磷酸盐化球化石研究述评

磷酸盐化球状化石是近２０年来才相继发现的一类微体化石,主要产于下寒武统梅树村阶和震旦系陡山沱组的含磷地层。研究初期其生物亲缘就存在动植物之争,但多数专家将其作为分类位置未定的球状化这年来,由于一些学者研究发现部分磷酸盐化球状化石具有后生动物胚胎发育序列的特征,认为它们可能是刺细胞动物域 两侧对称动物的胚胎化石,从而引起了国内外众多学者,尤其是藻类和疑源类专家的关注和热烈讨论。本文在总结球状化石研究     

是胚胎还是藻类？：兼答薛耀松,周传明,唐天福先生

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩中所产的球状微体化石曾被薛耀松等 ( Xue et al.,1 995)解释为团藻类化石 ,最近被重新解释为早期动物休眠卵和胚胎化石 ( Xiao et al.,1 998)。薛耀松等 ( Xue etal.,1 998;下称薛文 )对动物休眠卵 -胚胎的解释提出六点不同看法 ,并坚持认为这些球状微体化石应为团藻类化石。本文对薛文中所提六点看法进行逐条解答 ,并着重讨论了球状微体化石的大小和丰度 ,磷酸盐化“细胞壁”,生物软体的磷酸盐化过程 ,以及团藻类的生理和生殖特点和陡山沱球状微体化石的不同特征。事实上 ,陡山沱组磷酸盐化动物休眠卵和现代某些甲壳类体眠卵在外表装饰上几乎雌雄难辨 ,陡山沱组球状微体化石的大小、发育过程、卵裂形式以及外层包膜的存在也和动物胚胎的解释相吻合。显然 ,动物休眠卵 -胚胎仍然是对陡山沱球状微体化石的最佳解释。     

磷酸盐化球状化石研究述评

磷酸盐化球状化石是近 2 0年来才相继发现的一类微体化石 ,主要产于下寒武统梅树村阶和震旦系陡山沱组的含磷地层。研究初期其生物亲缘就存在动植物之争 ,但多数专家将其作为分类位置未定的球状化石。近年来 ,由于一些学者研究发现部分磷酸盐化球状化石具有后生动物胚胎发育序列的特征 ,认为它们可能是刺细胞动物或两侧对称动物的胚胎化石 ,从而引起了国内外众多学者 ,尤其是藻类和疑源类专家的关注和热烈讨论。本文在总结球状化石研究进程的基础上 ,对其当前的研究焦点 ,如归属问题、后生动物胚胎化石、保存机制及分类命名 ,进行了简略的评述 ;同时 ,简要介绍了其研究意义。     

西藏南部堆纳－岗巴地区晚白垩世瓮虫类及相关微体化石的发现

文章首次报道了产于西藏南部堆纳─岗巴、时代为晚白垩世Ｃａｍｐａｎｉａｎ期宗山组下部的瓮虫类及其相关微体化石,分别概括地说明了它们的形态特征,讨论了它们的系统分类,在Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄｅａ超科的Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄａｅ科中,建立新属Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｉｃｏｌｌａｒｉａ属。瓮虫类的相关微体化石,是指过去长期来作为分类位置未定的钙球类分子,它们营浮游生活,常与瓮虫类共生的一类微体化石,现已作为钙质沟鞭藻而归于Ｃａｌｃｉｏｄｉｎｅｌｌａｃｅａｅ科。依据宗山组下部灰岩的岩性特征、时代及微体化石的产状,作者认为上述微体化石为原生成因,提出瓮虫类化石的时代不仅仅局限于晚侏罗世至早白垩世,它们可以延续至晚白垩世Ｃａｍｐａｎｉａｎ期的新的结论。     

湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪(震旦纪)是早期多细胞生物起源与辐射的重要地质时期,磷酸盐化保存的微体化石则是研究该时期生命演化的重要窗口。目前对我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石的研究主要集中于贵州瓮安等地,其他地区的研究偏少。本次研究报道了保存于湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩的微体化石。这些微体化石以三维磷酸盐化形式保存,种类丰富,共计14属21种,包括大型带刺疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Knollisphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Tanarium conoideum,T.digi-tiforme,T.pilosiusculum,Tianzhushania sp.;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状蓝藻Archaeophycus yunnanensis,丝状蓝藻Cyanonema majus,Obruchevella minor,Salome sp.,Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron;以及多细胞藻类Gremiphyca corymbiata,Thallophyca ramosa,Wengania exquisita,W.globosa。这些微体化石的发现,进一步丰富了白竹磷矿陡山沱组的化石组合,为华南扬子地台陡山沱组的生物地层对比提供了新的材料。     

西藏南部堆纳—岗巴地区晚白垩世瓮虫类及相关微体化石的发现

文章首次报道了产于西藏南部堆纳－岗巴、时代为晚白垩世Ｃａｍｐａｎｉａｎ期宗山组下部的瓮虫类及其相关微体化石,分别概括地说明了它们的形态特征,讨论了它们的系统分类,在Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄｅａ超科的Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄａｅ科中,建立新属Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｉｃｏｌｌａｒｉａ属。瓮虫类的相关微体化石,是指过去长期来作为分类位置未定的钙球类分子,它们营浮游生活,常与瓮虫类共生的一类微体化石,现已作为钙质沟     

螺旋状藻类化石的旋向探讨

藻类作为地球上已知最早的生命形式之一,对研究生命的早期进化至关重要。在用醋酸浸泡处理寒武系筇竹寺阶生物屑灰岩后,获得一些磷酸盐化的微体藻类化石,它们的管体均呈螺旋状旋转。这种旋转现象在现生的动物界和植物界中也广泛存在,特别是在植物界的藤蔓植物中。其中,藤蔓植物产生这种不同旋转方向的原因,大多数学者将其成因归因于微管定向。文中对获得的呈螺旋状的微体藻类化石Spirellus columnaris进行描述,并对该藻体化石的旋转方向和成因进行推测和讨论。     

陕南寒武系底部宽川铺组微体化石人工智能识别

我国陕南寒武纪初期的宽川铺组(距今大约535百万年)以盛产磷酸盐化的微体小壳化石和球状动物胚胎化石而闻名于世,是探索早期动物门类起源和寒武纪生命大爆发研究中的一个非常重要的窗口。在宽川铺组中寻找微体化石新类型主要依赖显微镜下人工挑选的传统方法日趋低效,迫切需要新的技术手段来解决这些问题。而微体化石数量庞大,大小接近,形态简单,非常适合于采用机器学习的手段进行人工智能分类。我们在宽川铺组微体化石中尝试使用机器学习的手段来进行化石图像识别和机器分拣。采用方向梯度直方图来提取化石图像的主要向量特征,并设计了二叉树型多分类识别器进行化石数字分类。目前处理了5 000多张微体化石照片的人工智能识别,已经取得了较高的准确率。     

贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量的统计分析

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组（635-551Ma）上磷矿段保存了大量精美的磷酸盐化微体球粒化石，它们主要由多细胞藻类、疑源类和处于不同发育阶段的多种动物胚胎化石组成，此外还包括少量后生动物的幼、成体化石。本文以贵州瓮福磷矿陡山沱组上磷矿段灰白色球粒状白云质磷块岩为研究对象，在总结瓮安生物群中不同生物化石的鉴别特征基础上，定量统计采自该层位的两组岩石样品（WA—I和WA-r1）的酸处理砂样中的所有化石。统计结果表明，瓮安陡山沱组该磷块岩中化石质量和岩石中磷酸盐组分质量成正线性相关，两个样品中化石占全部磷酸盐组分的质量百分比均在10％左右，其中多细胞藻类和疑源类化石占全部化石含量均少于10％。这一结果客观地反映了瓮安生物群的化石丰度，证实了保存在瓮安陡山沱组上磷矿段灰色富氧含磷埋藏相中的瓮安生物群主要由动物胚胎化石组成的特征。     

湖北大洪山浅变质岩系“应山群”微体植物化石的发现

湖北北部大洪山东南部浅变质岩系“应山群”包括了早古生代和前寒武纪地层。本文记述了京山县晚震旦世白兆山组上段黑色硅质岩的岩石切片中首次发现的微体植物化石。化石以丝状体为主,球状体较少,前者可归入Siphonophycus属。此外还见不少黄铁矿交代的丝体化石,它们大体上还保持着原来丝体的外部形态。球状体化石(Sphaeromorphs)均单个产出。白兆山组微体植物化石的发现,不仅丰富了“应山群”的古生物资料,而且为今后在浅变质岩系的岩石切片中寻找微体植物化石指出了希望。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.