新的肿瘤抑制基因-ARLTS1

小分子GTP蛋白涉及肿瘤发生中多条信号通路的改变。类核糖基化因子肿瘤抑制基因1（ADP-ribosylation factor-like tumor suppressorgene1,ARLTS1）,是小分子GTP蛋白Ras超家族中ARF家族的成员之一。该基因是低显性基因,可因启动子超甲基化而失调。有两种ARLTSl的多态性与肿瘤的家族风险相关。ARLTS1表达下调与部分肿瘤发生有重要关系,而恢复其表达则会诱导caspase依赖的细胞凋亡发生,并减少肿瘤的体内生长。通过基因微阵列实验发现,转导ARLTS1基因诱导细胞凋亡过程中众多涉及细胞存活、增殖和发育的信号通路。     

硫氧还蛋白-过氧化物氧还蛋白与过氧化氢构成环路参与肿瘤的发生与发展

组织细胞可经过多种途径产生氧自由基（ROS）,而肿瘤组织由于多种应激因素会产生大量ROS,其中最重要的是过氧化氢（H2O2).H2O2对细胞发挥着致损伤及亚毒性信使的双重作用,作为信使其不仅参与调节正常细胞信号通路,重要的是促进肿瘤的发生及进展. ROS作为一种应激刺激信号激活细胞内的AP-1（activator protein 1）、Nrf-2（NF-E2-related factor 2）等核转录因子,活化后的AP-1、Nrf-2会结合到硫氧还蛋白（sulfiredoxin, SRX）基因启动子上游的调控序列,促进SRX基因的表达.SRX的表达上调则影响其下游的抗氧化蛋白,即特定亚型的过氧化物氧还蛋白（peroxiredoxin, PRX）的活性状态,最终使细胞内H2O2浓度受到调节. 由SRX-PRX轴与H2O2形成1个环路,通过调节H2O2含量来参与细胞众多信号通路.本文对H2O2、SRX及PRX各自的功能进行综述,还进一步探讨三者构成的信号环路对肿瘤的调控机制,从而了解该环路在肿瘤发生发展中所发挥的作用.     

小G蛋白Ran的研究进展

真核细胞中含量最丰富的小G蛋白Ran(Ras-related nuclear protein),具有与其所属的Ras家族其它成员不同的生化特点,其活性主要受到Ran的鸟苷酸交换因子（RanGEF)RCC1（regulator of chromosome condensation-1),GTP酶激活蛋白（GTPase-activating protein,GAP）以及Ran结合蛋白（Ran binding protein,RanBP)的调节,Ran主要参与了物质的核浆转运,此外在RNA出核,RNA合成,加工及细胞周期调控中也起到一定作用,并且是LPS活化基因的产物。     

质子感知受体与肿瘤发生和肿瘤转移之间的关系

G蛋白偶联受体家族卵巢癌G蛋白偶联受体1（ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1, OGR1）亚家族的OGR1、T细胞死亡偶联基因8（T－cell death associated gene 8, TDAG8）、G 蛋白偶联受体4（G protein－coupled receptor 4, GPR4）及诱导细胞停滞于G2/M期的G蛋白偶联受体G2A（from G2 accumulation）4 种受体是最新发现的一类质子感知受体.除了质子,体内又有它们各自特定的脂质分 子配体活化这些受体来调节细胞机能.该类受体广泛分布于人的各种正常组织和肿瘤 组织细胞中,在肿瘤的发生与转移、细胞骨架重组等生理病理过程中发挥双重作用. 正常表达时它们有一定的抑制肿瘤作用,但这些受体的异常表达或过表达使某些组织 和细胞恶性转化,导致肿瘤的发生.本文综述了在肿瘤组织的酸性微环境中,细胞表 达的质子（pH）感知受体对肿瘤发生与肿瘤转移的调节作用及其相关的信号通路.     

RASSF1A在细胞自噬及凋亡中的功能

肿瘤抑制因子Ras相关结构域家族成员1A（Ras association domain family 1A，RASSF1A）是Ras超家族蛋白重要的下游效应因子，具有调控自噬及凋亡的作用。自噬及凋亡是影响机体生存发育的重要生命过程，其调节紊乱与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文针对RASSF1A对自噬及凋亡的调节机制及其与肿瘤发生发展之间的关系展开综述，分析翻译后修饰对于RASSF1A调节自噬及凋亡过程中功能切换的作用，探讨自噬及凋亡在肿瘤发生中的调节作用，以期为RASSF1A启动子高甲基化型肿瘤的治疗提供新思路。     

Reg基因蛋白家族的研究进展

Reg基因蛋白（regenerating gene protein）属于钙依赖的植物血凝素超家族,其功能类似应激蛋白、抗凋亡因子或生长因子。Reg基因蛋白的促进胰岛β细胞分裂和诱导再生作用最早是在糖尿病研究中被发现。Reg基因蛋白在人体多种组织中均表达,与细胞增殖、炎症创伤、感染和神经系统发育关系密切。随着研究的深入,Reg基因蛋白在胰腺损伤修复、神经系统损伤、消化系统肿瘤、脓毒血症及其他疾病中的作用逐渐引起人们重视。     

ERas基因在胃癌中的表达及其作用机制的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（EScells）为多能干细胞,来自哺乳动物胚胎早期。ES细胞表达的Ras（ERas）基因促进其体外增殖和肿瘤形成。该基因产物Ras蛋白关联和激活多个下游效应,调控多种细胞反应来参与细胞增殖,存活与分化。ERas基因位于x染色体短臂（Xpll．23）,其cDNA编码的蛋白包含227个氨基酸,与传统ras基因Hras,Kras和Nras分别有43％,46％和47％的相似性,故属于新的ras家族成员,与传统ras基因不同的是ERas基因非常活跃但不带有任何突变。近几年发现ERas基因的表达与胃癌密切相关,本文就ERas基因在人胃癌细胞和组织中的表达及其机制的最新进展做一综述,主要包括三个方面：1,ERas基因在胃癌细胞和组织中的表达情况及其功能。2,ERas基因在胃癌细胞中的表观遗传调控。3,ERas基因与胃癌肝和淋巴结转移的关系。     

受翻译调节的肿瘤蛋白的结构与功能

受翻译调节的肿瘤蛋白（translationally controlled tumor protein, TCTP）是一种普遍存在并且大量表达的蛋白,在进化上高度保守,与其它任何蛋白家族均未显示出明显的序列同源性.该家族的蛋白基本上都具有TCTP1和TCTP2两个特征结构区.TCTP与Mss4/Dss4(mammalian suppressor of Sec4)蛋白家族结构相似,二者构成结构超家族.TCTP的合成受到钙、真核翻译起始因子eIF4E(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E)和双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶(dsRNA dependent protein kinase,PKR)的调节.具有与钙结合,与微管蛋白结合,抗细胞凋亡,抑制翻译,促进组胺释放等生物学活性.另外,它还可作为肿瘤逆转的靶标.系统发育分析提示,在真核细胞进化中, TCTP的直向同源基因起源于1.0×109年前.本文对TCTP的分子特点, 生物学功能及其研究现状进行了综述.     

肿瘤抑制基因ARHI的研究进展

ARHI是Ras超家族中第一个被报道的肿瘤抑制基因,定位于人染色体lp31,属小GTP结合蛋白,与Ras拥有相似的GTP／GDP结构域,却具有抑癌作用。ARHI是母源性印迹、父源性表达,可参与细胞周期调控和信号通路转导,从而负向调节细胞生长。在正常人类多种组织中都存在ARHI基因的表达,但在肿瘤组织中其表达却下调。ARHI的表达异常可能与印迹基因的杂合性丢失,DNA甲基化和染色体乙酰化修饰等转录水平的调节失常有关。     

FAM96A和FAM96B结构与功能的研究进展

96序列相似的家庭成员A和B（family with sequence similarity 96 member A and B,FAM96A和FAM96B）是属于MIP18（MMS19-interacting protein of 18 kD）家族的2个高度保守的同源蛋白,MIP18是与有丝分裂纺锤体相关的MMDX（MMS19-MIP18-XPD）复合体的亚基。研究表明,FAM96A和FAM96B在人胃肠道间质瘤、结肠癌、肝癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等多种肿瘤组织中的表达显著降低,提示其可能是作为潜在的抑癌基因参与肿瘤的发生发展,但目前关于FAM96A和FAM96B在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用机理并不十分清楚。此外,研究发现FAM96A和FAM96B可通过与其他不同的蛋白质相互作用在体内发挥多种不同的功能。因此,就目前对于FAM96A和FAM96B结构和功能的研究所取得的进展进行了回顾与总结,并对其在肿瘤发生发展中的分子机制和相互作用蛋白鉴定的研究前景进行了展望,以期为临床上将FAM96A和FAM96B作为新的肿瘤诊断标志物和治疗靶点奠定基础,并为揭示二者在体内更多的新功能提供依据。     

Expression patterns of human DAB2IP protein in fetal tissues

Abstract

Human DOC-2/DAB2-interacting protein (DAB2IP) is encoded by a tumor suppressor gene and a newly recognized member of the Ras-GTPase-activating family. DAB2IP is a critical component of many signal transduction pathways mediated by Ras and tumor necrosis factors including apoptosis pathways, and it is involved in the formation of many types of tumors. DAB2IP participates in regulation of gene expression and pluripotency of cells. It has been reported that DAB2IP was expressed in different tumor tissues. Little information is available concerning the expression levels of DAB2IP in normal tissues and cells, however, and no studies of its expression patterns during the development of human embryos have been reported. We examined the expression of DAB2IP during human embryonic development to understand better DAB2IP functions. Human fetuses, weeks 9 to 38, and a newborn were obtained from miscarriages or stillbirths. Tissues were embedded in paraffin to construct arrays that were stained immunohistochemically. The DAB2IP-positive cells were identified and scored based on both the percentage of stained cells and their staining intensities. DAB2IP was expressed in most fetal tissues examined. DAB2IP was expressed primarily in cell cytoplasm throughout the fetal development. The expression levels varied among tissues and different gestational ages. Virtually no expression was observed in the cerebrum, parotid gland, thymus, thyroid gland and spleen. Expression was much greater in the adrenal gland and pancreas; weakly to moderately strong in the endocardium, stomach, kidney, testis and small intestine; and lower in liver, trachea, skin, ovary and endometrium. Its expression in the lung, esophagus and bladder were much weaker to absent.     

Expression patterns of human DAB2IP protein in fetal tissues

Human DOC-2/DAB2-interacting protein (DAB2IP) is encoded by a tumor suppressor gene and a newly recognized member of the Ras-GTPase-activating family. DAB2IP is a critical component of many signal transduction pathways mediated by Ras and tumor necrosis factors including apoptosis pathways, and it is involved in the formation of many types of tumors. DAB2IP participates in regulation of gene expression and pluripotency of cells. It has been reported that DAB2IP was expressed in different tumor tissues. Little information is available concerning the expression levels of DAB2IP in normal tissues and cells, however, and no studies of its expression patterns during the development of human embryos have been reported. We examined the expression of DAB2IP during human embryonic development to understand better DAB2IP functions. Human fetuses, weeks 9 to 38, and a newborn were obtained from miscarriages or stillbirths. Tissues were embedded in paraffin to construct arrays that were stained immunohistochemically. The DAB2IP-positive cells were identified and scored based on both the percentage of stained cells and their staining intensities. DAB2IP was expressed in most fetal tissues examined. DAB2IP was expressed primarily in cell cytoplasm throughout the fetal development. The expression levels varied among tissues and different gestational ages. Virtually no expression was observed in the cerebrum, parotid gland, thymus, thyroid gland and spleen. Expression was much greater in the adrenal gland and pancreas; weakly to moderately strong in the endocardium, stomach, kidney, testis and small intestine; and lower in liver, trachea, skin, ovary and endometrium. Its expression in the lung, esophagus and bladder were much weaker to absent.     

Tumor suppressor protein DAB2IP participates in chromosomal stability maintenance through activating spindle assembly checkpoint and stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule attachments

Defects in kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachment and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) during cell division are strongly associated with chromosomal instability (CIN). CIN has been linked to carcinogenesis, metastasis, poor prognosis and resistance to cancer therapy. We previously reported that the DAB2IP is a tumor suppressor, and that loss of DAB2IP is often detected in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and is indicative of poor prognosis. Here, we report that the loss of DAB2IP results in impaired KT-MT attachment, compromised SAC and aberrant chromosomal segregation. We discovered that DAB2IP directly interacts with Plk1 and its loss inhibits Plk1 kinase activity, thereby impairing Plk1-mediated BubR1 phosphorylation. Loss of DAB2IP decreases the localization of BubR1 at the kinetochore during mitosis progression. In addition, the reconstitution of DAB2IP enhances the sensitivity of PCa cells to microtubule stabilizing drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel) and Plk1 inhibitor (BI2536). Our findings demonstrate a novel function of DAB2IP in the maintenance of KT-MT structure and SAC regulation during mitosis which is essential for chromosomal stability.     

Deletion of SMURF 1 represses ovarian cancer invasion and EMT by modulating the DAB2IP/AKT/Skp2 feedback loop

SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) has been described as a tumor suppressor in multiple aggressive cancers. Nevertheless, the potential role of SMURF1 in ovarian cancer invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SMURF1 on tumor migration and EMT and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism in ovarian carcinoma. We found elevated SMURF1 in several ovarian cancer cells in both messenger RNA and protein. Additionally, silencing SMURF1 apparently repressed cell proliferation and invasion capacity of SKOV3 and A2780 cells and markedly attenuated expression of linked proteins such as proliferating cellnuclear antigen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Furthermore, depletion of SMURF1 dramatically impeded EMT progress by modulating EMT biomarkers, with a notable increase in E-cadherin expression accompanied by the decrease in N-cadherin and vimentin in both SKOV3 and A2780 cells. Interestingly, elimination of SMURF1 led to disabled homolog 2 DOC-2/DAB2 interacting protein (DAB2IP) activation and dampened AKT/Skp2 signaling. Most important, depleted of DAB2IP or treatment with the AKT agonist 740Y-P effectively abolished the suppressive effects of SMURF1 knockout on cell invasiveness and EMT process. Taken all data together, these findings demonstrated that the absence of SMURF1 repressed cell proliferation, invasive capability, and EMT process in ovarian cancer through DAB2IP/AKT/Skp2 signaling loops, suggesting that SMURF1 may serve as a new potential therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.     

A common genetic variant (97906C>A) of DAB2IP/AIP1 is associated with an increased risk and early onset of lung cancer in Chinese males

DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) is a novel identified tumor suppressor gene that inhibits cell growth and facilitates cell apoptosis. One genetic variant in DAB2IP gene was reported to be associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer recently. Since DAB2IP involves in the development of lung cancer and low expression of DAB2IP are observed in lung cancer, we hypothesized that the variations in DAB2IP gene can increase the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. In a case-control study of 1056 lung cancer cases and 1056 sex and age frequency-matched cancer-free controls, we investigated the association between two common polymorphisms in DAB2IP gene (-1420T>G, rs7042542; 97906C>A, rs1571801) and the risk of lung cancer. We found that compared with the 97906CC genotypes, carriers of variant genotypes (97906AC+AA) had a significant increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.04-1.70, P = 0.023) and the number of variant (risk) allele worked in a dose-response manner (P(trend) = 0.0158). Further stratification analysis showed that the risk association was more pronounced in subjects aged less than 60 years old, males, non-smokers, non-drinkers, overweight groups and in those with family cancer history in first or second-degree relatives, and the 97906A interacted with overweight on lung cancer risk. We further found the number of risk alleles (97906A allele) were negatively correlated with early diagnosis age of lung cancer in male patients (P = 0.003). However, no significant association was observed on the -1420T>G polymorphism. Our data suggested that the 97906A variant genotypes are associated with the increased risk and early onset of lung cancer, particularly in males.     

EZH2在胃癌组织中的表达及与Hp-L型感染关系的探讨

目的探讨EZH2在胃癌组织中表达的意义及与幽门螺杆菌L型(Helicobacter pylori-L,Hp-L)感染的关系。方法 (1)应用免疫组织化学Elivision法和革兰染色法检测80例胃癌组织及30例癌旁组织(对照组)中EZH2蛋白的表达和Hp-L型的感染情况;(2)采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测30例新鲜胃癌组织及对应切缘正常胃黏膜组织(对照组)中EZH2的mRNA表达。结果胃癌组EZH2蛋白表达的阳性率高于对照组(P<0.05),且EZH2表达水平升高与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄无关(P>0.05);RT-PCR显示,肿瘤组织、远端正常对照组织的EZH2表达量差异明显(P<0.01)。胃癌组Hp-L型检出率78.8%(63/80)与对照组23.3%(7/30)有显著性差异(P<0.05),与免疫组化Hp-L型抗原表达率73.8%(59/80)无显著性差异(P>0.05),Hp-L检出阳性率为71.3%(57/80);癌组中Hp-L型感染阳性组的EZH2表达阳性率高于Hp-L型阴性组(P<0.05),且Hp-L型阳性率和EZH2蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.250,P<0.05)。结论 EZH2蛋白和mRNA在胃癌中的表达增加,且与胃癌的浸润、转移相关,其机制可能与幽门螺杆菌L型(Hp-L型)感染有关。     

FAK在胃癌组织中的表达及与Hp-L型感染的关系

目的探讨局部黏着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)在胃癌组织中的表达意义及与幽门螺杆菌L型(Helicobacter pylori-L,Hp-L)感染的关系。方法 (1)应用免疫组织化学Elivision法检测120例胃癌组织及40例切缘正常胃粘膜组织(对照组)中FAK蛋白的表达情况,采用免疫组织化学和革兰染色法检测Hp-L型的感染情况;(2)采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测40例新鲜胃癌组织及对应切缘正常胃黏膜组织(对照组)中FAK的mRNA表达。结果胃癌组FAK蛋白的表达阳性率高于对照组(P0.05),且FAK的高表达与分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P0.05),与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小无关(P0.05);RT-PCR显示,肿瘤组织、远端正常对照组织的FAK表达量差异明显(P0.01)。胃癌组Hp-L型检出率72.5%(87/120)与对照组37.5%(15/40)有显著性差异(P0.05),与免疫组化Hp-L型抗原表达率65.0%(78/120)无显著性差异(P0.05),Hp-L检出阳性率为69.2%(83/120);胃癌组中Hp-L型感染阳性组的FAK表达阳性率高于Hp-L型阴性组(P0.05),且Hp-L型阳性率和FAK蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.291,P0.05)。结论FAK蛋白和mRNA在胃癌中的表达增加,且与胃癌的浸润、转移相关,其机制可能与幽门螺杆菌L型(Hp-L型)感染有关。     

Down-regulation of human DAB2IP gene expression mediated by polycomb Ezh2 complex and histone deacetylase in prostate cancer

Human DAB2IP (hDAB2IP), a novel GTPase-activating protein modulating the Ras-mediated signaling and tumor necrosis factor-mediated apoptosis, is a potent growth inhibitor in human prostate cancer (PCa). Loss of hDAB2IP expression in PCa is due to altered epigenetic regulation (i.e. DNA methylation and histone modification) of its promoter region. The elevated polycomb Ezh2, a histone methyltransferase, has been associated with PCa progression. In this study, we have demonstrated that an increased Ezh2 expression in normal prostatic epithelial cells can suppress hDAB2IP gene expression. In contrast, knocking down the endogenous Ezh2 levels in PCa by a specific small interfering RNA can increase hDAB2IP expression. The association of Ezh2 complex (including Eed and Suz12) with hDAB2IP gene promoter is also detected in PCa cells but not in normal prostatic epithelial cells. Increased Ezh2 expression in normal prostatic epithelial cells by cDNA transfection facilitates the recruitment of other components of Ezh2 complex to the hDAB2IP promoter region accompanied with the increased levels of methyl histone H3 (H3) and histone deacetylase (HDAC1). Consistently, data from PCa cells transfected with Ezh2 small interfering RNA demonstrated that reduced Ezh2 levels resulted in the dissociation of Ezh2 complex accompanied with decreased levels of both methyl H3 and HDAC1 from hDAB2IP gene promoter. We further unveiled that the methylation status of Lys-27 but not Lys-9 of H3 in hDAB2IP promoter region is consistent with the hDAB2IP levels in both normal prostatic epithelial cells and PCa cells. Together, we conclude that hDAB2IP gene is a target gene of Ezh2 in prostatic epithelium, which provides an underlying mechanism of the down-regulation of hDAB2IP gene in PCa.