长江口及邻近海域富营养化指标原因变量参照状态的确定

河口区参照状态的确定是营养盐基准制定的核心步骤.采用参照点或观测点指标频数分布曲线法,利用长江口及邻近海域1992-2010年的调查数据,针对长江口外海区及舟山海区富营养化指标的原因变量,即无机氮和活性磷酸盐,进行参照状态值的确定.经分析,长江口外海区无机氮各季节参照状态可确定如下:春季为0.317mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.211mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.014mg/L、夏季为0.009 mg/L、秋季为0.018 mg/L;舟山海区无机氮各季节参照状态确定如下:春季为0.372mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.441 mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.020mg/L、夏季为0.018 mg/L、秋季为0.029 mg/L.     

人工鱼礁建设对浙江嵊泗海域营养盐与水质的影响

根据2003-2007年对嵊泗人工鱼礁海域11个航次调查所获得的实验数据,运用鱼礁区和对照区相比较的方法,分析了该海域不同季节氮、磷营养盐和水质在投放人工鱼礁后的变化,并对海域水质状况进行评价。结果表明,无机氮大多数处于阈值范围或低于最小阈值,活性磷酸盐含量则严重超标,N/P值范围为0.6280-14.8273,嵊泗海域处于氮限制,溶解氧不成为该海域浮游生物的生长限制因子。投放人工鱼礁后,生态效应不能在短期里得以体现,鱼礁区的水质情况要好于对照区,海域对P的富集强度大于N,人工鱼礁建设对再生生产力影响较大,对新生产力的贡献很小。       

长江口及毗邻海域沉积物生态环境质量评价

采用地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生物效应浓度法3种方法,考虑河口的水动力过程、沉积物分布和盐度影响,把长江口及毗邻海域划分为7个区域进行沉积物生态环境质量评价.结果表明,3种方法评价结果基本一致,长江口及毗邻海域的底质生态环境均受到重金属不同程度的污染,属于中低度污染,口外区和舟山海区的沉积物质量较好,口门、最大浑浊带和杭州湾的沉积物质量较差.用同期的底栖动物群落结构参数进行验证,生态响应明显.     

保安湖沉积物和间隙水中氮和磷的含量及其分布

保安湖沉积物中氮(N)的含量平均为5.20mg/g,平面分布以桥墩湖区含量最高。沉积物中磷(P)的含量平均为0.75mg/g,平面分布以扁担塘湖区含量最高。沉积物间隙水中总氮的平均含量为3.63mg/L,无机氮中以氨氮的含量最高,占总氮的57.2%;间隙水中总磷的含量平均为0.098mg/L,磷酸盐占总磷的50.0%.间隙水中氮和磷含量的平面分布差异不明显。间隙水中氮和磷的含量比湖水中含量高,但除氨氮外,一般不超过5倍,表明湖水和沉积物间隙水之间营养交换十分强烈。       

福建南日群岛秋季海洋生态环境诊断与评价

根据2007年9月和10月福建南日岛生态调查资料,从海水水质、海水营养结构与营养水平、生物多样性等3个方面诊断与评价了南日群岛海域环境现状,利用综合质量指数法对海洋生态环境质量进行综合评价,并探讨了不同评价指数的关系及合理性.结果表明:海域的pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量均符合第二类海水水质标准.71%站位的磷酸盐、14%站位的无机氮和7%站位的石油类污染物超第二类海水水质标准.海水水质总体属于较好等级,营养结构表现为氮限制,大部分海域处于富营养化状态,依据浮游生物的多样性指数评价结果为轻污染-清洁水平.生态环境综合质量指数评价结果表明南日群岛海域生态环境总体处于良好水平.利用不同的评价指数对海域环境健康状况进行诊断的结果存在一定差异.在实际评价中应综合运用化学指标和生物指标,才能得到相对客观的结论.     

胶州湾湿地海域水体和表层沉积物环境质量评价

基于2009年对胶州湾湿地48个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对胶州湾湿地水体和表层沉积物环境质量现状进行了评价.结果表明:对参与评价的pH值、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、CODMn、石油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、六六六、滴滴涕、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等16项指标而言,各调查月份大沽河感潮河段水质处于中污染-重污染水平,潮间带区域水质处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域水质处于轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地不同区域富营养化程度差异明显,其中大沽河感潮河段水体EI值在58.13 ～327.89,富营养化程度严重;潮间带区域水体EI值在1.34 ～19.96,富营养化程度较为严重;浅海区域水体EI值在0.65 ～ 2.10,富营养化程度较轻.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物质量基本处于轻污染水平,其中大沽河感潮河段处于轻污染水平,潮间带区域处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域处于较清洁-轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物中重金属单项污染参数(Cfi)和污染程度指数(Cd)较低,污染程度处于低级水平,Cu、Zn是表层沉积物中的主要污染因子;重金属潜在的生态危害系数(Eir)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)较小,污染程度属于低生态危害范畴.     

武陵源风景名胜区旅游生态环境演变趋势与阈值分析

武陵源旅游业迅速发展的同时。景区生态环境质量逐年下降引起联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会的关注：武陵源风景名胜区核心景区较突出的生态环境问题,主要表现在大气环境质量逐年降低;金鞭溪水质明显恶化;生物多样性受到威胁;景区城镇化、工商业比速度加快等。通过实地监测并全面分析武陵源风景名胜区环境演变趋势。发现住宿设施对环境的影响。比其他游乐设施更为明显,是武陵源风景名胜区旅游生态环境的关键影响因子。景区水质监测值的变化最大,表明水体是景区生态环境中最为脆弱的环境因子：随着游客的逐年增多。旅游生态环境呈现出加速恶化的趋势。通过建立基于环境脆弱因子的阈值模型,计算得出在不超出武陵源风景名胜区景区最为脆弱的环境因子——景区水质标准：总磷≤0．02(mg/L)前提下。景区上游接待区旅游生态阈值是春季宾馆可使用面积容限为29650m^2。夏季为76425m^2。秋季为13625m^2。冬季为8325m^2。不同类型的风景区。生态环境脆弱因子不同。宾馆建筑面积容限位也不同。沿着本文思路。可计算出其他类型风景区阈值。     

珠江口及毗邻海域营养盐对浮游植物生长的影响

基于2006年7月(夏季),10月(秋季)和2007年3月(春季)的现场调查数据,对珠江口及毗邻海域中的营养盐和叶绿素a等环境生态因子的时空分布特性进行了对比分析,研究了氮磷比与叶绿素a含量和种群多样性之间的联系,探讨了该海域营养盐对于浮游植物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)研究海域营养盐表现出较强的季节和空间差异性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均值春季(1.545 mg/L、0.056 mg/L)和夏季(1.570 mg/L、0.058 mg/L)均大于秋季(1.442 mg/L、0.034 mg/L),且春夏季浓度空间差异更明显。(2)调查期间海域营养盐含量超标现象突出,夏季尤为明显。无机氮(DIN)总体均值0.99 mg/L,超四类海水标准限值1倍,活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)总体均值0.021 mg/L,DIN∶PO4-P平均值为130;叶绿素a浓度与营养盐、p H、温度有较显著的相关性。(3)叶绿素a浓度较高的站位,具有较高的DIN∶PO4-P值,但浮游植物多样性指数偏低,优势种明显,主要为中肋骨条藻。氮磷比的改变会影响不同生长特性的浮游植物间的竞争和种群结构的改变;今后海洋污染治理中,在控制氮、磷污染时要注意氮磷比的改变可能造成的浮游生态影响。     

2011—2020年长江口大型底栖动物群落结构变化趋势

对2011—2020年夏季长江口48个站位的大型底栖动物定量监测数据进行统计分析,研究长江口海域底栖生物群落时空结构演变特征。结果表明,近10年长江口海域共鉴定大型底栖动物284种,其中多毛类128种,占总种数的45.1%,甲壳类64种占22.2%,软体动物56种占19.7%,棘皮动物16种占5.6%,其他类合计20种。平均生物密度为(79.5±45.9)个/m²(年份变幅14.7—195个/m²)。平均生物量为(5.20±3.25)g/m²(年份变幅1.01—10.11g/m²),多毛类、软体动物、甲壳类是生物密度和生物量组成的主要类群。十年期间种类数、生物密度和生物量均呈现明显上升趋势,口外区贡献最突出。四个监测区域(南支、北支、杭州湾、口外)的优势种差异大。丝异须虫Heteromastus filiformis在各年份的优势种中出现的频度显著最大。总体来看,长江口监测区域大型底栖动物群落自然演变趋势向好。三项多样性指数统计结果表明,口外区大型底栖动物种类组成多样性水平显著高于口内三个区。生物群...     

青海省果洛藏族自治州生态敏感性分析

青海省果洛藏族自治州位于黄河源头区, 地处高原自然环境恶劣, 生态恢复能力差, 是生态环境极为脆弱的区域, 评价该州生态敏感性, 是生态管理与可持续发展的数据基础。以果洛州遥感影像图为数据源, 结合实地调查和社会经济等数据, 依据该州独特的生态环境现状, 建立了符合该州特点的生态敏感性评价指标体系, 并采用层次分析法, 在GIS 支持下, 对该州进行了生态敏感性评价。结果表明: 果洛藏族自治州的生态敏感性为中度敏感水平, 该州西北地区敏感度最高; 其中极敏感和高度敏感区占总面积的14.08%, 中度敏感区域占总面积的35.14%, 轻度敏感区占总面积的30.73%, 不敏感区占19.94%; 依据生态敏感性综合评价结果将玉树州划分为三个生态功能区, 分别根据果洛州生态敏感性综合评价结果, 将该州分为三个功能分区: 分别为西北部生态保护区、中部草场发展区、东南部生态调节区。研究为该州的生态环境健康发展提供了理论依据。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这