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1.
C部分:附肢骨的比较研究脊椎动物在从水生向陆生、以及从陆生向空中演化的过程中,对四肢系统的构造和重构产生了重要影响。附肢骨骼包括成对的鳍,或者附肢及肢带骨(girdles,或称环带骨,也可以理解为关节窝骨)。下边给出了代表附肢排列的示意图(图8和图9)。  相似文献   

2.
为了探究西伯利亚鲟脂联素受体的表达特征及其对能量状态变化的响应, 研究采用RACE方法克隆获得AdipoR1和AdipoR2的cDNA全长。西伯利亚鲟AdipoR1 cDNA全长为2013 bp, 开放阅读框为1146 bp; AdipoR2 cDNA全长为1590 bp, 开放阅读框为1086 bp。多重序列比对结果显示, 西伯利亚鲟AdipoR1与哺乳类、鸟类、两栖类和鱼类的氨基酸一致性较高, AdipoR2与鱼类氨基酸一致性更高。系统进化树分析显示, 西伯利亚鲟AdipoR1与其他硬骨鱼类聚为一支, AdipoR2与斑点雀鳝聚为一支。实时荧光定量结果显示, AdipoR1和AdipoR2 mRNA在西伯利亚鲟组织中均有表达, AdipoR1在中脑、延脑、前脑、小脑和下丘脑中的表达高于外周组织, AdipoR2在中脑、鳃、瓣肠、性腺和延脑的表达相对较高。此外, 与其他硬骨鱼类似, 西伯利亚鲟AdipoR1和AdipoR2在肌肉中表达较低。当禁食10d时, 西伯利亚鲟幼鱼肌肉中AdipoR1和AdipoR2 mRNA表达量均显著上调, 复投喂后AdipoR1表达显著降低, 而AdipoR2表达无显著变化。由上可知, 西伯利亚鲟AdipoR1和AdipoR2可能参与能量稳态的维持。文章为进一步研究AdipoR1和AdipoR2在肌肉中的作用提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
红嘴鸥的骨骼系统解剖   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
吴介云  袁晓芬 《四川动物》1998,17(4):181-184
本文对红嘴鸥(Larusridbundns)的骨骼系统进行了系统的解剖观察。下列部分作了较详细描述:头骨(颅骨背面、侧面、底面、下颌),脊柱(颈椎、胸椎和胸骨、综合荐椎、尾椎),附肢骨(肩带、前肢骨、腰带、后肢骨)。红嘴欧属新腭型(neognathoustype)中的裂腭型类型。文中还对红嘴鸥的体重、体尺、头骨和附肢骨进行了测量。  相似文献   

4.
骨骼特征在动物的分类和系统进化研究中具有重要的作用。利用透明骨骼双色法对采自河南省洛阳市的无蹼壁虎Gekko swinhonis制作骨骼标本,对骨骼系统各部分骨骼的位置、形状和构成进行了详细描述,并与大壁虎G.gecko、多疣壁虎G.japonicus和原尾蜥虎Hemidactylus bowringii等进行了比较。无蹼壁虎的骨骼系统分为中轴骨骼(头骨、脊柱、胸骨、肋骨)和附肢骨骼(肩带、腰带、前肢骨和后肢骨)。与壁虎科其他物种相比,无蹼壁虎没有泪骨;前颌骨鼻突短小;鼻骨略呈长方形;后额骨呈"人"字形;前肢肱骨和尺骨关节的韧带内具有1枚肘骨;后肢股骨与胫骨关节的韧带内具有1枚髌骨;股骨与胫骨、腓骨关节的关节内具有2枚腓肠关节籽骨;雄性个体肛门后具有1对肛后骨;趾式为2、3、4、5、4。  相似文献   

5.
探索教学是在教师的启发引导下,最大限度地让学生独立地思考,并经过自己的努力而获得知识,使学生将被动学习转为主动学习。现以“骨骼”一节为例简述如下: (一)课时划分 1.骨骼的组成。直观教学法(1课时)。 2.骨 3.关节探索法教学(2—3课时连排)。 (二)课前准备 1.要求学生预习“骨骼”这一节内容。 2.学生分四个小组,课前培训小组长。 3.准备实验材料、药品及用具、挂图。 (三)提问导人新课提问人体骨骼由206块骨连接而成,它有什么功能?(要求回答:有运动、支持和保护的功能) 引言前面讲述了骨骼的组成与功能是相适应的,那么构成骨骼的这206块骨的形态结构和骨的连接又是怎样和运动、支持、保护的功  相似文献   

6.
从患细菌性败血症的西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)的体内分离到一株致病菌株X1,其对西伯利亚鲟的半数致死浓度(LC50)为5.62×105 cfu/ml,具有较强毒力;经ATB细菌鉴定仪生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA序列分析,菌株X1为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila);其系统发育分析表明,菌株X1与嗜水气单胞菌ATCC35654(登录号:X74676.1)的亲缘关系最近,其同源性为99%.用0.30%福尔马林灭活,将菌株X1制成灭活全菌苗,对西伯利亚鲟进行注射免疫.研究结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗能够明显提高西伯利亚鲟的血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,有利于进一步增强西伯利亚鲟血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量.此外,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染也具有较好的免疫保护作用,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为50%,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染的免疫保护作用更好,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为70%.因此,将嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗用于西伯利亚鲟细菌性败血症的防治具有广阔的发展前景.  相似文献   

7.
褐马鸡的骨骼解剖温江,娄凤玲,刘冰(山西师范大学生物系,临汾041004)褐马鸡和大熊猫、一样被列为我国的一级保护动物,它是我国特有的珍稀濒危鸟类。本文研究的主要内容为褐马鸡的骨骼系统。褐马鸡的骨骼系统,依着生部位分为躯干骨骼、附肢骨骼及带骨、颅骨。...  相似文献   

8.
从施氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki)、小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus)、西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)、哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)和金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)五种鱼类卵黄中分离、纯化Ig,并对其分子结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:五种鱼类卵中Ig的分子量分别为施氏鲟524kD、小体鲟468kD、西伯利亚鲟475kD、哲罗鲑为490kD,金鳟498kD,其Ig重链的相对分子量相同,约为97kD。轻链的相对分子量各不相同,施氏鲟为27kD,小体鲟28.5kD,西伯利亚鲟30kD,哲罗鲑28.5kD和金鳟16kD。其中西伯利亚鲟、施氏鲟和小体鲟Ig等电点约为5.85,哲罗鲑和金鳟的Ig等电点约为6.55,其蛋白质结构上具有一定的相似性,且均为糖蛋白  相似文献   

9.
为揭示新疆北鲵(Ranodon sibiricus)骨骼系统特征及骨骼发育时序规律,采用“软骨-硬骨”双染色法对2月龄、3月龄、4月龄、6月龄、1龄、2龄、3龄和9龄8个不同年龄段新疆北鲵骨骼系统进行详细观察和对比分析。结果表明新疆北鲵骨骼系统分为头骨、脊椎骨和附肢骨三大部分,共(217±1)块骨,其中头骨骨骼53块脊椎骨(48±1)块,附肢骨116块。此外,新疆北鲵头颅外形宽扁,犁骨齿排列幼体呈“/”型,成体则呈“■”型颅顶同时具有额顶囟和前颌囟,且前颌囟长与鼻骨长之比达或大于1/2,翼骨前端与上颌骨后端较接近等显著区别于其他小鲵科物种的骨骼特征,可作为种间分类重要依据。基于骨骼发育时序和骨化时间特征对比分析,北鲵骨骼数量和形态发生重大改变主要在6月龄幼体和2龄幼体两个时期。6月龄幼体的骨骼变化主要体现在头骨:新生出上颌骨、泪骨和前额骨,前颌囟形状逐渐清晰,腭骨退化,翼骨向后回缩,鳞骨向外延展。此外,腰带新生出前耻骨,暗示其进入骨骼变态发育阶段。2龄幼体的骨骼变化主要体现在舌器:第三、第四鳃弓退化,外鳃消失,暗示其变态发育接近尾声或结束。研究结果表明新疆北鲵变态发育时期从6月龄起至2...  相似文献   

10.
变色树蜥骨骼系统的解剖   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
用透明骨骼标本染色法制作变色树蜥的骨骼标本,并对其骨骼系统进行了全面的描述.其骨骼可分为中轴骨骼(包括头骨、脊柱、胸骨、肋骨)和附肢骨骼(包括肩带、腰带、前肢骨、后肢骨).其头骨呈梨形,眼眶完整.颈椎8枚,胸椎4枚,腰椎11枚,荐椎2枚,尾椎多于34枚.有颈肋4对,胸肋4对,腰肋11对.表现出了一系列进化特征,如前颌骨愈合成1块,额骨也愈合成1块,颧骨消失,鳞骨变小,犁骨薄弱,下颌夹板骨与齿骨、冠状骨及隅骨之间的骨缝不明显,愈合程度较高.  相似文献   

11.
实验根据脑型一氧化氮合酶氨基酸高度保守序列设计一对简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增并克隆了西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)和鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的脑型一氧化氮合酶cDNA片段。西伯利亚鲟cD-NA片段为356 bp,鲫鱼cDNA片段为377 bp。氨基酸序列同源分析发现,西伯利亚鲟与斑马鱼(Brachydaniorerio)的脑型一氧化氮合酶同源性为70%,鲫鱼与斑马鱼的同源性为97.6%。  相似文献   

12.
The specimen KNM-WT 15000 is an exceptionally complete 1.53 Myr juvenile skeleton of Homo erectus from West Turkana, Kenya. It therefore provides a unique opportunity to examine stature estimates of fossil hominids based strictly on long bone lengths. Using recovered axial and appendicular elements of KNM-WT 15000 that contributed to stature during life, we conclude that KNM-WT 15000 was much shorter at time-of-death than previous estimates that used only appendicular elements. We conservatively estimate stature-at-death at about 147 cm, although this individual could have been as short as 141 cm. Because long bone based estimates of stature also imply the axial skeletal proportion, our new stature estimate stems from the recognition of axial/appendicular disproportion in the individual KNM-WT 15000. It is possible that the peripubescent age-at-death of this specimen, and any resulting differential maturity between the appendicular and axial skeleton, may have contributed to previous overestimates of stature-at-death. However, the possibility that this individual was abnormal, as implied by axial/appendicular disproportion, remains to be fully tested. Regardless, these results suggest that some interpretations of the biology of early African Homo erectus, largely based upon KNM-WT 15000, should be viewed with caution. 5 Primate Evolution and Morphology Group, Department of Human  相似文献   

13.
This study investigates muscle proteins in Russian (Acipenser gueldensiaedtii Brandt), Siberian (Acipenser baerii Brandt), and Amur (Acipenser schrenckii Brandt) sturgeons using the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A group of fractions, which is presumably the product of a polyallelic duplicated MY-1* locus, is recorded among the general pool of proteins. Data from densitometric analysis makes it possible to put forward a hypothesis about an eight-gene determination of this system of proteins. The highest heterogeneity and polymorphism was revealed in the Russian sturgeon. Analysis of the genotype distribution in samples of the studied species allowed us to make an assumption that the genetic structure of spawning sturgeon stocks is significantly metamorphosed under the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors.  相似文献   

14.
团头鲂骨骼系统的发育   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文对团头鲂骨骼系统的发育进行了研究,观察了刚孵化的仔鱼到已具成鱼特征的幼鱼的骨骼发育过程,对脑颅、咽颅、韦伯氏器和脊椎骨、肩带和胸鳍支鳍骨、腰带和腹鳍支鳍骨以及奇鳍支鳍骨在不同生长阶段的形态特征进行了描述。讨论了韦伯氏器、复合神经骨及第二神经板等的发生过程;并根据团头鲂骨骼发育情况,讨论了头骨各骨片的性质。  相似文献   

15.
试验采用室内噪声控制的方式模拟野外自然噪声环境, 以长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus Dumeril)幼鱼为实验对象, 使用TDT听觉测试系统, 在100—500 Hz的刺激频率下, 通过听性脑干反应(Auditory Evoked Potential, AEP法)测定其听力阈值。结果显示, 长江鲟的最敏感频率为300 Hz, 声压为(133±0.5) dB, 听力曲线呈“V”型, 听觉阈值随着频率的不同而发生变化。总体看, 长江鲟听觉阈值较高, 听力较弱, 不能听到500 Hz以上的声音, 其中, 长江鲟的听觉阈值与湖鲟和匙吻鲟等鲟鱼类基本相似, 但比长江中常见的淡水鱼类的听觉阈值高、听频范围窄。研究结果将为长江鲟的野外放归和种群重建提供重要基础资料, 为评价涉渔工程建设运行对长江鱼类的影响提供基础数据支撑。  相似文献   

16.
鲟是目前世界上最古老的软骨硬鳞鱼类之一, 雌雄个体之间无明显的第二性征。为了解人工养殖下鲟性腺发育的分子特征, 研究以人工养殖2龄施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii Brandt)为研究对象, 对其精巢与卵巢进行转录组测序分析。结果发现, 雌雄性腺中共有19690个差异表达基因转录本, 其中与性别分化相关基因包括转录因子Dmrt1、Sox9、Foxl2等和生长转化因子Amh、Bmp15、Gdf9等。另外, 通过差异表达基因KEGG代谢通路富集分析发现了4条与卵巢发育相关的通路, 分别为黄体酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、卵母细胞减数分裂、卵巢类固醇合成、促性腺激素释放激素信号通路。其中, 卵巢类固醇合成通路中18个差异表达基因的表达模式暗示了2龄施氏鲟限制卵巢雌激素的合成, 但精巢中雄激素的合成未受影响。研究结果为研究鲟性腺分化和发育机制以及今后在mRNA表达水平上鉴定鲟性别提供了基础。  相似文献   

17.
18.
The formation of limb girdles is a key‐novelty in vertebrate evolution. Although the knowledge of pattern formation, genetic, and molecular analysis of limb development has prodigiously grown over the past four decades, the morphogenesis of the pelvic element, joining the appendicular with the axial skeleton has poorly been investigated. Because of their heterochrony in development and evolution, axial and appendicular skeletal elements have seldom been seen as a cojoined morphological complex. The present study examines the pelvis morphogenesis in the mouse (Mus musculus), with special focuses on the axio‐appendicular linkage, the formation and number of elements, and the joint formation. Serial histological sections of specimens from Theiler stages (TH) 18–25 (Theiler, 1972) were examined using bright field microscopy. 3D‐models of the growing pelvis were reconstructed from these serial sections. The generated 3D‐models were subsequently integrated into a computer‐animated 4D‐visualization illustrating the complex developmental dynamics of the mammalian pelvis morphogenesis. The findings demonstrate that the pelvic element forms from a single mesenchymal condensation in close vicinity to the appendicular skeleton. From the early start of development the pelvic element is limb‐associated, and quite lately connects to the axial skeleton. Additionally, the 4D‐visualization of the entire developmental process reveals a yet unnoticed reorientation of the mouse pelvic element from an initial posteriorly oblique developmental position to a ventrally oblique definitive position. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

19.
《Journal of morphology》2017,278(11):1586-1597
In a study aiming to improve knowledge on the mineralization of the axial skeleton in reared Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869), we discovered a new mineralized tissue within the notochord. To our knowledge, such a structure has never been reported in any vertebrate species with the exception of the pathological mineralization of the notochord remains in degenerative intervertebral disks of mammals. Here, we describe this enigmatic tissue using X‐ray microtomography, histological analyses and solid state NMR‐spectroscopy. We also performed a 1‐year monitoring of the mineral content (MC) of the notochord in relation with seasonal variations of temperature. In all specimens studied from 2‐year‐old juveniles onwards, this mineralized structure was found within a particular region of the notochord called funiculus . This feature first appears in the abdominal region then extends posteriorly with ageing, while the notochord MC also increases. The mineral phase is mainly composed of amorphous calcium phosphate, a small amount of which changes into hydroxyapatite with ageing. The putative role of this structure is discussed as either a store of minerals available for the phosphocalcic metabolism, or a mechanical support in a species with a poorly mineralized axial skeleton. A pathological feature putatively related to rearing conditions is also discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Goncharov BF  Viio P  Menn FL 《Ontogenez》2001,32(5):384-392
Injections of 2.5 mg/kg of stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pall.) pituitary extract and 5 mg/kg of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) pituitary extract in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) females did not reveal significant differences in the effects of these preparations. There were no differences in the percentage of females that responded by ovulation, duration of the period from injection to ovulation, rate of ovulation, or quality of mature eggs as estimated by the percentage of fertilization or percentage of normal embryos at the small yolk plug stage. Thus, an insufficient efficiency in the artificial reproduction of the Siberian sturgeon grown in captivity is not related to the use of the carp pituitary preparation as a stimulus. Estimation of the ratio of specific activities of the pituitary extracts and purified gonadotropins of the stellate sturgeon and carp by in vitro oocyte maturation has shown that it varies within wide limits as a function of the medium composition and physiological state of follicles. Hence, the ratio of activities of the gonadotropins of different species as determined by in vitro maturation of sturgeon oocytes may markedly differ from that upon injection of these preparations in breeders.  相似文献   

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