红树植物秋茄替代互花米草的生态修复评估——以浙江温州为例

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)已经大面积入侵并威胁我国滨海湿地生态系统。利用红树植物替代法控制互花米草入侵的生态修复模式已得到广泛关注。本研究选取浙江温州鳌江口红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)替代互花米草的生态修复区,在3年修复期前后,对修复区和对照区进行植物群落结构和大型底栖动物群落多样性监测,结合沉积物质量与水质变化监测,对生态修复的效果进行评价。结果表明:生态修复区的秋茄群落虽结构单一、但生长良好;红树林生境大型底栖动物物种多样性指数为0～2.055;而在互花米草生境中为1.053～2.805,说明对大型底栖动物而言互花米草生境的生态环境状况优于红树林生境。这可能是由于恢复的早期阶段,秋茄树龄小且对水质污染的改善作用不显著,其大型底栖动物的种类偏少。本研究是红树林高纬度分布区生态替代法控制互花米草的典型案例;随着植株的生长,秋茄群落的生态效益将进一步显现。     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。     

城市化鸟类群落变化及其与城市植被的关系

持续而快速的城市化进程正在助长全球生物多样性的丧失,其中鸟类是城市生态系统的重要环节和城市生物多样性保护的重点目标,同时也是研究的热点内容。从城市环境变化压力下,鸟类群落组成与结构、空间分布和繁殖营巢方式的改变分析,重点介绍了支持城市地区鸟类多样性的植物环境因素与影响机制的最新研究成果。结果表明：1）城市中的植被和绿色空间为城市鸟类提供生存空间和食物资源,是城市鸟类最主要的栖息地。2）保留原生乡土植物和大型树木的地区能支持更丰富的鸟类物种。3）植被的结构和盖度对鸟类群落有显著影响。林冠覆盖率增加,复杂的垂直空间和多样的植物种类的组合产生各种不同类型的植物空间和栖息地类型,吸引不同的鸟类物种,相应地也会导致更丰富的鸟类群落。总之,保持和加强城市中植物环境良好和稳定是保护城市生物多样性的有效手段。据此,提出城市环境与鸟类群落关系研究的未来发展方向,指出了其在鸟类多样性保护和城市可持续发展等领域的应用前景。     

生物入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵是全球生物多样性面临的最主要威胁之一, 入侵种在改变入侵地环境的同时也使当地的生物受到极大影响。鸟类在生态系统中处于较高的营养级, 生态系统中任何一个环节的变化都可能对鸟类造成一定的影响。本文回顾了哺乳动物、鸟类、无脊椎动物和植物等不同生物类群的入侵对本地鸟类生态影响方面的研究进展。外来生物对鸟类的影响主要表现在以下几方面: (1)外来哺乳动物对成鸟、幼鸟或鸟卵的捕食作用; (2)外来鸟类与本地鸟类竞争栖息地和食物资源, 与当地的近缘种杂交而造成基因流失; (3)外来无脊椎动物改变本地鸟类的栖息环境和食物状况, 甚至直接捕食本地鸟类; (4)外来植物入侵改变入侵地的植物群落组成和结构, 造成本地鸟类的栖息地丧失或破碎化, 并通过改变入侵地生态系统的食物链结构而对高营养级的鸟类产生影响。最后, 作者还提出了该领域有待解决的问题和今后可能的研究方向。     

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统的影响研究进展

滨海湿地受海、陆生态系统的交互影响,是典型的生态脆弱带和敏感区。互花米草是全球海岸带最为成功的外来入侵物种,对滨海湿地生态系统已经产生了重要的影响。本文对已有相关研究进行了系统梳理,揭示了互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统生物地球化学循环(碳循环、氮循环、磷循环及土壤重金属迁移)和入侵地生物群落(微生物、植物和动物)的影响。并在此基础上对今后研究的重点提出了展望: 加强互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统健康影响机制研究;重点关注全球变化背景下互花米草群落与湿地环境互馈耦合;开展长时序定位监测,厘清滨海湿地生态系统对互米草不同入侵阶段的响应差异,以期对互花米草的生态利用和治理提供指导。     

生境异质性及源株密度对互花米草入侵力的影响

外来物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)被引种到我国海岸带后,已带来一系列生态危害,严重影响了入侵地生态系统结构和功能,深入了解其入侵机制是实施有效控制的基础和理论依据。长江口的滩涂湿地是我国典型的异质潮滩,拥有多种生境。为了探究异质潮滩环境中互花米草初始源株对其入侵力的影响,研究通过野外移栽实验,模拟不同源株密度,探讨潮滩湿地生境异质性及源株密度对互花米草定居、生长和扩散的影响。结果表明:1)生境异质性及源株密度均对互花米草存活率、株高及种群增长率有极显著影响(P0.01)。2)至生长季末,植被区内互花米草存活率、株高均显著高于前沿光滩(P0.05)。此外,淤泥质潮滩植被区内互花米草株高、种群增长率也显著高于粉砂质潮滩植被区(P0.05)。3)互花米草入侵植被区不受源株密度的限制,但随源株密度增加,互花米草种群增长率显著降低(P0.05),而株高无显著差异(P0.05);在光滩区,只有高源株密度才可入侵成功。4)异质生境的冲淤动态、淹水时间和淹水深度是影响互花米草存活和生长的主要环境因子。丰富了河口湿地互花米草入侵力的机理研究,也为我国开展互花米草防控及海岸带保护、修复和管理提供了科学依据,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

人工拔除互花米草对红树林大型底栖动物群落的影响

【背景】大型底栖动物群落是红树林生态系统结构与功能的重要组成部分。大型底栖动物群落及其所在的红树林生态系统正遭受严重的人类活动介导的多种侵扰,如烈性入侵植物互花米草的入侵。很多研究调查了红树林生态系统底栖动物群落对互花米草入侵的响应,但互花米草移除对生物群落的影响鲜有报道。【方法】选取位于山口国家级红树林保护区的3个断面(山角、永安和北界),分别在3个断面定量采集互花米草拔除前和拔除后的底栖动物,比较其物种组成、栖息密度和生物量,研究人工拔除互花米草对红树林大型底栖动物群落结构的影响。【结果】大型底栖动物群落在互花米草拔除前后发生了显著变化:在选取的3个断面上共观测到1~3种拔除前后共有的物种,且优势种在3个断面上均发生了变化;物种丰富度在2个断面(永安和北界)上略有增加,在一个断面(山角)上降低;在3个断面上,互花米草拔除后生物的栖息密度和生物量都显著降低。【结论与意义】底栖动物群落的这些显著变化会对其栖息地内以及周边红树林生态系统的食物网结构及红树林的生态功能产生重要影响,因此当大规模人工移除互花米草时,需充分考虑这些变化可能带来的负面影响,制定合理、有效的互花米草清除策略,保护脆弱的红树林生态系统。     

闽江河口红树林土壤微生物群落对互花米草入侵的响应

采用磷脂脂肪酸标记法(PLFA)研究外来入侵植物互花米草对闽江河口湿地红树林土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并探讨其主要影响因素。结果表明:从3种不同植被群落土壤(红树林群落MC、红树林-互花米草混生群落MS、互花米草群落SC)共检测到22种PLFA生物标记,MS土壤微生物PLFA生物标记总量明显高于其他植被群落,3种植被群落土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化趋势为:MCMSSC,表明互花米草入侵后土壤微生物量增加,而理化性质和酶活性均有明显下降,红树林湿地土壤质量发生了明显退化。3种植被群落土壤中含量最高的PLFA生物标记是16:0,16:1w7c,9Me15:0w,18:1w12c。土壤中特征微生物相对生物量存在明显差异,细菌分布量最大,其次是真菌和放线菌,原生动物分布量最小。群落多样性指数呈相似规律,MS土壤微生物类群多样性指数均小于MC,表明互花米草入侵后土壤微生物群落多样性指数均有下降。通过主成分分析,基本能区分出3种不同植被群落微生物群落的特征。土壤理化性质、酶活性间存在相关性,有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶与革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌呈显著或极显著正相关。研究结果表明互花米草入侵在一定程度上具有影响红树林群落土壤营养代谢循环的潜力,特别是关于碳、氮、磷等的循环及酶活性,改变部分有利于自身生长的土壤环境相关的微生物类群含量,竞争有利环境,迅速扩张实现入侵。     

入侵植物互花米草——生物学、生态学及管理

近20余年来, 互花米草Spartina alterniflora Loisel.在我国沿海及河口滩涂快速扩散, 已成为我国海岸盐沼中最重要的入侵植物。本文介绍了互花米草的形态学、繁殖生物学、生物系统学、分布及全球范围内的入侵途径和历史, 探讨了互花米草与沿海滩涂非生物环境、生物环境之间的相互作用及人类活动在互花米草成功入侵中的作用, 并得出如下结论: 互花米草的成功入侵是在人类活动的影响下, 其入侵力(互花米草自身的生物学特性)与入侵生境的可入侵性(滩涂环境对入侵的抵抗力)相互作用的结果, 其入侵可能对被入侵地的自然环境、生物多样性、生态系统乃至经济生活带来一系列影响。最后, 提出对互花米草的控制只能通过早期预测并保持监控、一旦发现便及时根除的方法来进行。同时,我国应加强立法与相关知识的普及, 最大限度地降低互花米草乃至其他外来生物入侵的可能性。     

互花米草入侵对长江口九段沙湿地昆虫功能群组成特征及季节动态的影响

【目的】揭示互花米草Spartina alterniflora入侵对盐沼湿地昆虫不同功能群组成特征和时间动态的影响。【方法】于2015年的不同季节,在不同的样点沿10 m长的样线,以扫网法对长江口九段沙湿地不同样点的互花米草、芦苇和藨草群落进行昆虫采集。采用非参数检验方法比较不同植物群落中不同昆虫取食功能群物种丰富度、个体多度和季节动态的差异,采用非参数多维度排序方法分析植物生境对各昆虫功能群组成的影响,并用指示种分析方法分析不同昆虫的生境偏好。【结果】共采集昆虫72科,188种,10 338头。互花米草群落昆虫物种丰富度和个体多度显著低于芦苇群落,藨草群落昆虫物种丰富度与互花米草群落差异不显著,但昆虫个体数显著多于互花米草群落。不同昆虫功能群分别比较表明,植食昆虫物种数和个体数在互花米草和芦苇群落间差异不显著,藨草群落植食昆虫物种数最少但个体数量最多。芦苇群落捕食/寄生昆虫物种数和个体数均显著多于互花米草和藨草群落。腐食/菌食昆虫物种数和个体数在不同植物群落无显著差异。季节动态分析显示,不同昆虫功能群物种数和个体数在互花米草群落的峰值均出现在春季,而在芦苇和藨草群落中则具不同趋势。根据非参数多维度排序分析结果,互花米草入侵显著改变了昆虫的群落结构,并对不同昆虫功能群的物种组成均产生了显著影响。指示种分析方法结果进一步表明,偏好互花米草的昆虫物种数最少,主要为广食性植食昆虫。偏好芦苇分布的昆虫物种数最多,主要为捕食/寄生昆虫和专食性植食昆虫。偏好藨草的植食昆虫虽为广食性,但指示值较高。【结论】互花米草入侵降低了盐沼湿地的昆虫多样性,并显著改变了盐沼湿地昆虫功能群组成特征和季节动态。相比植食昆虫,天敌昆虫对互花米草入侵的影响更为敏感。一些广食性的植食昆虫可能已对互花米草产生了适应机制,其可能造成的生态学后果应引起重视。     

Effects of exotic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> on the habitat patch associations of breeding saltmarsh birds at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River estuary,China

Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is one of the most invasive exotic plants of saltmarshes worldwide. To understand the effects of smooth cordgrass invasion on the habitat use and selection by breeding saltmarsh birds, we compared species number and abundance of breeding birds in native reed (Phragmites australis) and smooth cordgrass-invaded habitats (reed-cordgrass mixed habitats and cordgrass monocultures) at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River estuary, China. We further examined the similarity of bird communities in different habitats and habitat selection by dominant bird species. For saltmarsh generalists, species number and abundance did not differ among the habitats. For saltmarsh specialists, species number and abundance did not differ in reed monocultures and reed-cordgrass mixed habitats but were significantly lower in cordgrass monocultures than in reed monocultures and reed-cordgrass mixed habitats. ANOSIM indicated that the difference in bird communities was larger between cordgrass monocultures and the habitats with reed than between the habitats with reed. The saltmarsh specialists preferred reed monocultures, while saltmarsh generalists avoided reed monocultures. Most species indicated no selection (neither preferred nor avoided) on reed-cordgrass mixed habitats, and no species preferred the cordgrass monocultures. The use of cordgrass monocultures by the common saltmarsh birds was negatively related to their body size. This study suggests that the spread of exotic smooth cordgrass has greatly affected the species composition and structure of local bird communities and has been especially disadvantageous to the saltmarsh specialists.     

外来种米草的生态功能评价与控制

米草是禾本科米草属多年生植物 ,对高盐淤泥质滩涂具有高度生态适应性。本文综述了米草作为外来入侵种对一些国家和地区的环境影响及其生态控制措施。一方面 ,米草的种群爆发严重威胁当地生物多样性 ,阻碍社会、经济的可持续发展 ;另一方面 ,米草的抵御海岸侵蚀和促淤造陆功能在全球变化引起未来海平面上升的背景下具有重要意义。米草的生态控制以化学措施最为快速有效 ,但可能污染环境。物理措施工程量大 ,适合于小面积米草控制。生物防治最有发展前景 ,但目前应用不理想 ,且容易引起次生生物入侵。 3S技术、种群扩散和增长模型以及长期监测系统等已经被应用于米草生态控制。最后就加强米草生态控制的基础研究和如何提高米草生态控制水平提出了若干建议     

海洋生物多样性损害与沿海地区经济增长关系实证研究

海洋生物多样性是海洋生态系统服务的基础,保护海洋生物多样性不仅对维持地球生态系统的功能至关重要,也与人类福祉密切相关。基于沿海11个省区生态系统亚健康程度指标和物种多样性损害指标,运用面板回归模型对中国沿海地区经济增长与海洋生物多样性损害的关系进行实证考察。研究结果表明：(1)海洋生态系统亚健康程度与沿海地区经济增长之间存在显著的线性关系,随着经济增长,典型海洋生态系统亚健康状态占比呈现出持续上升趋势。此外,实施排污费制度和建立海洋自然保护区有利于抑制海洋生态系统的恶化。(2)海洋物种多样性损害与沿海地区经济增长之间存在显著“倒U”型关系,随着经济增长,海洋物种多样性损害呈现先上升后下降的态势,转折点为人均GDP 45145元,目前海南省、广西壮族自治区、河北省未跨过转折点。此外,排污费制度有利于抑制海洋物种多样性损害,而沿海地区目前的产业结构加重了海洋物种多样性损害。根据实证分析结果,海洋生态系统健康尚未出现拐点,沿海地区经济增长如果建立在对生态环境破坏的基础上,则势必会造成生物多样性的损害。因此从规范海域利用方式,完善海岸生态保护红线划定,加强生态系统的监测与管理,保持绿色可持续的...     

Rethinking Avian Response to Tamarix on the Lower Colorado River: A Threshold Hypothesis

Many of the world’s large river systems have been greatly altered in the past century due to river regulation, agriculture, and invasion of introduced Tamarix spp. (saltcedar, tamarisk). These riverine ecosystems are known to provide important habitat for avian communities, but information on responses of birds to differing levels of Tamarix is not known. Past research on birds along the Colorado River has shown that avian abundance in general is greater in native than in non‐native habitat. In this article, we address habitat restoration on the lower Colorado River by comparing abundance and diversity of avian communities at a matrix of different amounts of native and non‐native habitats at National Wildlife Refuges in Arizona. Two major patterns emerged from this study: (1) Not all bird species responded to Tamarix in a similar fashion, and for many bird species, abundance was highest at intermediate Tamarix levels (40–60%), suggesting a response threshold. (2) In Tamarix‐dominated habitats, the greatest increase in bird abundance occurred when small amounts of native vegetation were present as a component of that habitat. In fact, Tamarix was the best vegetation predictor of avian abundance when compared to vegetation density and canopy cover. Our results suggest that to positively benefit avian abundance and diversity, one cost‐effective way to rehabilitate larger monoculture Tamarix stands would be to add relatively low levels of native vegetation (～20–40%) within homogenous Tamarix habitat. In addition, this could be much more cost effective and feasible than attempting to replace all Tamarix with native vegetation.     

Are aliens threatening European aquatic coastal ecosystems?

Inshore waters of European coasts have accumulated a high share of non-indigenous species, where a changeable palaeoenvironment has caused low diversity in indigenous biota. Also strongly transformed modern coastal ecosystems seem to assimilate whatever species have been introduced and tolerate the physical regime. Adding non-native species does not have any directional predetermined effects on recipient coastal ecosystems. The status of being a non-native rather refers to a position in evolutionary history than qualify as an ecological category with distinct and consistent properties. Effects of invaders vary between habitats and with the phase of invasion and also with shifting ambient conditions. Although aliens accelerate change in European coastal biota, we found no evidence that they generally impair biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. More often, invaders expand ecosystem functioning by adding new ecological traits, intensifying existing ones and increasing functional redundancy.     

Community homogenization and the invasiveness of commensal species in Mediterranean afforested landscapes

The ecological consequences of homogenization remain relatively unexplored. One example of landscape-homogenizing is the establishment of plantations. We studied the effect of human-made forests by contrasting plant and small-mammal community composition between planted tree stands and adjacent natural habitat in two different Mediterranean habitats in Israel: (1) inland habitat where we focused on pine (Pinus halepensis) and carob (Ceratonia siliqua) stands, and (2) coastal sand dune habitat where we focused on planted acacia (Acacia saligna) stands. We first wanted to verify whether planted trees modify plant species composition, and second, if and how the small-mammal community is affected by the different habitat conditions created in plantations with different canopy cover. We were especially interested in the abundance of the commensal house mouse (Mus musculus). All tree stands underwent biotic homogenization indicated by abundance of house mice coupled with lower diversity of indigenous vegetation and small-mammal abundances and diversities. Habitat structural diversity was positively related with small-mammals diversity and was lower in artificial tree stands in both habitats. Our results suggest that using the abundance of commensal generalist species such as the house mouse relative to other more specialist small-mammals is a good approach to determine ecosystem integrity. Pre-commercial thinning treatment is a potential management tool to maintain a proportion of native tree species within the canopy of planted tree stands. However, until sufficient data is available for making generalizations, the exact level of thinning necessary to reverse the homogenization processes in man-made plantations and keeping indigenous small-mammal communities diverse and less prone to invasion must be determined empirically.     

Protected areas as biodiversity benchmarks for human impact: agriculture and the Serengeti avifauna

Protected areas as biodiversity benchmarks allow a separation of the direct effects of human impact on biodiversity loss from those of other environmental changes. We illustrate the use of ecological baselines with a case from the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. We document a substantial but previously unnoted loss of bird diversity in agriculture detected by reference to the immediately adjacent native vegetation in Serengeti. The abundance of species found in agriculture was only 28% of that for the same species in native savannah. Insectivorous species feeding in the grass layer or in trees were the most reduced. Some 50% of both insectivorous and granivorous species were not recorded in agriculture, with ground-feeding and tree species most affected. Grass-layer insect abundance and diversity was much reduced in agriculture, consistent with the loss of insectivorous birds. These results indicate that many species of birds will become confined to protected areas over time. We need to determine whether existing protected areas are sufficiently large to maintain viable populations of insectivorous birds likely to become confined to them. This study highlights the essential nature of baseline areas for assessing causes of change in human-dominated systems and for developing innovative strategies to restore biodiversity.     

Water availability drives aboveground biomass and bird richness in forest restoration plantings to achieve carbon and biodiversity cobenefits

To combat global warming and biodiversity loss, we require effective forest restoration that encourages recovery of species diversity and ecosystem function to deliver essential ecosystem services, such as biomass accumulation. Further, understanding how and where to undertake restoration to achieve carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation would provide an opportunity to finance ecosystem restoration under carbon markets. We surveyed 30 native mixed‐species plantings in subtropical forests and woodlands in Australia and used structural equation modeling to determine vegetation, soil, and climate variables most likely driving aboveground biomass accrual and bird richness and investigate the relationships between plant diversity, aboveground biomass accrual, and bird diversity. We focussed on woodland and forest‐dependent birds, and functional groups at risk of decline (insectivorous, understorey‐nesting, and small‐bodied birds). We found that mean moisture availability strongly limits aboveground biomass accrual and bird richness in restoration plantings, indicating potential synergies in choosing sites for carbon and biodiversity purposes. Counter to theory, woody plant richness was a poor direct predictor of aboveground biomass accrual, but was indirectly related via significant, positive effects of stand density. We also found no direct relationship between aboveground biomass accrual and bird richness, likely because of the strong effects of moisture availability on both variables. Instead, moisture availability and patch size strongly and positively influenced the richness of woodland and forest‐dependent birds. For understorey‐nesting birds, however, shrub cover and patch size predicted richness. Stand age or area of native vegetation surrounding the patch did not influence bird richness. Our results suggest that in subtropical biomes, planting larger patches to higher densities, ideally using a diversity of trees and shrubs (characteristics of ecological plantings) in more mesic locations will enhance the provision of carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. Further, ecological plantings will aid the rapid recovery of woodland and forest bird richness, with comparable aboveground biomass accrual to less diverse forestry plantations.     

黄淮平原农业景观不同生境鸟类多样性特征及年际动态

鸟类是地球生物多样性中的重要组成部分,在生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用,是生态环境变化的重要指示物种。农业景观中的食虫鸟类提供了重要的虫害控制服务。当前,农业景观中鸟类多样性丧失加剧,为探讨鸟类多样性在各生境以及年际间的变化,以黄淮平原为研究区,在河流、湖泊、农田、村庄等生境中共设置20个样点。于2016-2019年连续4年在繁殖期采用样线法对鸟类进行多样性调查。调查结果显示：（1）共发现22922只个体,分属14目,38科,53属。从区系分布来看,各生境各年间均以广布种为主;从生态类群来看,鸣禽占绝对优势;从居留型来看,留鸟所占比例最高。（2）在食性组成上,从物种丰富度看,食虫鸟类有57种,约占总物种数的77%;从个体数来看,杂食性鸟类占比超52%。（3）物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数最高值均出现在湖泊或河流生境中。（4）鸟类群落相似性分析显示,各生境间鸟类群落均为中等相似程度;鸟类物种丰富度波动幅度在农田和村庄中呈逐年上升趋势。（5）物种多样性加性拆分分析显示,在生境尺度上,局地的α多样性是生物多样性的最重要组成,而从整个研究区来看,生境间的差异则更为重要。造成鸟类多样性时空差异的原因复杂多样,而生境异质性的增加和水域的存在对提高鸟类多样性是具有积极作用的。调查中超过77%的物种和40%的个体均为食虫鸟类,应当充分重视鸟类为区域农业景观提供的虫害控制服务。本研究可为区域鸟类多样性保护及鸟类提供的生态系统服务的提升管理提供理论基础和科学依据。