磷酸盐化球化石研究述评

磷酸盐化球状化石是近２０年来才相继发现的一类微体化石,主要产于下寒武统梅树村阶和震旦系陡山沱组的含磷地层。研究初期其生物亲缘就存在动植物之争,但多数专家将其作为分类位置未定的球状化这年来,由于一些学者研究发现部分磷酸盐化球状化石具有后生动物胚胎发育序列的特征,认为它们可能是刺细胞动物域 两侧对称动物的胚胎化石,从而引起了国内外众多学者,尤其是藻类和疑源类专家的关注和热烈讨论。本文在总结球状化石研究     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

保存于华南新元古代晚期陡山沱组中的磷酸盐化化石被认为与后生动物起源、真核生物演化有重要联系。位于鄂西黄陵隆起北缘的樟村坪地区,是华南最重要的工业磷矿产地之一,主要磷矿层属于埃迪卡拉纪地层,却鲜有磷块岩化石报道。此次研究利用钻孔样品的大量连续切片,在陡山沱组磷矿层中发现了丰富的保存精美的微体化石,化石组合包括可能的动物胚胎化石Megasphaera inornata;大型具刺疑源类Appendisphaerasp.,Cymatiosphaeroides kullingii,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Ericiasphaera magna,Weissiella sp.;多细胞藻类Wengania globosa,W.exquisite,Sarcinophycus papilloformis,Thallophyca sp.,以及球状丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Cyanonema majus,Salome nunavutensis,Obruchevella minor,Siphonophycus kestron,S.typicum,S.robustum,S.septatum。这些微体化石的发现丰富了该区磷酸盐化化石资料,同时该化石组合面貌与黔中地区陡山沱组上磷块岩"瓮安生物群"以及峡东陡山沱组典型硅化生物群都具有相似性,化石层位的探讨也为华南不同沉积相区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的参考依据。     

湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪(震旦纪)是早期多细胞生物起源与辐射的重要地质时期,磷酸盐化保存的微体化石则是研究该时期生命演化的重要窗口。目前对我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石的研究主要集中于贵州瓮安等地,其他地区的研究偏少。本次研究报道了保存于湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩的微体化石。这些微体化石以三维磷酸盐化形式保存,种类丰富,共计14属21种,包括大型带刺疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Knollisphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Tanarium conoideum,T.digi-tiforme,T.pilosiusculum,Tianzhushania sp.;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状蓝藻Archaeophycus yunnanensis,丝状蓝藻Cyanonema majus,Obruchevella minor,Salome sp.,Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron;以及多细胞藻类Gremiphyca corymbiata,Thallophyca ramosa,Wengania exquisita,W.globosa。这些微体化石的发现,进一步丰富了白竹磷矿陡山沱组的化石组合,为华南扬子地台陡山沱组的生物地层对比提供了新的材料。     

磷酸盐化球状化石研究述评

磷酸盐化球状化石是近 2 0年来才相继发现的一类微体化石 ,主要产于下寒武统梅树村阶和震旦系陡山沱组的含磷地层。研究初期其生物亲缘就存在动植物之争 ,但多数专家将其作为分类位置未定的球状化石。近年来 ,由于一些学者研究发现部分磷酸盐化球状化石具有后生动物胚胎发育序列的特征 ,认为它们可能是刺细胞动物或两侧对称动物的胚胎化石 ,从而引起了国内外众多学者 ,尤其是藻类和疑源类专家的关注和热烈讨论。本文在总结球状化石研究进程的基础上 ,对其当前的研究焦点 ,如归属问题、后生动物胚胎化石、保存机制及分类命名 ,进行了简略的评述 ;同时 ,简要介绍了其研究意义。     

前寒武纪瓮安生物群具围卵腔结构的胚胎及其发育序列

通过对贵州瓮安新元古代陡山沱组瓮安微型球状化石SEM的观察,发现代表未分裂卵,和2、4、8、16不同分裂阶段的胚胎。这些未分裂的卵和处于不同发育阶段的胚胎化石不仅大小和卵壳表面装饰相同,而且它们均具明显的围卵腔和球形卵裂等特征,清楚表明这些卵和胚胎均为同一物种的产物。由于这些卵的表面装饰与现生某些甲壳类休眠卵极其相似,曾被解释为动物的休眠卵;当前不同卵裂阶段胚胎的发现表明它们不是休眠卵,而是处于发育过程的卵。围卵腔不仅是现生两侧对称动物早期胚胎的常见构造,而且具围卵腔构造的未分裂卵和不同卵裂阶段的胚胎化石在瓮安动物群也十分常见。除了以上具表面装饰胚胎化石的大量发现外,文中还报道围卵腔构造在表面光滑胚胎化石中的发现。这些具围卵腔结构的胚胎化石主要为两侧对称动物的胚胎。     

湖北宜昌埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组天柱山卵囊胞——Tianzhushania的新认识

我国南方陡山沱组的渗透矿化微体化石为认识埃迪卡拉动物辐射前的生物多样性，提供了异乎寻常的窗口；其中包括一些被视为早期动物胚胎的磷酸盐化球形化石。但是，一些学者将之与现生Thiomargarita sp．比较，把陡山沱组胚胎解释为巨大氧化硫细菌。湖北宜昌晓峰河剖面陡山沱组中发现Tianzhushania的大型具刺疑源类的膜壳中显示有1、2、4、8、16乃至数百个卵裂细胞标本，表明它们应是真核生物，很可能是在滞育卵囊胞中保存的早期卵裂的动物胚胎。此有力地论证了我国南方埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组动物胚胎化石的保存，并将动物化石记录推前至632Ma前。为了区别Tianzhushania的已知形态种，新建Tianzhushania fissura sp．nov．和Tianzhushania confrerta sp．nov．两个新种，它们分别以含有不同数量卵裂细胞为特征。它们在陡山沱组中、上部的集中保存，可能与海平面变化或其它地质事件密切相关。而这需要更多有效年代地层资料加以合理解释。     

微体古生物学报第16卷1999 年总目录

ＣＯＮＴＥＮＴＳ第１期Ｎｏ．１“动物胚胎”——对瓮安地区陡山沱组微体化石的错误解释薛耀松　周传明　唐天福（１）……………ＡｎｉｍａｌＥｍｂｒｙｏｓ,ＡＭｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮｅｏｐｒｏｔｅｒｏｚｏｉｃＭｉｃｒｏｆｏｓｓｉｌｓ……………...     

贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量的统计分析

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组（635-551Ma）上磷矿段保存了大量精美的磷酸盐化微体球粒化石，它们主要由多细胞藻类、疑源类和处于不同发育阶段的多种动物胚胎化石组成，此外还包括少量后生动物的幼、成体化石。本文以贵州瓮福磷矿陡山沱组上磷矿段灰白色球粒状白云质磷块岩为研究对象，在总结瓮安生物群中不同生物化石的鉴别特征基础上，定量统计采自该层位的两组岩石样品（WA—I和WA-r1）的酸处理砂样中的所有化石。统计结果表明，瓮安陡山沱组该磷块岩中化石质量和岩石中磷酸盐组分质量成正线性相关，两个样品中化石占全部磷酸盐组分的质量百分比均在10％左右，其中多细胞藻类和疑源类化石占全部化石含量均少于10％。这一结果客观地反映了瓮安生物群的化石丰度，证实了保存在瓮安陡山沱组上磷矿段灰色富氧含磷埋藏相中的瓮安生物群主要由动物胚胎化石组成的特征。     

湖南张家界四都坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

首次描述并研究了在湖南张家界四都坪乡四都坪剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部硅质条带和结核中发现的保存精美的微体化石。化石组合包括大型具刺疑源类Cavaspina acuminata,Cavaspina basiconica,Gyalosphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera latibasis,Tanarium varium,Tanariumsp.和Urasphaera fungiformis;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状、丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Polytrichoides sp.,Salome hubeiensis,Siphonophycus robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron,和S.solidum以及多细胞藻类Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合与湖北峡东地区陡山沱组三段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tanarium为特征的组合面貌基本一致。这些微体化石的发现,进一步完善了我国埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)陡山沱组的生物地层序列,也为华南扬子地区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的古生物证据。     

湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石的新发现

中国南方扬子地台震旦系陡山沱组产出丰富的微体化石，它们主要保存在磷块岩以及燧石结核和条带中。文章详细报道湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石，描述以前未曾在峡东地区碳酸盐相燧石中发现的8属8种微体化石。研究九龙湾剖面陡山沱组大型带刺疑源类、微体多细胞藻类和动物胚胎化石的分布特征，发现Tianzhushania spinosa是最早出现的大型带刺疑源类分子，大冰期后微体生物的辐射是一个阶段性渐进的过程。同时．本项研究进一步证实华南扬子区陡山沱组碳酸盐相燧石和磷块岩地层中保存的微体化石面貌基本一致。     

我国资源动物的实验动物化潜力与展望

实验动物资源建设不仅是实验动物学科发展的基础性核心工作,也是生命科学发展的关键性支撑保障条件之一。目前,已有的实验动物资源难以解决伴随着生命科学研究快速发展而涌现出来的新问题,因此需要开发新的实验动物品种（实验动物新资源的RD则是当前迫切需要解决的问题）。本文对近年来我国资源动物实验动物化工作的现状及进展做一综述,提出存在的问题和解决问题的建议,与大家共同探讨。     

Children’s Beliefs about Animal Minds (Child-BAM): Associations with Positive and Negative Child–Animal Interactions

Children and animals can have a great impact on each other’s lives, yet little is known about the underpinnings of these relationships. Children’s interactions with animals may be influenced by their belief in animal minds, that animals are sentient and experience thoughts and feelings. This study introduces a newly developed measure of children’s beliefs about animal minds (Child-BAM) and investigates associations between it and factors relating to positive and negative interactions with animals. Using a questionnaire-based survey of over 1,000 6- to 13-year-olds in the UK, the results show that Child-BAM was associated with higher attachment to pets (p < 0.001), compassion (p < 0.001), humane (p < 0.001) and caring behavior (p < 0.001) toward animals, emotional attachment to animals (p = 0.003), and positive attitudes toward animals (p < 0.001). Child-BAM was also associated with less acceptance of intentional animal cruelty (p = 0.001), unintentional animal cruelty (p = 0.007), and animal neglect (p = 0.01). There was a significant difference in Child-BAM between children with pets (p = 0.013), children who had a pet of their own (p = 0.016), and age group (p < 0.001). This study enhances our understanding of the psychological underpinnings of child–animal relationships and highlights the implications for animal welfare education and for preventing childhood animal cruelty.     

A Collaborative Model for Managing Animal Hoarding Cases

Companion-animal hoarding is a significant problem in the United States and internationally. Hoarding situations can incubate for years before a case is reported to law enforcement or animal control agencies. According to a survey by Gary Patronek, animal control agencies have estimated there are approximately 3000 reportable cases of animal hoarding annually in the United States. Animal hoarding cases vary in size from fewer than 20 animals to hundreds of animals. Every case of animal hoarding results in suboptimal animal welfare. Wake County, North Carolina, developed a proactive plan for addressing companion-animal hoarding that implemented a team approach to assist animals at risk, hold people accountable, address the mental health component of this problem, and create a more humane community. The plan involved animal control officers, crisis intervention counselors, law enforcement officers, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and animal rescue partners. This intervention strategy was implemented in 2015, and cases were tracked to document animal outcomes. The conclusion of this experience is that a diverse team approach can best address the animal and human welfare challenges and the environmental concerns associated with animal hoarding.     

Animal Suffering: Representations and the Act of Looking

Animal advocacy uses images of nonhuman suffering as a form of normative rhetoric and a method of persuasion. Although much attention has been given to various facets of the depiction of human suffering, images of animal suffering have, to a large extent, escaped closer scrutiny. This paper seeks to remedy the situation by investigating four issues—the risk of aesthetics, the risk of perpetuating moral wrongs, the problem of privacy, and compassion fatigue—as they relate to images of farmed animal suffering. The paper will argue that images of nonhuman suffering are in danger of being interpreted as a form of visual intrigue, and that they invite seldom-asked questions concerning the justification of the act of looking, together with the privacy of nonhuman animals. Moreover, it will be maintained that compassion fatigue commonly affects how these images are perceived. Making use of the views of Susan Sontag, J. M. Coetzee, and Stanley Cohen (among others), it will be argued that, in order to escape the problematic connotations and consequences of the aforementioned issues, a normative dimension pointing toward action must be explicated.     

Ethical considerations and animal welfare in ecological field studies

This paper addresses some of the ethical and welfare considerations implicit in the application of general techniques in common use during the course of collecting data in ecological field work. Even if they are not explicitly constructed as manipulative experiments, many field studies involve some degree of intervention during routine monitoring programmes: through disturbance caused merely by the presence of an observer or where specific sampling techniques themselves involve capture, handling and marking. Such interventive techniques may cause discomfort, distress or loss of fitness, even in the extreme may result in incidental mortality — and the ethical scientist should critically evaluate the implications of each methodology before adopting any procedure. The paper reviews by way of example the types of objective information now available for both small and larger mammals in relation to: (i) distress and mortality during capture operations; (ii) mortality or distress caused at the time by marking; (iii) longer-term consequences of handling and marking in terms of subsequent [delayed] mortality or loss of fitness, before considering a formal framework for assessment of costs and benefits of any given field programme.     

哨兵动物概述

哨兵动物在我国还未作为一个＂工具＂用于实验动物微生物检测工作,但随着实验动物种类和特殊动物的日益增加,现有方法已经不能满足检测需要。探讨哨兵动物的应用,采用国外先进方法,对提高我国实验动物质量显得非常重要。本文对哨兵动物的概念、使用方法和设置做一概述。     

Animal Hoarding in Victoria,Australia: An Exploratory Study

Animal hoarding not only presents significant welfare issues for the animals involved, but also for the hoarders and people in the surrounding community. Existing studies on the issue have primarily been undertaken in the USA and little is known about animal hoarding in other countries, including Australia. It has been estimated that the per-capita prevalence of animal hoarding in Victoria, Australia, is similar to that in the USA, but in order to design effective intervention strategies, the extent of the issue and its characteristics need to be identified. This study analyzes data from 22 recent cases of animal hoarding from a number of agencies in Victoria. The demographics and living conditions of animal hoarders in Victoria and the USA were found to be similar. In contrast, the animals involved in hoarding cases in Victoria were in a better condition than the animals in the USA, with behavioral issues being the leading animal welfare concern in Australia. Behavioral problems resulted in euthanasia of the animals in 45% of the cases studied. All of the agencies included in this study call for a greater involvement or support from human mental health services to fully address the root of the problem. The information from this study can be used to help identify groups at risk to develop effective and appropriate means of prevention of, and intervention in, animal hoarding cases.     

The ABC-D of animal linguistics: are syntax and compositionality for real?

In several animal species, an alarm call (e.g. ABC notes in the Japanese tit Parus minor) can be immediately followed by a recruitment call (e.g. D notes) to yield a complex call that triggers a third behaviour, namely mobbing. This has been taken to be an argument for animal syntax and compositionality (i.e. the property by which the meaning of a complex expression depends on the meaning of its parts and the way they are put together). Several additional discoveries were made across species. First, in some cases, animals respond with mobbing to the order alarm–recruitment but not to the order recruitment–alarm. Second, animals sometimes respond similarly to functionally analogous heterospecific calls they have never heard before, and/or to artificial hybrid sequences made of conspecific and heterospecific calls in the same order, thus adding an argument for the productivity of the relevant rules. We consider the details of these arguments for animal syntax and compositionality and argue that, with one important exception (Japanese tit ABC-D sequences), they currently remain ambiguous: there are reasonable alternatives on which each call is a separate utterance and is interpreted as such (‘trivial compositionality’). More generally, we propose that future studies should argue for animal syntax and compositionality by explicitly pitting the target theory against two deflationary analyses: the ‘only one expression’ hypothesis posits that there is no combination in the first place, for example just a simplex ABCD call; while the ‘separate utterances’ hypothesis posits that there are separate expressions (e.g. ABC and D), but that they form separate utterances and are neither syntactically nor semantically combined.     

The Bee Battles: Karl von Frisch,Adrian Wenner and the Honey Bee Dance Language Controversy

In 1967, American biologist Adrian Wenner (1928–) launched an extensive challenge to Karl von Frisch’s (1886–1982) theory that bees communicate to each other the direction and distance of food sources by a symbolic dance language. Wenner and various collaborators argued that bees locate foods solely by odors. Although the dispute had largely run its course by 1973 – von Frisch was awarded a Nobel Prize, while Wenner withdrew from active bee research – it offers us a rare window into mid-twentieth century discussions about animals, language, and cognition. Historians, sociologists, and scientists have commented on the debate and its outcome, but none has seriously questioned why von Frisch and Wenner pursued such different explanations of the bees’ dances. In this paper, I explore von Frisch and Wenner’s differing visions of animals and their behaviors and show how these contributed to their respective positions. Von Frisch’s early-twentieth-century training in experimental physiology disposed him to focus on individual animals, their abilities, and their behaviors’ evolutionary significance. Wenner, by contrast, was trained in mathematics and statistics and the Schneirla school of behavior. He viewed the bees’ behaviors probabilistically with an eye toward the entire hive and its surroundings and ultimately explained them in terms of simple stimulus–response conditioning. Finally, while the debate was resolved in von Frisch’s favor, he neither waged nor won the battle by himself. Instead, I show that practitioners, whose agendas ranged from the nascent fields of sociobiology to cognitive ethology, took up the cause of the communicating bees. Winner of the 2005 International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology Marjorie Grene Graduate Student Essay Prize.