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1.
甘肃陇东旱塬不同树龄苹果园矿质氮的分布和积累特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对甘肃陇东地区不同树龄苹果园土壤矿质氮的分布和积累特征进行了研究.结果表明:土壤铵态氮含量随着苹果树龄的增大呈上升趋势,2~3年生、5年生、10年生、15年生、20年生、22年生果园0~120 cm土层铵态氮含量分别为3.3、5.8、6.5、9.1、12.1和15.3 mg·kg-1;不同树龄果园0~60 cm土层铵态氮含量大于60~120 cm土层.不同树龄果园硝态氮含量在0~40 cm土层相对较低,随土层深度增加,其含量迅速增加;随着种植年限增加,不同苹果园硝态氮累积量也呈显著增加趋势,22年生果园0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量达到2602.5 kg·hm-2.旱塬苹果园表现为土壤铵态氮呈浅层积累、而硝态氮呈深层积累的特征.  相似文献   

2.
杨荣  苏永中 《生态学报》2009,29(3):1459-1469
在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%~108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0~20 cm、140~160 cm和260~300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260~300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0~20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0~300 cm土层中200~300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%~51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0~300 cm土层中100~200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%~38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0~200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66~116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35~260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79~0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%~25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.  相似文献   

3.
灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮含量的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
Jiang DY  Yu ZW  Xu ZZ 《应用生态学报》2011,22(2):364-368
研究了大田条件下灌溉量和施氮量对小麦产量和土壤硝态氮含量的影响.结果表明:增加灌溉量,0~200 cm土层硝态氮含量呈先降后升又降的趋势.0~80 cm土层硝态氮含量显著低于对照,而80~200 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于对照.随灌溉量的增加,土壤硝态氮向深层运移加剧,在成熟期,0~80 cm土层硝态氮含量降低,120~200 cm土层硝态氮含量升高,并在120~140 cm土层硝态氮含量出现高峰.灌溉量不变,施氮量由210 kg·hm-2增加到300 kg·hm-2,开花期、灌浆期、成熟期0~200 cm各土层土壤硝态氮含量显著升高.随灌溉量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,以全生育期灌溉量为60 mm的处理籽粒产量最高.增加施氮量,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量显著提高.本试验中,施氮量为210 kg.hm-2、两次灌溉总量为60 mm的处理籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量和收获指数均较高,且土壤硝态氮损失少,是较合理的水氮运筹模式.  相似文献   

4.
不同耕作方式下稻田土壤的氮素形态及氮素转化菌特征   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
在水稻不同生育期分层采集稻田土壤剖面样品,研究不同耕作方式(常耕CT、免耕NT、稻草还田常耕CTS、稻草还田免耕NTS)、不同土层稻田土壤的氮素(N)形态及氮素转化菌特征.结果表明:在N素转化菌方面,水稻整个生育期0~5 cm土层氨化细菌的数量以NTS处理最多;0~5 cm和5~12 cm土层亚硝化细菌数量CT处理高于NT处理,12~20 cm土层则相反;NTS较CTS处理降低了0~20 cm土层的亚硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量;在水稻拔节期和成熟期,NT处理较CT处理提高了0~5 cm土层的嫌气性固氮菌数量.在N素形态方面,水稻整个生育期NT处理碱解N和全N较集中分布在0~5 cm土层,明显高于CT处理,而5~12 cm和12~20 cm土层比CT处理低;12~20 cm土层的铵态氮和硝态氮含量NT与CT处理差异不显著,而NTS处理0~20 cm土层的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有所提高.相关分析和多元回归分析表明,铵态氮与氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌正相关程度最高,而碱解氮与嫌气性固氮菌正相关程度最高,均达极显著水平.综合各土层氮素转化菌数量与不同形态N含量,NTS更有利于稻田氮素供应与养分积累.  相似文献   

5.
在陕西永寿和河南洛阳分别进行了11处和7处小麦大田试验,设对照(不施氮)和施氮(150 kg N·hm-2)2个处理,测定了小麦生物量、籽粒产量及不同土层(0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm)土壤铵态氮、硝态氮浓度.结果表明: 两地土壤铵态氮浓度均很低,而硝态氮浓度较高,其中硝态氮数量占铵态氮、硝态氮总量的91%,在反映土壤供氮特性方面与两者之和有完全一致趋势.不施氮情况下,永寿0~40、0~60、0~80和0~100 cm土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量显著相关;而洛阳无显著相关关系.施氮后,永寿不同深度土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量的相关关系显著下降,而洛阳出现负相关;两地小麦产量增量与0~80 和0~100 cm土层累积的硝态氮显著或极显著相关.小麦苗期主要依赖0~20 cm土层硝态氮;返青期、拔节期分别利用0~40 cm和0~60 cm土层硝态氮,成熟期则能利用0~100 cm土层累积硝态氮.小麦收获后对照土壤的铵态氮浓度与播前起始值无明显差异,而硝态氮大幅下降.  相似文献   

6.
施氮量对夏季玉米产量及土壤水氮动态的影响   总被引:40,自引:0,他引:40  
在黄土高原南部旱地有大量氮素残留背景的田块上,研究了不同氮肥用量对夏玉米生长及对土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮累积及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明:适量施氮可以提高作物产量;过量施氮没有表现出增产效果,其氮肥利用率只有3.9%,残留率则高达87.2%。施氮240kghm^-2时,0~200cm土层土壤水分达到593mm,且可以下渗到200cm土层;不施氮和施氮120kghm^-2以小区土壤的蓄水量分别为561和553mm,可下渗到180cm。对矿质态氮而言,施氮量可以显著影响土壤中硝态氮的累积和分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小;施氮0,120,240kghm^-2时.收获期土壤硝态氮累积量分别为78,148,290kghm^-2,硝态氮的下移前沿分别到达60,60,140cm。可见,适量施氮会促进作物对土壤水氮的利用。提高作物生物量和产量;过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,提高硝态氮随水分淋溶危险;但硝态氮向下层土壤的移动显著滞后于水分。  相似文献   

7.
盐渍区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态变化的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
土壤硝态氮动态变化和残留与农田硝态氮淋溶以及地下水硝态氮污染密切相关。为了促进海河低平原盐渍区农田氮肥合理利用以及农业可持续发展,试验在盐化潮土条件下,通过设计不同施氮量(0,70,140,210kg N hm^-2)处理,重点研究了该区农田氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮动态、残留以及土壤氮损失的影响。结果表明:(1)0~100cm土壤剖面硝态氮总量随施氮量显著增加,施用氮肥没有改变剖面硝态氮总量随玉米生育进程波状变化趋势,但明显增强了其变化幅度;(2)施氮改变了硝态氮土壤剖面空间分布状态,表现出施氮后上部土层(0~40cm)硝态氮比例显著增加而后迅速降低的趋势;(3)硝态氮残留与氮素损失随施氮量增加而增加,且N210和N140处理下氮素损失量显著高于N70和N0。  相似文献   

8.
为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用,该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m~(–2),分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m~(–2), Si4),测定不同处理下0–20、20–40、40–60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示:(1)单独添加氮肥,各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0–20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%;随着土层深度增加,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降,20–40、40–60cm土层较0–20cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%,铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下,土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较,氮硅肥配施,土壤氮含量有显著提高,在0–20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%,20–40、40–60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时,氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为,在0–20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明,与单独氮肥添加相比,氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量,而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用,对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。  相似文献   

9.
为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用, 该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m -2, 分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m -2, Si4), 测定不同处理下0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示: (1)单独添加氮肥, 各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0-20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%; 随着土层深度增加, 土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降, 20-40、40-60 cm土层较0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%, 铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下, 土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较, 氮硅肥配施, 土壤氮含量有显著提高, 在0-20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%, 20-40、40-60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时, 氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为, 在0-20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明, 与单独氮肥添加相比, 氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量, 而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用, 对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。  相似文献   

10.
本研究通过分析开花期灌水对小麦产量、植株养分分配和土壤养分分布的影响及其与根系特性的关系,为小麦充分利用水肥资源提供理论支撑。以抗旱高产品种‘洛麦28'和高光效品种‘百农207'为材料,采用2 m深土柱栽培方法,设置开花期灌水(T1)和开花期不灌水(T2)两个水分处理,测定了不同组织器官、不同土层土壤氮、磷、钾含量及根系分布特性等指标。结果表明: 小麦收获期土壤中铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾主要分布在0~80 cm土层中,硝态氮主要分布在80 cm以下土层中,开花期灌水促进小麦吸收0~60 cm土层的铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾和80 cm以下土层的硝态氮,减少了硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶;小麦根系主要集中在0~60 cm土层中,随土壤深度的增加而减少。成熟期干物质积累量、全氮和全磷主要分配在小麦籽粒中,而全钾主要分配在茎秆中;开花期灌水显著增加了小麦百粒重,提高了小麦产量;根系形态指标与土壤硝态氮在0~40 cm土层中呈显著负相关,与土壤铵态氮在80~100 cm土层中呈极显著正相关,与土壤速效磷在0~100 cm土层中呈显著正相关。开花期灌水促进了根系在小麦生育末期对土壤养分的充分吸收,延长了养分从营养器官向生殖器官的转运功能期,使营养器官中的养分充分地转运到籽粒中去,增加小麦粒重,进而提高产量。  相似文献   

11.
The ongoing global change is multi‐faceted, but the interactive effects of multiple drivers on the persistence of soil carbon (C) are poorly understood. We examined the effects of warming, reactive nitrogen (N) inputs (12 g N m?2 year?1) and altered precipitation (+ or ? 30% ambient) on soil aggregates and mineral‐associated C in a 4 year manipulation experiment with a semi‐arid grassland on China's Loess Plateau. Our results showed that in the absence of N inputs, precipitation additions significantly enhanced soil aggregation and promoted the coupling between aggregation and both soil fungal biomass and exchangeable Mg2+. However, N inputs negated the promotional effects of increased precipitation, mainly through suppressing fungal growth and altering soil pH and clay‐Mg2+‐OC bridging. Warming increased C content in the mineral‐associated fraction, likely by increasing inputs of root‐derived C, and reducing turnover of existing mineral‐associated C due to suppression of fungal growth and soil respiration. Together, our results provide new insights into the potential mechanisms through which multiple global change factors control soil C persistence in arid and semi‐arid grasslands. These findings suggest that the interactive effects among global change factors should be incorporated to predict the soil C dynamics under future global change scenarios.  相似文献   

12.
Increasing soil salinity represents a major constraint for agriculture in arid and semi‐arid lands, where mineral nitrogen (N) deficiency is also a frequent characteristic of soils. Biological N fixation by legumes may constitute a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilisation in salinity‐affected areas, provided that adapted cultivars and inoculants are available. Here, the performance of three peanut cultivars nodulated with two different rhizobial strains that differ in their salt tolerance was evaluated under moderately saline water irrigation and compared with that of N‐fertilised plants. Shoot weight was used as an indicator of yield. Under non‐saline conditions, higher yields were obtained using N fertilisation rather than inoculation for all the varieties tested. However, under salt stress, the yield of inoculated plants became comparable to that of N‐fertilised plants, with minor differences depending on the peanut cultivar and rhizobial strain. Our results indicate that N fixation might represent an economical, competitive and environmentally friendly choice with respect to mineral N fertilisation for peanut cultivation under moderate saline conditions.  相似文献   

13.
Five sets of herbivore exclosures situated in mesic and semi‐arid savannas in Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa were used to investigate the effects of mammal browsers and savanna type on plant traits relating to leaf nutrient content, defense, and growth in seven Acacia species. Mostly, browsing did not significantly affect leaf nutrient content but for a few species (i.e., increasing foliar N and P, decreasing C/N, and total polyphenols). Browser effects on structural defenses tended to be more pronounced than for leaf nutrient content and chemical defenses, particularly for semi‐arid species, resulting in longer, thicker, and denser spines, and a lower bite size index on browsed plants for most semi‐arid species. Browsing had no significant effect on growth rates for all species. Secondly, we investigated the effect of savanna type (mesic vs. semi‐arid) on the same set of plant traits and growth rates. A trade‐off in defense strategy was evident where mesic species had lower quality leaves and invested more heavily in growth and chemical defenses, while semi‐arid species generally had higher nutrient content leaves and invested more in structural defenses and higher levels of ramification. These findings suggest that the previously documented trade‐off in plant growth, resprouting ability and architecture between herbivore versus fire‐adapted savanna woody species can possibly be extended to include browse quality and defense type.  相似文献   

14.
G. D. Cook 《Austral ecology》2001,26(6):630-636
The ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes expressed as δ15N values can indicate the openness of nitrogen cycles in ecosystems. Southwards through the Northern Territory, values of foliar δ15N in savanna trees increase as mean annual rainfall decreases from approximately 1800 mm to approximately 750 mm, with foliar δ15N thereafter decreasing toward arid central Australia. Recent literature argues that this pattern is caused by higher grazing intensity in semi‐arid savannas, but counter views have attributed the pattern more directly to variations in aridity. In this paper, grazed and ungrazed sites in a semi‐arid savanna are compared, and it is shown that grazing has a relatively small effect on the positive foliar δ15N values of grasses, but no effect on δ15N values of trees. This gives little support to the argument that variations in grazing pressure at the scale of hundreds of kilometres could result in detectable differences in the foliar δ15N values of trees. I then compare the semi‐arid savannas with mesic savannas, where fires are frequent, and with mesic rainforests, which are rarely burnt. Greater foliar δ15N values in rainforest and fire‐excluded mesic savannas than in frequently burnt savannas suggests that fire regimes affect foliar δ15N. The previously observed pattern in δ15N values along the rainfall gradient in the Northern Territory is consistent with trends in fire frequency and possible direct effects of fire, but further work is required to determine the relative impacts of aridity and fire. Within a particular rainfall regime, foliar δ15N values may indicate historical fire frequencies.  相似文献   

15.
C. Skarpe 《应用植被学》2000,3(2):261-268
Abstract. It is remarkable that after many thousands of years of pastoralism in arid and semi‐arid savannas, there is still no clear answer to the basic question: Does livestock grazing have more than a marginal effect on the dynamics of arid and semi‐arid land vegetation? A small study of semi‐arid savanna vegetation along a spatial gradient in grazing pressure, repeated three times over 19 years is used as a basis for discussing the behaviour of dry land vegetation under heavy grazing. Three basic theories are compared: (1) the theory that heavy grazing causes desertification; (2) the theory that heavy grazing causes no directed change in the vegetation of arid and semi‐arid rangelands; and (3) the theory that heavy grazing leads to a switch between alternative states of vegetation. On the basis of the current data the first two theories are rejected, but the conclusion is that there is much evidence for a more complex behaviour of dry rangelands under grazing than what is accommodated in any of the three theories. Probably, site‐specific properties including interactive and indirect effects of herbivory in the system are important for vegetation development under grazing in arid and semi‐arid rangelands.  相似文献   

16.
Nitrous oxide emissions from a cropped soil in a semi-arid climate   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Understanding nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils in semi‐arid regions is required to better understand global terrestrial N2O losses. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured from a rain‐fed, cropped soil in a semi‐arid region of south‐western Australia for one year on a sub‐daily basis. The site included N‐fertilized (100 kg N ha?1 yr?1) and nonfertilized plots. Emissions were measured using soil chambers connected to a fully automated system that measured N2O using gas chromatography. Daily N2O emissions were low (?1.8 to 7.3 g N2O‐N ha?1 day?1) and culminated in an annual loss of 0.11 kg N2O‐N ha?1 from N‐fertilized soil and 0.09 kg N2O‐N ha?1 from nonfertilized soil. Over half (55%) the annual N2O emission occurred from both N treatments when the soil was fallow, following a series of summer rainfall events. At this time of the year, conditions were conducive for soil microbial N2O production: elevated soil water content, available N, soil temperatures generally >25 °C and no active plant growth. The proportion of N fertilizer emitted as N2O in 1 year, after correction for the ‘background’ emission (no N fertilizer applied), was 0.02%. The emission factor reported in this study was 60 times lower than the IPCC default value for the application of synthetic fertilizers to land (1.25%), suggesting that the default may not be suitable for cropped soils in semi‐arid regions. Applying N fertilizer did not significantly increase the annual N2O emission, demonstrating that a proportion of N2O emitted from agricultural soils may not be directly derived from the application of N fertilizer. ‘Background’ emissions, resulting from other agricultural practices, need to be accounted for if we are to fully assess the impact of agriculture in semi‐arid regions on global terrestrial N2O emissions.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract Prays oleae Bern, (OM) and Palpita unionalis Hüb., (JM) are two of the most important pests in olive groves in Egypt. A 3‐year monitoring study using sex pheromone traps in semi‐arid and arid olive groves was performed. In the semi‐arid grove, flight pattern of the OM was the same as in other Mediterranean countries, but in dates concordating plant phenology. The moth completes three generations annually: the first flight is in March to April, the second is in May to June and the third occurs in August to October. In the arid olive grove, an interesting flight pattern was observed. First flight was always very close or overlapped with the second one with no male catches during August to October. However, eggs were present most of the season, indicating unusually high female presence and oviposition activity of the OM during the absence of males in the traps. Generally, moth densities were significantly lower in low fruiting years than in higher ones and were also lower in the arid olive grove than in the semi‐arid one. In contrast, JM males were present all season, exhibiting six to seven and three to four overlapping flight peaks in arid and semi‐arid olive groves, respectively. Moth densities were significantly higher in the arid olive grove than those in the semi‐arid one. This study shows that trapping location and fruit bearing year are characteristics that strongly affect the grove‐specific information needed to estimate correctly adult emergence and thus the timing of control measures.  相似文献   

18.
Predicted droughts and anthropogenic water use will increase groundwater lowering rates and intensify groundwater limitation, particularly for Mediterranean semi‐arid ecosystems. These hydrological changes may be expected to elicit differential functional responses of vegetation either belowground or aboveground. Yet, our ability to predict the impacts of groundwater changes on these ecosystems is still poor. Thus, we sought to better understand the impact of falling water table on the physiology of woody vegetation. We specifically ask (a) how is woody vegetation ecophysiological performance affected by water table depth during the dry season? and (b) does the vegetation response to increasing depth to groundwater differ among water‐use functional types? We examined a suite of physiological parameters and water‐uptake depths of the dominant, functionally distinct woody vegetation along a water‐table depth gradient in a Mediterranean semi‐arid coastal ecosystem that is currently experiencing anthropogenic groundwater extraction pressure. We found that groundwater drawdown did negatively affect the ecophysiological performance of the woody vegetation. Across all studied environmental factors, depth to groundwater was the most important driver of ecophysiological adjustments. Plant functional types, independent of groundwater dependence, showed consistent declines in water content and generally reduced C and N acquisition with increasing depths to groundwater. Functional types showed distinct operating physiological ranges, but common physiological sensitivity to greater water table depth. Thus, although differences in water‐source use exist, a physiological convergence appeared to happen among different functional types. These results strongly suggest that hydrological drought has an important impact on fundamental physiological processes, constraining the performance of woody vegetation under semi‐arid conditions. By disentangling the functional responses and vulnerability of woody vegetation to groundwater limitation, our study establishes the basis for predicting the physiological responses of woody vegetation in semi‐arid coastal ecosystems to groundwater drawdown.  相似文献   

19.
Forests around the world are subject to risk of high rates of tree growth decline and increased tree mortality from combinations of climate warming and drought, notably in semi‐arid settings. Here, we assess how climate warming has affected tree growth in one of the world's most extensive zones of semi‐arid forests, in Inner Asia, a region where lack of data limits our understanding of how climate change may impact forests. We show that pervasive tree growth declines since 1994 in Inner Asia have been confined to semi‐arid forests, where growing season water stress has been rising due to warming‐induced increases in atmospheric moisture demand. A causal link between increasing drought and declining growth at semi‐arid sites is corroborated by correlation analyses comparing annual climate data to records of tree‐ring widths. These ring‐width records tend to be substantially more sensitive to drought variability at semi‐arid sites than at semi‐humid sites. Fire occurrence and insect/pathogen attacks have increased in tandem with the most recent (2007–2009) documented episode of tree mortality. If warming in Inner Asia continues, further increases in forest stress and tree mortality could be expected, potentially driving the eventual regional loss of current semi‐arid forests.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract Grazing by domestic livestock is frequently associated with the replacement of high‐nutrient palatable species with low‐nutrient unpalatable species, which may have a substantial effect on nutrient cycling. The objective of the present study was to compare soil N availability and net N mineralization in soils under Poa ligularis (palatable grass) with those in soils under Stipa tenuissima (unpalatable grass) in a temperate semi‐arid rangeland of central Argentina. Nitrogen availability and net mineralization under laboratory and field conditions were measured. Soil N availability under P. ligularis was higher than or similar to soil N availability under S. tenuissima. In situ net N mineralization in the soil under P. ligularis was lower than or similar to net N mineralization in the soil under S. tenuissima. Potential net N mineralization was greater in the soil under P. ligularis than in the soil under S. tenuissima. Our results suggest that the replacement of palatable grasses by unpalatable grasses in the temperate semi‐arid rangelands of central Argentina may imply a reduction in the rate of nutrient cycling.  相似文献   

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