不同林龄巨尾桉的灰分含量和热值

采用热量仪和马福炉对1～4年生4个不同林龄阶段巨尾桉的叶、枝、根、干、皮5个部位进行灰分含量和热值测定,结果表明:不同林龄巨尾桉其5个部位的平均灰分含量在(0.42±0.14)%～(4.43±1.35)%之间,以皮的最高、干的最低,各部位灰分含量的大小排列顺序无一相同且无明显的规律可循,除根外,叶、枝、干、皮在林分4个...     

三种整地措施下尾巨桉人工林碳储量及其分配格局

以不炼山＋人工穴垦、不炼山＋机械带垦和炼山＋机械全垦3种不同整地组合下的2.5年生尾巨桉人工林为对象,对其碳储量及其分配格局进行研究。结果表明：(1)3种整地组合下尾巨桉各器官碳含量平均值为44.37％~57.42％,大小顺序为叶>干>枝>根>皮,带垦最大(51.21％),炼山全垦最小(49.95％);不同整地组合尾巨桉人工林林下地被物层的碳含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);土壤层(0~100 cm)碳含量均随土层深度的增大而减小,各层土壤平均碳含量总体趋势表现为带垦>炼山全垦>穴垦。(2)穴垦、带垦、炼山全垦措施下乔木层总碳储量依次为18.01、30.49和23.56 t.hm-2,各器官碳储量大小顺序为干>根>叶>枝>皮;除皮外,其余器官碳储量排序均为带垦>炼山全垦>穴垦。(3)尾巨桉人工林生态系统的总碳储量表现为带垦(197.03 t.hm-2)>炼山全垦(161.16t.hm-2)>穴垦(144.77 t.hm-2);不同整地措施碳储量分配格局均为土壤层>植被层>枯落物层。土壤层和乔木层碳储量均是带垦最大,在整个生态系统碳储量中处于主导地位,占整个系统碳储量在93％以上;不同整地组合措施对枯落物层的碳储量无显著影响。因此,从提高尾巨桉林分系统碳储量方面考虑,在雷州半岛及相似立地条件地区进行尾巨桉人工林造林时宜采取不炼山＋机械带垦的整地组合方式。     

广东樟木头5种桉树的能量特征研究

对广东省东莞市樟木头林场5种6 a生巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)、柳桉(E.saligna)、大花序桉(E.cloeziana)、粗皮桉(E.pellita)和托里桉(E.torelliana)的能量特征进行研究.结果表明:5种桉树不同组分的灰分含量和热值存在显著差异(P<0.01).灰分含量为0.16%-8.37%,其中巨桉、柳桉、粗皮桉和托里桉均是叶>皮>枝>根>干,而大花序桉为皮>叶>枝>根>干;各组分的干重热值为15.12-18.85 kJ g~(-1),均以叶最高、皮最低,巨桉与粗皮桉为叶>枝>干>根>皮;柳桉与托里桉为叶>干>枝>根>皮;大花序桉为叶>枝>根>干>皮;去灰分热值为16.37～19.87 kJ g~(-1),除粗皮桉为叶>枝>皮>干>根外,其它4种各组分的去灰分热值均与干重热值的变化趋势相同.5种桉树的平均干重热值和去灰分热值分别以巨桉、粗皮桉最高,但均以托里桉最低.     

大岗山毛竹林与常绿阔叶林碳储量及分配格局

基于固定样地,对江西大岗山毛竹林与常绿阔叶林生态系统碳储量及分配格局进行了研究.结果表明:毛竹各器官碳含量介于42.22%～47.53%,其大小顺序依次为秆(47.53%)＞枝(46.49%)＞鞭(46.10%)＞根(45.30%)＞叶(42.22%).丝栗栲不同器官碳含量介于43.09%～45.53%,其干、叶、枝、...     

西双版纳橡胶林生物量随海拔梯度的变化

对西双版纳低(550~600 m)、中(750~800 m)、高(950~1050 m)3个海拔梯度上橡胶林地上及各器官的生物量进行了测定。结果表明,海拔从低到高,地上生物量和干生物量都呈降低趋势,干生物量占地上生物量的70%以上;海拔间的地上生物量和干生物量差异显著(P<0.05)。枝和叶生物量为中海拔最高,低海拔次之,高海拔最低,二者分别占地上生物量20%和5%左右,仅高海拔和低海拔间差异显著(P<0.05)。气温的海拔间差异可能是引起生物量海拔间差异的重要原因之一。3个海拔上各器官生物量大小顺序为:干>枝>叶。橡胶林低海拔模型用于中海拔和高海拔、混合模型用于各海拔的生物量计算会导致不同程度的误差。     

黄土高原丘陵区退耕还林地油松人工林碳储量及分配特征研究

以黄土高原丘陵区主要退耕还林树种油松为研究对象,对甘肃省庆阳市合水县采用样地调查与生物量实测方法,分析不同坡向（阳坡、阴坡）及退耕年限（退耕6年、9年和12年）油松人工林的乔木不同器官、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层的碳含量,以及油松人工林乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量及其分配特征,探讨甘肃黄土高原丘陵区生态林的固碳作用。结果表明:（1）油松不同器官碳含量为48.15%~53.90%,各器官碳含量大小为树干>叶>细枝>粗枝>根桩>粗根>树皮>大根>中根>小根>细根>球果;灌木层碳含量为茎>叶>根;草本层碳含量为地上部分>地下部分。（2）油松人工林的枯落物层碳含量为未分解层大于半分解层。（3）0~100 cm土壤层的碳含量随退耕年限增加而增大,随土壤深度的增加而下降;0~10 cm、10~20 cm土壤层不同坡向间碳含量差异显著。（4）阳坡和阴坡退耕6年、9年和12年油松林总碳储量分别为42.90、50.50、59.22 t·hm^-2和45.08、53.77、65.70 t·hm^-2。研究认为,黄土高原丘陵区阳坡和阴坡均适宜油松林发挥固碳效益,且阴坡要优于阳坡,是甘肃黄土高原丘陵区的理想树种。     

氮磷添加对巨桉幼苗生物量分配和C:N:P化学计量特征的影响

巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)是一种优良的速生用材树种, 了解氮(N)和磷(P)对巨桉生长、养分限制、化学计量特征的影响对于科学合理施肥具有重要意义。该实验以巨桉无性系组培苗为研究对象, 通过在酸性紫色土中设置不同施N或施P梯度, 研究巨桉幼苗各器官(根、茎、叶)生物量及碳(C)、N、P的分配和化学计量特征以及巨桉生长的养分限制状况。结果表明: 施N处理对巨桉根茎叶及总生物量的影响极显著, 增加了地上部分的生物量比例而显著降低了根系的生物量比例; 施P对巨桉幼苗总生物量影响不显著, 但显著提高了根的生物量分配比例, 对茎和叶的生物量分配没有显著影响。施N或施P显著改变了巨桉幼苗的N、P含量和化学计量比, 同时也显著影响了土壤与植物N:P的关系。施N可以促使酸性紫色土条件下巨桉对N的吸收而抑制对P的吸收, 施P则促进巨桉幼苗对P的吸收。施N对巨桉幼苗根茎叶的C、N、P分配特征有极显著影响, 而施P对巨桉幼苗根茎叶的C、N、P分配没有显著影响。施N极显著降低了巨桉幼苗N的利用率, 显著提高了P的利用率, 而施P处理极显著降低了巨桉幼苗P的利用率。从巨桉生物量沿施肥梯度和N:P的变化规律可以判断, 当叶片N:P < 15时, 巨桉的生长主要受到N的限制作用。施N可以显著地提高根茎叶的N:P比值, 缓解巨桉缺N的现象, 施P则进一步加剧了N元素的缺乏。     

雷竹克隆系统出笋期有机碳分布变化规律

植物光合碳同化物为植物的生长提供所需的物质和能量。目前,对植物有机碳分布虽已展开了大量研究,但对竹类植物出笋期有机碳转移机制的研究还比较缺乏。测定了分株数量为单株、双株和三株的雷竹克隆系统出笋期分株各器官的有机碳含量,以期进一步了解雷竹克隆系统出笋期有机碳转移变化规律。研究发现:雷竹分株不同器官有机碳含量差异显著,且在出笋期发生显著变化,出笋前:枝(52.64%)叶(47.18%)秆(40.98%)鞭(40.13%)根(35.14%),出笋完成后:枝(48.20%)秆(47.84%)叶(45.53%)鞭(45.52%)根(44.29%),枝、叶有机碳含量呈先下降后上升趋势,根、秆、鞭有机碳含量呈"N"型变化规律;单株、多株系统雷竹分株各器官有机碳含量降幅与出笋量成反比,随分株数量增加,出笋量增加,而各器官有机碳含量降幅减小;双株系统中1年生雷竹各器官有机碳含量降幅大于2年生竹,三株系统中3年生雷竹各器官有机碳含量降幅大于1年、2年生竹。这些结果表明:出笋影响雷竹各器官有机碳分配格局,出笋时各器官间有机碳资源发生转移,其中枝、叶有机碳含量降低而根、秆、鞭有机碳含量增加;各器官间源-汇关系发生变化,分株间有机碳资源存在共享,分株数量增加出笋量增加且系统内分株的损耗减小;分株年龄是影响雷竹不同器官出笋期有机碳含量变化的影响因素之一。因此,调整雷竹林年龄结构对提高雷竹林出笋量及经济效益有十分重要的现实意义。     

闽楠容器苗各器官生物量的分配格局及水分特征研究

以1.5年生闽楠(Phoebe bournei)容器苗为研究对象,揭示其在不同高度阶段各器官的含水率及生物量的分配格局,为闽楠的培育及利用提供理论依据。研究表明：①随着高度的增加,闽楠容器苗的生物量及各器官生物量也随之增加,各器官生物量分配大小表现为根生物量＞叶生物量＞茎生物量＞枝生物量;其中茎生物量分配随着高度的增加而增加,叶生物量分配则是随着高度的增加呈现先增加后减少的变化曲线,根生物量分配随着高度增加而先减少后增加。苗高与基径,树高、基径与叶、干、根、茎（干+枝）生物量以及地上、地下和单株生物量都具有极显著相关关系;树高、基径与枝生物量相关关系不显著;②高度为20~25 cm的闽楠幼苗其茎、叶的含水率达到最大峰值50%,其变化曲线相对比较平稳,而幼苗高度处于35~45 cm时根部含水率的最大峰值是61%,变化曲线振幅相对较大;③植株根含水率与茎、叶、地上生物量积累呈显著正相关,而叶含水率则与植物各器官生物量呈显著负相关。     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林的生物量及其分配特征

根据1,2,3,5,8a共5个不同年龄的15块1000 m2尾巨桉样地(3次重复)调查资料,利用18株不同年龄和径阶的样木数据,建立以胸径(D)为单变量的生物量回归方程。采用样木回归分析法(乔木层)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层、地上凋落物)获取不同林龄尾巨桉人工林的生物量,分析了其组成、分配及不同林龄生物量的变化趋势。结果表明:林分总生物量随林龄而增加,1,2,3,5年生和8年生尾巨桉人工林生物量分别为12.49,47.75,64.51,105.77和137.51 t/hm2,其中活体植物占85.60%—97.61%,地上凋落物占2.39%—14.40%;层次分配方面乔木层占绝对优势,占54.80%—91.56%,且随林龄的增加而增大,其次为凋落物,灌木层和草本层生物量较小,分别占1.02%—6.47%和0.28%—24.33%,均随林龄的增加呈递减趋势;乔木层以干所占比例最高,占51.07%—98.48%,且随林龄而增加,枝、叶、根分别占5.76%—11.80%,2.17%—21.01%和6.72%—14.87%,均随林龄而下降;灌木层以枝所占比例最高,为37.89%—56.79%,叶和根分别占16.35%—34.24%和19.52%—39.52%,随林龄的变化均不大;草本层分配1—5年生以地上所占比例较大,8年生地下所占比例高达63.87%;尾巨桉人工林乔木层各器官、地上凋落物及总生物量具有良好的优化增长模型,其总生物量的增长模型为Y=-1.693×104+3.337×104X-1.761X2;8年生尾巨桉人工林总生物量与30年生的木莲人工林持平,低于热带雨林,但其年均净生产量高达17.19 t/hm2,是一个光合效率高、固碳潜力大的速生丰产优良造林树种。     

Estimation of biomass allocation and carbon density of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As an important potential carbon sink, shrubland ecosystem plays a vital role in global carbon balance and climate regulation. Our objectives were to derive appropriate regression models for shrub biomass estimation, and to reveal the biomass allocation pattern and carbon density in Rhododendron simsii shrubland.
Methods We conducted investigations in 27 plots, and developed biomass regression models for shrub species to estimate shrub biomass. The biomass of herb and litterfall were obtained through harvesting. Plant samples were collected from each plot to measure carbon content in different organs.
Important findings The results showed that the power and linear models were the most appropriate equation forms. The D and D²H (where D was the basal diameter (cm) and H was the shrub height (m)) were good predictors for organ biomass and total biomass of shrubs. All of the biomass models reached extremely significant level, and could be used to estimate shrub biomass with high accuracy. It was more difficult to predict leaf and annual branch biomass than stem biomass, because leaf and annual branch were susceptible to herbivores and inter-plant competition. The mean biomass of the shrub layer was 20.78 Mg·hm^-2, in which Rhododendron simsii and Symplocos paniculata biomass accounted for 93.63%. Influenced by both environment and species characteristics, the biomass of the shrub layer organs was in the order of stem > root > leaf > annual branch. The root:shoot ratio of the shrub layer was 0.32, which was less than other shrubs in subtropical regions. The relative higher aboveground biomass allocation reflected the adaptation of plants to the warm and humid environment for more photosynthesis. The mean total community biomass was 26.26 Mg·hm^-2, in which shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer accounted for 79.14%, 7.62% and 13.25%, respectively. Litter biomass was relatively high, which suggested that this community had high nutrient return. There were significant correlations among aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and total biomass of shrub layer and herb layer. The mean biomass carbon density of the community was 11.70 Mg·hm^-2 and the carbon content ratio was 44.55%. The carbon density was usually obtained using the conversion coefficient of 0.5 in previous studies, which could overestimate carbon density by 12.22%.     

长白落叶松含碳率分析及含碳量异速生长模型

森林碳储量约占陆地碳储量的45%,准确评估森林碳储量对于森林的科学经营管理及规划具有重要意义。基于2015—2018年黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗、尚志帽儿山、小九林场以及东京、林口林业局的77棵人工长白落叶松的解析木数据,分析5种树木成分(即干材、树皮、树枝、树叶和树根)的含碳量分配及含碳率变化,构建了长白落叶松总量及各分项的一元及二元可加性含碳量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性似乎不相关回归模型方法,并采用“刀切法”对模型进行检验,评价其预测能力。结果表明:各分项加权平均含碳率差异显著,树枝(49.3%)>树皮(48.7%)>树叶(48.5%)>干材(48.2%)>树根(47.1%)。地上含碳量约占总含碳量的80%,地下含碳量约占20%。可加性含碳量模型的调整后确定系数R_a²大于0.89,平均绝对误差(MAE)小于4.1 kg,绝大多数模型的平均绝对误差百分比(MAE%)小于30%。引入树高变量,可以有效地提高大部分含碳量模型的拟合效果和预测能力。其中,总量、地上、干材和树皮含碳量模型拟合效果较好,树枝、树叶、树根和树冠含碳量模型拟合效果相对较差。     

栓皮栎地上部分构型及生物量分配

研究秦岭南坡商洛地区不同径级栓皮栎的地上部分构型、生物量及其分配和构型与生物量的关系.结果表明： 不同径级栓皮栎地上部分构型与生物量的分配存在差异.随着径级的增大,栓皮栎树高、胸径和冠幅逐渐增大;平均递减率先增大后减小;栓皮栎总体分枝率和逐步分枝率先增加后下降;不同径级栓皮栎垂直方向上的比叶面积为0.02～0.03,叶重比、叶面积指数和叶面积比的较大值在径级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ时出现于树干中、上部,在径级为Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ时出现在树干中部,径级进一步增大则在垂直方向上出现2个峰值,分别位于树干中下部和中上部.栓皮栎地上部分生物量中,树干生物量占71.8%～88.4%,枝生物量占5.8%～19.6%,叶生物量占4.2%～8.6%.随着径级的增大,树干生物量所占比例先减小后增大,而枝、叶生物量所占比例呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势.栓皮栎地上部分生物量与树高、胸径、冠幅和逐步分枝率(R_2∶1)呈显著正相关,与总体分枝率和逐步分枝率(R_3∶2)呈正相关趋势,但相关性不显著.树干生物量、地上总生物量与树干递减率呈负相关趋势,枝生物量、叶生物量与树干递减率呈正相关趋势,但相关性均不显著.     

Biomass partitioning and water content relationships at the branch and whole-plant levels and as a function of plant size in Elaeagnus mollis populations in Shanxi, North China

Understanding of the biomass (dry weight) allocation and water relations in populations will provide useful information on the growth patterns and resource-allocation dynamics. By destructive sampling, foliage, branch and root biomass were measured in the endangered shrub Elaeagnus mollis populations growing in Shanxi province, North China. Biomass partitioning and water content relationships were compared at the branch and whole-plant levels, and as a function of basal diameter (plant size). The biomass was mainly distributed in the bigger branches at the branch level, and in the branch wood at the whole-plant level, and branch biomass (but not foliage or root biomass) increases significantly with increasing basal diameter. As a result, branch wood became the major biomass pool, even though considerable biomass was also allocated to the roots. However, the relative water content decreased from the periphery of the crown to the interior of the shrub at the branch level, and from the aboveground to the belowground at the whole-plant level though no significant variation among foliage, branches, and roots. Yet it increased significantly for the whole-plant with increasing basal diameter. The ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass was smaller than 1.0, even as a function of basal diameter. These growth responses indicated a strong adaptation to the shrub’s growing conditions. Biomass was primarily allocated above the ground and the aboveground components grew faster than the belowground one.     

Architectural and physiological characteristics related to the depressed growth of poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase in a field study

Key Message

In a field study, transgenic poplars with lower xyloglucan content showed distinct differences from wild-type plants in having a tubby stem morphology as well as smaller and thicker leaves with a stomatal adjustment dysfunction.

Abstract

Two transgenic lines of Populus alba which overexpressed Aspergillus xyloglucanase (trg300-1, trg300-2) showed inferior growth compared to the wild-type plants (wt) in a field study with two different soil nutrient conditions (fertile and infertile soil areas). In order to elucidate the causes, we examined their aboveground architecture and leaf macronutrients as well as the photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance in day and dark conditions. The transgenic lines in both soil areas had significantly shorter stems and smaller total mass in comparison to wt with the same cross-sectional area of branches or aboveground bodies, describing their smaller, tubby morphology. In addition, the transgenic lines in the fertile area had 16–22 % smaller leaves with similar masses, and larger number of branch tips than wt, which resulted in larger total leaf mass with similar total leaf area in comparison to wt with the same total aboveground mass. With similar stomatal length and density, the dark leaf conductance and minimum leaf conductance were 1.5–3 times and 3–10 times higher, respectively, in the transgenic lines than in wt while the daytime leaf conductance was similar among them. This indicates that the stomata of the transgenic lines are able to open but unable to close completely, possibly leading to greater water loss. Associated with lower xyloglucan content in the transgenic lines, we suggest that xyloglucan plays important roles in establishment of plant architecture as well as stomatal closure, which affect plant growth rate.     

Biomass partitioning and water content relationships at the branch and whole-plant levels and as a function of plant size in Elaeagnus mollis populations in Shanxi, North China

Understanding of the biomass (dry weight) allocation and water relations in populations will provide useful information on the growth patterns and resource-allocation dynamics. By destructive sampling, foliage, branch and root biomass were measured in the endangered shrub Elaeagnus mollis populations growing in Shanxi province, North China. Biomass partitioning and water content relationships were compared at the branch and whole-plant levels, and as a function of basal diameter (plant size). The biomass was mainly distributed in the bigger branches at the branch level, and in the branch wood at the whole-plant level, and branch biomass (but not foliage or root biomass) increases significantly with increasing basal diameter. As a result, branch wood became the major biomass pool, even though considerable biomass was also allocated to the roots. However, the relative water content decreased from the periphery of the crown to the interior of the shrub at the branch level, and from the aboveground to the belowground at the whole-plant level though no significant variation among foliage, branches, and roots. Yet it increased significantly for the whole-plant with increasing basal diameter. The ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass was smaller than 1.0, even as a function of basal diameter. These growth responses indicated a strong adaptation to the shrub’s growing conditions. Biomass was primarily allocated above the ground and the aboveground components grew faster than the belowground one.     

不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征

草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧强度样地为研究对象,通过分析地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤中有机碳和土壤轻组有机碳,研究草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量的变化特征,从碳储量角度为合理利用草原提供指导。研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度荒漠草原地上植物碳储量为11.98—44.51 g/m~2,凋落物碳储量10.43—36.12 g/m~2,根系(0—40cm)碳储量502.30—804.31 g/m~2,且对照区(CK)均显著高于中度放牧区(MG)、重度放牧区(HG);(2)0—40cm土壤碳储量为7817.43—9694.16 g/m~2,其中轻度放牧区(LG)碳储量为9694.16 g/m~2,显著高于CK、HG(P0.05);(3)植被—土壤系统的碳储量为8342.14—10494.80 g/m~2,LGMGCKHG,有机碳主要储存于土壤当中,占比约90.54%—93.71%,适度放牧利用有利于发挥草地生态系统的碳汇功能;(4)土壤轻组有机碳储量为484.20—654.62 g/m~2,LG储量最高,表明适度放牧有助于草原土壤营养物质的循环和积累。     

不同林龄格木人工林碳储量及其分配特征

在生物量调查的基础上,对广西7、29和32 a格木人工林生态系统碳储量及其分配特征进行了研究.结果表明: 格木各器官碳含量在509.0～572.4 g·kg^-1,大小顺序为:树干>树枝>树根>树皮>树叶;不同林龄间格木人工林的灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳含量无显著差异;土壤层(0～100 cm)碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,随林龄的增加而增大.7、29和32 a格木人工林乔木层碳储量分别为21.8、100.0和121.6 t·hm^-2,各器官碳储量大小顺序与碳含量一致;生态系统碳储量分别为132.6、220.2和242.6 t·hm^-2,乔木层和土壤层为主要碳库,占生态系统碳储量的97%以上.乔木层碳储量分配随着林龄的增加而增大,土壤碳储量分配则减小,而林龄对灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分配的影响无明显规律.