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1.
无机氮对土壤甲烷氧化作用的影响   总被引:13,自引:2,他引:13  
无机氮输入(施氮肥和大气N沉降)对土壤CH4氧化作用的影响取决于甲烷氧化菌类型、输N种类和量以及土壤状况.这种作用既有抑制作用,又有刺激作用,但文献报道的抑制作用多于刺激作用,NH4^ 对CH4氧化的抑制作用多于NO3^-.随着全球N输入的增加,应在广泛的土壤类型和气候带观测和评价无机氯对土壤CH4氧化作用的影响.无机氮对土壤CH4氧化的抑制作用表现为立即或直接抑制、延迟抑制以及缺乏抑制等多种模式.尽管目前—些学者用酶基质竞争、增高的阈值、盐作用和离子交换、N转化率和N浓度等来解释抑制现象,但抑制机理依旧不完全清楚.因此,抑制机理是本领域未来研究的主要目标之一.  相似文献   

2.
以不同烤烟品种‘红花大金元’和‘中烟100’为试验对象,研究同一生育期不同部位叶片的无机氮积累及其与氮素代谢和氨挥发的关系。结果表明,烟草植株下部衰老叶片(第5片叶)NO3^-和NH4^+的含量要高于中部叶(第10和第15片叶)和上部叶(第20片叶),并且‘红花大金元’下部叶NO3^-和NH4^+的含量比‘中烟100’显著偏高;‘中烟100’植株各部位叶片的氨气补偿点比‘红花大金元’高。两个品种在第5到第20叶位间的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性大小及其变化不一致,是叶片无机氮积累存在品种间差异的生理基础。  相似文献   

3.
农田土壤硝酸盐积累与淋失研究进展   总被引:88,自引:7,他引:88  
农田土壤硝酸盐淋失是导致地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因。影响农田土壤中硝酸盐积累的淋失的因素很多。主要有施肥、降水、灌溉、土壤性质以及耕种制度等,过量施用氮肥,不论是单独施用无机肥、有机肥还是有机、无机混施都能造成硝酸盐在土体中大量积累;耕作和种植制度均能影响硝酸盐在土体中的积累和迁移;降水和灌溉带来的下渗水流是累积在土壤中的硝酸盐向下迁移直至淋失的必要条件,也是运载工具,而土壤中的大孔隙则是下渗水流的主要通道,农田土壤硝酸盐的积累与淋失是多种因素综合作用的结果,模型是研究和预测硝酸盐淋失的理想工具,近年来发展很快,并且得到了很好的应用。  相似文献   

4.
半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯干物质和钾素积累与分配特性   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
2010年在甘肃省定西市通过大田试验,研究了半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯的干物质(DM)和钾素(K)积累与分配规律.结果表明: 马铃薯根、茎、叶的DM积累量在全生育期内呈单峰曲线,大小顺序为叶>茎>根;全株和块茎DM积累量在全生育期内持续增加,均呈“S”型增长曲线.全株的DM积累最大速率大于块茎,且出现时间比块茎早17 d. DM在各器官中的分配以块茎形成末期和块茎增大末期为转折点;在块茎形成末期之前,DM分配比例以叶片最大,其后以块茎最大;干质量平衡期出现在块茎增大末期(出苗后90 d左右),此期之前块茎的DM积累量小于根茎叶,二者的积累量呈正相关,其后块茎大于根茎叶,二者呈负相关.全株干物质积累主要来源于块茎.植株干物质积累量在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期和成熟期的分配比例分别为5%、30%、60%、4%和1%,块茎干物质积累量的分配比例分别为0、18%、62%、18%和2%.全生育期内,马铃薯50%以上的干物质在块茎增长期形成. 马铃薯品种“新大坪”各器官中钾浓度以茎最高,块茎最低,在干质量平衡期之前根中的钾浓度高于叶,之后低于叶;各器官中钾的积累量在干质量平衡期之前集中分配在根茎叶中,表现为茎>叶>根,之后主要向块茎中分配和积累,至成熟期,60%以上的钾贮藏在块茎中.  相似文献   

5.
王芝义  郭瑞英  李凤民 《生态学报》2011,31(9):2516-2523
通过模拟土柱试验方法,研究了设施蔬菜中4种夏季填闲作物种植对土壤无机氮残留和淋洗的影响,并分析了各填闲作物根系参数与土壤无机氮残留及淋洗的相关性,以期揭示填闲作物减少无机氮淋洗的作用机理,并获得设施蔬菜生产体系适宜种植的填闲作物种类及其筛选指标。结果表明,糯玉米和燕麦的地上生物量、根干重、根长密度显著高于豌豆和苋菜,糯玉米、燕麦和豌豆的氮素吸收量高于苋菜。收获时,各填闲作物的种植比土地休闲可以显著的降低土壤(0-60 cm)的无机氮含量;其中燕麦和苋菜对土壤无机氮降低最多,其次为豌豆,再次为糯玉米。四种填闲作物的种植均显著降低了设施菜地的无机氮淋洗量。与休闲处理相比,糯玉米、燕麦、豌豆和苋菜的种植将体系的氮素淋洗量分别降低了100%、96%、82%和58%。相关分析表明,比根长的增加有利于植株地上部氮素吸收量的积累。各土层填闲作物根系参数与土壤无机氮残留和淋洗相关性分析没有明显规律,表明了氮素淋洗可能受地上部和根系生长协同作用的影响,静态的根系参数测定较难反映根系生长与氮素淋洗的关系。总结认为,设施蔬菜生产体系中糯玉米和燕麦比豌豆和苋菜更适合作为夏季填闲作物。  相似文献   

6.
绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶研究述评   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
杨荣  苏永中  王雪峰 《生态学报》2012,32(4):1308-1317
作物对氮素的吸收利用及氮素在土壤中的积累和运移,制约着绿洲农田生产力并对农田环境造成影响,是绿洲农田生态系统可持续发展和绿洲稳定性研究的一个重要方面。针对农田氮素积累和淋溶这一绿洲资源消耗量增加、耕作方式粗放结果下的环境问题,对其特征及引发的环境效应进行了详细阐述,并从不同的角度综述了缓减绿洲氮素淋失及环境污染的对策。指出在未来还需加强绿洲地下水氮污染调查及农田氮素积累和淋溶现状的区域评价,并针对一些在绿洲大面积推广的农田管理技术开展其对农田氮素积累和淋溶影响的研究,并强调人文因素在绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶调控中的重要性。  相似文献   

7.
王琦    李锋瑞   《生态学报》2008,28(5):2148-2148~2159
通过田间试验系统研究了黑河中游边缘绿洲区新垦沙地农田不同灌溉与施氮量 (0、140、221 kg N hm-2和300 kg N hm-2,分别为N0、N140、N221和N300) 对2m土层土壤硝态氮的积累和分布、春小麦产量、植株吸氮量及氮肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:在378~504 mm灌溉水平下,当施氮量大于221 kg hm-2(超过作物吸氮量)时会导致收获期NO-3-N在根层土壤剖面的显著积累 (50~140 kg hm-2);在灌溉量为630 mm时,收获期各处理根层土壤NO-3-N的积累量 (25~47 kg hm-2) 要低于播种前 (58~63 kg hm-2).当施氮量超过221 kg hm-2时,春小麦籽粒产量、地上干物质量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率及生理效率均不再显著增加,N221与N0、N140、N300相比,其籽粒产量分别提高46.7%、41.3%与9.5%,地上干物质量分别提高31.3%、25.2%与3.5%.灌溉水生产力的变化介于2.0~5.3 kg hm-2 mm-1,氮肥生产力的变化介于6.3~10.8 kg kg-1.研究还表明,灌溉与施氮对土壤贮水量的影响不显著,在378 mm低灌水量时,小麦产量与地上干物质量无显著的影响,这说明在黑河流域新垦沙地农田系统低灌溉 (灌溉量378 mm) 与221 kg hm-2施氮是最优的水肥耦合组合,因为在此管理模式下不仅可以获得相对较高的产量,而且灌溉水和氮素的利用效率较高,硝态氮的积累量较小.  相似文献   

8.
通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度氯嘧磺隆(20、200、2000 μg·kg-1土)单一施用及与尿素(120 mg· kg-1土)配合施用情况下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤铵态氮、硝态氮随时间的动态变化规律.结果表明:各浓度氯嘧磺隆单独处理在整个培养期(60 d)中对微生物生物量碳、氮均有抑制作用,且浓度越高,后期抑制作用越强;各浓度氯嘧磺隆处理在培养前期对硝态氮、铵态氮没有明显影响,中期(15 d)能显著提高土壤中铵态氮的含量,后期(30 d后)显著提高了土壤中硝态氮的含量.尿素单独施用及与氯嘧磺隆配施均能在短时间内增加微生物生物量碳、氮,但随后配施处理的促进作用减弱;尿素单独和配施均能持久增加土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮含量.  相似文献   

9.
绿色食品生产中土壤作物系统铅的积累与迁移研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
研究了Pb在土壤-作物生态系统中的积累和迁移,并结合水稻绿色食品生产,进行了无机肥、有机肥和生物菌肥及其配比试验.结果表明,土壤全Pb含量随土层的加深而逐渐递减,收获后土壤全Pb含量在0~15和15~30cm分别为11.14和9.37mg·kg^-1.水稻根从土壤中吸收Pb,并向茎、叶和籽粒中迁移.在同一生长期,水稻植株不同部位全Pb累积态势为:根>茎叶>籽粒.在不同生长期,随水稻生长发育,全Pb含量缓慢增加,至收获时,606—14和辽粳294籽粒中全Pb含量分别为0.008和0.007mg·kg^-1,均低于绿色食品标准.方差分析表明,品种间产量差异显著;不同处理间产量差异不显著.试验结果表明。可以用有机肥或生物菌肥来代替无机肥进行水稻生产.  相似文献   

10.
本文研究了北京东郊污灌区重金属在作物—土壤中的迁移、分布、积累规律;证实本区蔬菜中汞含量比粮食作物约大3—15倍;比水果约大6—200倍。麦粒、糙米中的Cu、Hg、Cd、Pb、Ni的含量与土壤含量相关性不显著。架豆中重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量的相关性;只有Zn;Pb达显著水平。白菜土有机质含量与重金属含量相关性达显著水平;而白菜的重金属含量与土壤的重金属含量相关性却不显著。说明除了土壤中重金属的总量外;有效态含量的多少;是影响本区作物吸收积累重金属的主要因素。 本区施污泥的土壤和生长的作物Cd/Zn大部小于1%、盆栽试验证明:施用本区污泥污水对水稻生长发育的影响比施污泥灌清水的影响大些;因此;施用含重金属污泥时;最好不要超过5000斤/亩。大田和室内模拟试验证明:重金属从土壤中迁移到植物;由植物带走输出的量极少;其中以带走输出的Hg、Cd;As相对较多;带走输出的Pb、Cr相对的少些。  相似文献   

11.
内蒙古半荒漠区啮齿动物群落分类及其多样性研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
自1988~1993年在内蒙古半荒漠区约11万km2的调查区域内共设置259个样方,布放有效夹日131109个,捕获啮齿动物19种。在此基础上,用其捕获率作为分类量纲,以样方-种的捕获率组成259×19的原始数据矩阵,应用快速聚类法进行鼠类群落划分,根据分类结果,并结合调查区域内各种地带性植被的特点将该地区啮齿动物划分为9个不同的鼠类群落。即群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内典型的高平原、丘陵荒漠草原;群落:三趾跳鼠 子午沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为沙地,主要分布于阴山北麓的覆沙地带;群落;草原黄鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内平原丘陵典型草原和山地典型草原;群落:赤颊黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠 五趾跳鼠群落,群落生境为戈壁针茅-隐子草草原;群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 三趾跳鼠 蒙古羽尾跳鼠群落,群落生境为草原化荒漠,主要以强旱生灌木和半灌木组成;群落:黑线仓鼠 长爪沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为人工草地及阴山北麓山顶种植荞麦和莜麦的农田;群落:小毛足鼠 三趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为典型荒漠草原重度退化的短花针茅冷蒿草场;群落:长尾仓鼠 大林姬鼠 棕背群落,群落生境为阴山山脉中段的次生林地如五当召、大桦背及蛮汉山;群落:五趾跳鼠 草原黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠群落  相似文献   

12.
    
In arid and semi‐arid regions, groundwater availability is one of the controls on vegetation distribution. This groundwater‐dependent distribution of vegetation has been particularly observed in the Hailiutu River catchment, a semi‐arid region in North China. We used remote sensing images of vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) and field data of depth to water table (DWT) to assess the response of vegetation distribution on increase of DWT at the regional scale. The frequency distribution curves of NDVI with respect to different DWT were obtained. The statistical distributions of NDVI values at different DWT intervals indicate that higher vegetation coverage and more plant diversity exist at places of shallow groundwater. Both the mean and the standard deviation of NDVI values decrease with the increase of groundwater depth when DWT is less than 10 m. Beyond that depth, a low level of vegetation coverage and diversity is maintained. Comparisons of different sub‐areas within the region with different dominant species showed that the NDVI of shrubs is sensitive to DWT. In contrast, NDVI of herbs is not significantly influenced by DWT. The relationship between NDVI and groundwater depth in farmlands could not be reliably determined because of disturbance by human activities. We conclude that application of this methodology may significantly improve our ability on sustainable management of land and groundwater resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
    
《Ecohydrology》2017,10(1)
Quantifying the tree transpiration (T) response to the coupling effects of changing soil moisture and weather conditions provides insights into water use by forests, especially in dryland regions. This study was conducted in a semi‐arid pure larch (Larix principis‐rupprechtii ) plantation in northwest China. The sap flow density of trees, weather conditions in open field, and soil moisture of main root zone (0–60 cm) were measured synchronously and continuously throughout a growing season in 2010. The response of daily T to the relative extractable soil water (REW) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) was analyzed. The T varied in the range of 0.08–2.18 mm/day during the study period. With increasing REW, it initially rose quickly and almost linearly; but after the REW reached a threshold, it leveled off and gradually approached its maximum (Tmax). However, Tmax positively related with PET. Based on the T‐REW and Tmax‐PET relationships, an integrated model (T = (−0.05PET2 + 0.65PET) × (1 − exp (−5.39REW))) was developed to describe the complex T‐REW‐PET relationship and it fit the measured data well. For the whole study period, due to the limit of PET and REW, the actual T was reduced by 32% (88.6 mm) and 16% (45.0 mm) respectively, compared with potential T. Although this model cannot be widely applied until it is validated with measured data from more sites, it does provide a way to accurately estimate the daily T using REW and PET data and to quantify the coupling effects of changing REW and PET on the T.  相似文献   

14.
15.
周宏 《生态学报》2019,39(18):6586-6597
包气带土壤能量和水分平衡及其驱动因子是维系地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体(GSPAC)系统中水分运移发生的关键因素。在降水稀少、水资源短缺的干旱地区,开展包气带土壤水分形态、运移过程与能量的耦合规律研究对揭示区域水资源形成和转化机理具有极其重要的现实意义。文章总结了土壤水分运移理论研究进展,探讨了水分参与水文循环过程及干旱环境下土壤水分可能表现形态及其降雨入渗、再分布、渗漏、蒸发、毛管水上升等过程驱动机制,评述了包气带土壤水分与能量过程在不同空间尺度上生态水分效应。在一个非饱和土壤系统中,水分运移受包气带结构,土壤物理特征,植物根系和土壤生化环境的综合控制,物质和能量平衡改变是驱动水分循环的源动力,而土壤环境变化是导致水分运移形态的发生变化根本原因。因此,在气候变化背景下,研究干旱区土壤与大气界面以及包气带与饱和带界面水、汽、热耦合转化形式与能量驱动过程,能够提升我们对包气带土壤水分运移规律机理的深入理解,丰富对区域气候和水文变化认知。为干旱区生态植被恢复建设和水资源精细化管理提供理论向导。  相似文献   

16.
    
Tree hollows are a critical but diminishing resource for a wide range of fauna around the world. Conservation of these fauna depends on sustainable management of tree species that produce the hollows on which they depend. This study addressed the need for empirical data about intraspecific and interspecific variation in hollow occurrence and abundance in woodland trees in Australia. We measured and performed hollow surveys on 1817 trees of seven species of woodland Eucalyptus in central‐western New South Wales, Australia. Trees were surveyed at 51 one‐hectare sites and about 30% of trees surveyed had multiple stems. Generalized linear mixed models that accounted for nestedness of stems within trees and trees within sites detected a significant amount of variation in hollow occurrence and abundance. Models for individual tree stems of live trees showed hollow probability and abundance increased with diameter at breast height (DBH) and with increasing senescence (form). Stems of Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden had a higher probability of having hollows than similar DBH stems of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus melliodora A.Cunn. ex Schauer or Eucalyptus populnea ssp. bimbil L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill. Dead stems in live trees were more likely to have hollows than live stems of similar DBH. Each stem in a multi‐stemmed tree had a lower probability of hollow occurrence and lower abundance of hollows than single‐stemmed trees of similar DBH. For stems of dead trees, hollow occurrence and abundance increased with DBH and differed depending on stage of senescence. A comparison of our data with other studies indicates regional variation of hollow abundances within tree species.  相似文献   

17.
Environmental factors are used by plants as spatio‐temporal indicators of favorable conditions for seed germination. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of light and temperature on seed germination of 30 taxa of Cactaceae occurring in northeastern Brazil and to evaluate whether fluctuations in temperature are capable of altering light sensitivity. The seeds were tested for germination under two light conditions (12 h photoperiod and continuous darkness) and 10 temperature treatments: eight constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°C) and two alternating temperatures (30/20°C and 35/25°C). The species studied showed two photoblastic responses. All cacti from the Cactoideae subfamily (22 taxa) were classified as positive photoblastic (i.e., no germination in darkness), regardless of the temperature treatment used. Likewise, temperature fluctuation did not alter the seed sensitivity to light. On the other hand, the species of the Opuntioideae (five taxa) and Pereskioideae (three taxa) subfamilies are indifferent to light (i.e., germinated both in the presence and absence of light). The cacti from the areas of Caatinga and Cerrado showed an optimal germination temperature of 30°C, while the species from Atlantic Forest and Restinga areas showed an optimal germination temperature of 25°C.  相似文献   

18.
荒漠草地中氮添加与多环芳烃降解的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
多环芳烃作为环境污染物中一类极为重要的物质,探索它的去除方法吸引了全球环境学者及政府的高度重视。大气氮沉降在过去几十年不断增加,已影响到陆地生态系统氮循环过程。但目前,氮沉降与多环芳烃降解之间的关系尚不明确。通过在新疆克拉玛依市石油化工厂附近的荒漠草地上,模拟氮沉降实验,通过在4氮添加梯度(CK=0; N1=10; N2=30; N3=90 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1))上调查土壤中16种优先控制多环芳烃的含量和总量(∑PAHs),以及它们与生物非生物环境因子(土壤环境因子、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性)之间的关系,旨在揭示氮沉降对多环芳烃降解的影响。结果表明:除苊烯(Acenaphthylene)和苊(Acenaphthene)两种多环芳烃在4个N添加梯度上未检测到含量外,∑PAHs和其他14种优先控制多环芳烃在土壤中的含量均随氮添加量增加显著减小(N2≤N3N1CK)(P0.01);对照样地(CK)在施氮前后,低高分子多环芳烃含量的比值1.00,且0.40荧蒽(Fluoranthene)/[(荧蒽(Fluoranthene)+芘(Pyrene)]0.50,石油污染物是当地土壤中多环芳烃的主要来源;9月份克拉玛依市荒漠草地土壤中∑PAHs约(28.91±2.32) mg/kg,属于多环芳烃重污染土壤;广义线性混合效应模型结果显示,在大多数情况下,∑PAHs和14种多环芳烃的含量与土壤有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮、有效磷和脲酶活性显著相关(P0.05),但其与生物非生物环境因子之间的回归关系在不同种类多环芳烃之间差异较大。综上可知,土壤中多环芳烃的降解是一个非常复杂的过程,它是自身属性、植物根系和土壤微生物等多重因子相互共同作用的结果。在干旱区荒漠草地中,氮添加能提升土壤中营养物质的可利用性、植物根系和土壤微生物的活性,有利于降解土壤多环芳烃。  相似文献   

19.
    
AimsWe aim to investigate variations in the resorption efficiencies of 10 mineral nutrients [i.e. nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)] in leaves of desert shrubs and to explore effects of aridity on resorption efficiency of these nutrients.  相似文献   

20.
    
Aim The Llanos de Ojuelos in Mexico’s Central High Plateau supports unique Opuntia scrublands and the southernmost Chihuahuan grasslands. Although human activities have modified strongly its landscape and impacted its biodiversity at an unknown scale, such impacts are poorly known. We aimed at understanding how nocturnal rodent species distributed across the landscape and formed assemblages and on the role and integration of the different habitats at the landscape level. Location The study was carried out at 43 sites in a study area of approximately 3350 km2 in the Llanos de Ojuelos. Methods During the Spring of 2008, we surveyed nocturnal rodents, through live‐trapping. We redefined habitat classes based on log‐linear multinomial regressions of rodent captures. Species rarefaction curves and true alpha, beta and gamma diversities were calculated for the different habitat classes. A map of the different habitats was constructed based on Landsat imagery. Results We captured 458 individuals of 20 rodent species. Multinomial regressions caused the merger of 11 a priori defined habitat classes into 7. Leguminous scrub and mixed nopaleras, both secondary habitats, had the highest alpha and gamma diversity values. Closed arboreal nopaleras and grasslands had the highest within‐habitat variability (1Dβ) and the lowest area coverage. Within‐habitat 1Dβ was larger than landscape 1Dβ, because of the great overlap in rodent assemblage composition between the habitats. Main conclusions There are no ‘typical’ rodent assemblages per habitat class, but they are organized loosely and have fuzzy borders. Rodent community organization was highly species‐centred. At the landscape level, secondary habitats have a profound effect on rodent diversity and should be included in management schemes for biological conservation. The most endangered habitats seem to be the closed arboreal nopaleras and grasslands. Any conservation efforts must consider their conservation and an increase in the size of remaining patches.  相似文献   

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