-male competition also coevolve. The present study tested the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences may coevolve in parallel for frogs in the genus Babina by comparing the acoustic structure of male advertisement calls of four closely related and geographically isolated Babina species. Then we assessed the behavioral responses of both male and female B. daunchina(Emei music frog) to male call playbacks from each of the four species. The results support the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences have coevolved in this species. Specifically, both male and female B. daunchina respond strongly to the heterospecific calls of B. hainanensis, suggesting that preexisting biases exist in both females and males. Both male and female individuals showed a slight response to the calls of B. adenopleura while no response was evoked by the calls of B. lini. The manifestation of similar response profiles in male and female B. daunchina to the calls of the four species support the idea that male and female signal receiver preferences evolved in parallel and that the origin of these receiver biases reflects adaptations dependent on the same neural and cognitive systems in both sexes.     

Intraspecific sexual selection on a speciation trait, male coloration, in the Lake Victoria cichlid Pundamilia nyererei

The haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria constitute a classical example of explosive speciation. Extensive intra- and interspecific variation in male nuptial coloration and female mating preferences, in the absence of postzygotic isolation between species, has inspired the hypothesis that sexual selection has been a driving force in the origin of this species flock. This hypothesis rests on the premise that the phenotypic traits that underlie behavioural reproductive isolation between sister species diverged under sexual selection within a species. We test this premise in a Lake Victoria cichlid, by using laboratory experiments and field observations. We report that a male colour trait, which has previously been shown to be important for behavioural reproductive isolation between this species and a close relative, is under directional sexual selection by female mate choice within this species. This is consistent with the hypothesis that female choice has driven the divergence in male coloration between the two species. We also find that male territoriality is vital for male reproductive success and that multiple mating by females is common.     

半蓝角伪叶甲的再描述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：伪叶甲亚科）

半蓝角伪叶甲Cerogria basalis(Hope,1831)为角伪叶甲属Cerogria Borchmann,1909的1个大型种,过去仅知道分布于印度,尼泊尔,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那,一直缺乏详细和正式的形态描述。近年来,我们从云南采集到该种的雌虫和雄虫。本文对该种雌性和雄性成虫,特别是触角、腹板和雄性外生殖器特征作了详细描述。提供了该种雌、雄两性成虫的背面观和腹面观以及生境照片,以及触角、雄性末节腹板以及雄性外生殖器特征图片。本文还讨论了种内变异。这些工作为该种的正确鉴定提供了依据。     

Preference for conspecifics evolves earlier in males than females in a sexually dimorphic radiation of fishes

Speciation by sexual selection is generally modeled as the coevolution of female preferences and elaborate male ornaments leading to behavioral (sexual) reproductive isolation. One prediction of these models is that female preference for conspecific males should evolve earlier than male preference for conspecific females in sexually dimorphic species with male ornaments. We tested that prediction in darters, a diverse group of freshwater fishes with sexually dimorphic ornamentation. Focusing on the earliest stages of divergence, we tested preference for conspecific mates in males and females of seven closely related species pairs. Contrary to expectation, male preference for conspecific females was significantly greater than female preference for conspecific males. Males in four of the 14 species significantly preferred conspecific females; whereas, females in no species significantly preferred conspecific males. Relationships between the strength of preference for conspecifics and genetic distance revealed no difference in slope between males and females, but a significant difference in intercept, also suggesting that male preference evolves earlier than females’. Our results are consistent with other recent studies in darters and suggest that the coevolution of female preferences and male ornaments may not best explain the earliest stages of behavioral isolation in this lineage.     

The allometry of flower size dimorphism in dioecious Dombeya species on La Réunion

In this paper we examine whether variation in male and female flower size follows an allometric relation for 10 dioecious species in the genus Dombeya endemic to La Réunion. Male flowers are significantly larger than female flowers and the degree of dimorphism varies significantly across species. There is a significant allometric relationship between male and female flower size: as mean flower size decreases the degree of flower size dimorphism increases. This is the first study to document an allometric relationship between male and female flower size in unisexual plants. We discuss this allometric relationship in relation to two characteristics frequently observed in dioecious flowers: flower size dimorphism is common in unisexual plants and dioecious species often have smaller flowers than hermaphrodites.     

The evolution of male and female mating preferences in Drosophila speciation*

The relative importance of male and female mating preferences in causing sexual isolation between species remains a major unresolved question in speciation. Despite previous work showing that male courtship bias and/or female copulation bias for conspecifics occur in many taxa, the present study is one of the first large‐scale works to study their relative divergence. To achieve this, we used data from the literature and present experiments across 66 Drosophila species pairs. Our results revealed that male and female mate preferences are both ubiquitous in Drosophila but evolved largely independently, suggesting different underlying evolutionary and genetic mechanisms. Moreover, their relative divergence strongly depends on the geographical relationship of species. Between allopatric species, male courtship and female copulation preferences diverged at very similar rates, evolving approximately linearly with time of divergence. In sharp contrast, between sympatric species pairs, female preferences diverged much more rapidly than male preferences and were the only drivers of enhanced sexual isolation in sympatry and Reproductive Character Displacement (RCD). Not only does this result suggest that females are primarily responsible for such processes as reinforcement, but it also implies that evolved female preferences may reduce selection for further divergence of male courtship preferences in sympatry.     

How do we decide that a species is sex-role reversed?

Defining sex roles has been driven by differences in mating systems at the extreme: polygyny and polyandry. Roles may reverse depending on which sex limits the reproductive rate of the other, and it is generally the female that limits the male. Males therefore compete for female mates. But in species in which the male limits the reproductive rate of the female, the female competes for male mates and assumes the masculine role. Complications arise, however, in species with typical roles when males are temporarily limiting, and females then briefly compete for and display to males. Problems also occur among tightly monogamous species with biparental care, where the mates have equal reproductive rates; both males and females compete intrasexually for mates. Despite this, monogamous species have masculine and feminine roles, typically manifested as the male dominating the female. Some monogamous species are nevertheless sex-role reversed. The pervasive behavioral mechanism characterizing the masculine role is dominance through aggression, size, or both. Attending more to behavioral mechanisms will enrich our understanding of sex-role reversal.     

HAVE MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA COEVOLVED? A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GENITALIC MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN WEB‐BUILDING SPIDERS (ARANEAE: ARANEOIDEA)

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) can strongly influence the evolution of reproductive strategies and life history. If SSD is extreme, and other characters (e.g., genitalic size) also increase with size, then functional conflicts may arise between the sexes. Spiders offer an excellent opportunity to investigate this issue because of their wide range of SSD. By using modern phylogenetic methods with 16 species of orb-weaving spiders, we provide strong evidence for the "positive genitalic divergence" model, implying that sexual genitalic dimorphism (SGD) increases as SSD increases. This pattern is supported by an evolutionary mismatch between the absolute sizes of male and female genitalia across species. Indeed, our findings reveal a dramatic reversal from male genitalia that are up to 87x larger than female genitalia in size-monomorphic species to female genitalia that are up to 2.8x larger in extremely size-dimorphic species. We infer that divergence in SGD could limit SSD both in spiders, and potentially in other taxa as well. Further, male and female body size, as well as male and female genitalia size, are decoupled evolutionarily. Finally, we show a negative scaling (hypoallometry) of male and female genitalic morphology within sexes. Evolutionary forces specific to each sex, such as larger female size (increased fecundity) or smaller male size (enhanced mate-searching ability), may be balanced by stabilizing selection on relative genitalic size.