切断根茎对根茎禾草沙鞭的赖草克隆生长的影响

为了研究半干旱内陆沙化生境中植物克隆整合对克隆植物基株扩展能力和对克隆植物株定居逆境能力的贡献,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地对根茎禾草沙鞭和赖草,进行了以切断根茎为处理的野外实验。实验结果表明,切断根茎处理使根茎禾草沙鞭基株的幼小部分（观测单元）在实验期间根茎数量增量,地上枝数量增量,地上枝总长度增量,主根茎节数增量,根茎节总数增量,主根茎长度增量和根茎总长度增量显著地减少。然而,切断根茎处理对     

切断根茎对根茎禾草沙鞭和赖草克隆生长的影响

为了研究半干旱内陆沙化生境中植物克隆整合对克隆植物基株扩展能力和对克隆植物分株定居逆境能力的贡献,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地对根茎禾草沙鞭（Rsammochloavillosa（Trin．）Bor）和赖草（Leymussecali－nus（Georgi．）Tzvel．）进行了以切断根茎为处理的野外实验。实验结果表明,切断根茎处理使根茎禾草沙鞭基株的幼小部分（观测单元）在实验期间根茎数量增量、地上技数量增量、地上枝总长度增量、主根茎节数增量、根茎节总数增量、主根茎长度增量和根茎总长度增量显著地减少。然而,切断根茎处理对另一根茎禾草赖草基株幼小部分（观测单元）的上述7个特征在实验期间的增量没有影响。这些结果指示着在克隆整合及其对克隆生长贡献方面的种间差异。沙鞭的克隆整合特性和克隆生长特性对它在水分短缺、蒸散剧烈、养分贫瘠、生境斑块化和扰动经常的沙化草地环境中的生存能力有重要贡献。     

高寒沙区不同生境赖草的生长特征分析

对高寒沙区低湿滩地、农田田边、丘间地和固定沙丘4种生境土壤的含水量以及有机质和养分(包括全氮、全磷和全钾)含量进行了测定,并对4种生境中赖草[Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.]的生长特征进行了比较和分析。结果表明:总体上看,从低湿滩地、农田田边、丘间地到固定沙丘,土壤含水量及有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量呈降低的变化趋势,且低湿滩地和农田田边土壤含水量及有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量高于丘间地和固定沙丘。不同生境中赖草生长特征差异较大。固定沙丘中赖草的株高和地径均最大,显著大于其他3种生境(P0.05);低湿滩地和农田田边中赖草的分株密度、根茎直径以及地上部分和根系的生物量较大,总体上显著大于丘间地和固定沙丘;而丘间地和固定沙丘中赖草的间隔子长较长,低湿滩地和农田田边中赖草的间隔子长较短,且前2种生境与后2种生境间差异显著。从低湿滩地、农田田边、丘间地到固定沙丘,赖草根系分布深度逐渐增加,由0~30 cm或0~40 cm增至0~60 cm。随着土层的加深,4种生境中赖草的根系生物量均呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,且10~20 cm土层的根系生物量均最大,显著大于其他土层。研究结果显示:随着生境土壤水分和养分条件的变差,赖草会通过增大间隔子长和根系分布深度以及减小分株密度和根茎直径来积极适应复杂多变的高寒沙区环境。     

内蒙古锡林河流域不同生境中羊草的克隆构型和分株种群特征

 克隆植物的形态可塑性在基株和种群水平上分别表现为克隆构型和分株种群特征的变化。研究对象为内蒙古锡林河流域草地、林地、沙地3种生境下的羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群,通过对羊草根茎节间长度、间隔子长度、分枝强度、分枝角度、株高和分株密度等指标的测定和分析,对这3种不同生境中羊草的克隆构型及分株种群特征进行了研究。结果表明羊草克隆构型相关特征,如,根茎节间长度,根茎节间长度频次分布格局、间隔子长度、间隔子长度频次分布格局,在不同生境差异较大。同时,羊草的分枝角度在不同生境间差异显著。而每间隔子所     

三种增温情景对入侵植物空心莲子草形态可塑性的影响

虽然国内外已对克隆植物的表型可塑性开展了大量研究,但是气候变暖对克隆植物,尤其是入侵性克隆植物形态可塑性的影响及其可能的生态学意义研究仍然有限。通过设置白天增温、夜间增温和全天增温3种方式,通过切断或不切断匍匐茎处理,探讨入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)形态特征对不同气候变暖情景的响应。研究发现:夜间增温2℃条件下,切断匍匐茎连接显著降低空心莲子草匍匐茎总长度和平均分株长度;白天增温和全天增温2℃对匍匐茎切断和连接组的空心莲子草的匍匐茎总长和平均分株长影响不显著;3种增温方式对空心莲子草的分蘖数均无显著影响。这些结果表明:空心莲子草对增温具有较高的耐受性,并对不同增温方式采取不同的响应策略;夜间增温可能通过光合补偿效应增加其匍匐茎的长度和平均分株长从而促进其水平方向的扩展以占据更加有利的生境,增强其入侵能力;白天和全天增温对整个克隆片段匍匐茎形态几乎无影响。     

水分异质性影响两种根茎型克隆植物赖草和假苇拂子茅的水分存储能力

水分在自然系统中呈异质性分布。有关水分异质性对克隆植物生长、形态和生理影响的研究已有大量的工作, 但是水分异质性对克隆植物存储能力, 尤其是水分存储能力影响的研究却十分缺乏。该文将两种根茎型克隆植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)和假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis pseudophragmites)进行水分异质性和同质性实验处理, 探讨水分异质性对克隆植物水分存储能力、生长和形态的影响。在异质性水分处理下, 两种克隆植物的间隔子、枝和根的含水量均显著增加。两种克隆植物对水分异质性分布的适应策略有所不同, 赖草通过降低单个克隆分株的生长、提高芽的数量以应对水分异质性, 而假苇拂子茅通过增强整个分株种群的地下部分(根状茎、根和芽)生长来应对水分资源的异质性分布。水分储存能力的增强可以提高克隆植物适应水分异质性的能力。     

林下和林窗内绢毛匍匐委陵菜的克隆生长和克隆形态

 为了验证绢毛匍匐委陵菜(Potentilla reptans var. sericophylla)林窗和林下种群间的行为差异是完全由表型可塑性引起,还是局部分化的结果,将生长在北京东灵山油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林林窗和林下的绢毛匍匐委陵菜,进行生境间的交互移植-重植野外生态实验。研究结果表明,实验植物的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度和匍匐茎节间长度等克隆形态特征在两生境间无差异。两个来源的植株,其基株生物量、基株分株数和基株匍匐茎总长度等克隆生长特征在林下生境中都比在林窗生境中小,表现出显著的可塑性。所研究的克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在林下和林窗生境间没有发生局部分化,林窗为其较适生境,克隆生长特征的可塑性对绢毛匍匐委陵菜利用生境异质性可能具有重要意义     

匍匐茎草本绢毛匍匐委陵菜对局部遮荫的克隆可塑性

采自林窗和林内生境的绢毛匍匐委陵菜 (PotentillareptansL .var.sericophyllaFranch)“分株对”(即由一匍匐茎节间相连着的两个分株 ,其一为“目标分株” ,另一为“相连分株”)在一户外实验中经历了全不遮荫、全部遮荫和局部遮荫处理。该植物的基株生物量、匍匐茎总长度、分株数、匍匐茎比节间重、叶柄长、比叶柄重在遮荫条件下较小。匍匐茎节间长度没有对遮荫处理发生反应。在局部遮荫处理 ,遮荫斑块的分株的叶柄长度由于连着未遮荫斑块中分株而变得更长。这种克隆整合对克隆形态可塑性的修饰作用只在林窗生境来源的实验植物中观察到。其他克隆生长和克隆形态特征的可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。     

模拟源株密度对蝴蝶花生长和克隆繁殖的影响

通过不同蝴蝶花(Iris japonica)起始源株密度的控制实验, 探讨源株对克隆植物蝴蝶花克隆繁殖、生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明: 1)克隆数量特征: 1个起始源株处理(O)蝴蝶花新分株数显著高于2个起始源株(T)及4个起始源株处理(F), 而新分株死亡率显著低于后二者; 随着起始源株数增加(竞争增强), 一级与二级子株数显著降低。随着源株竞争增强, 克隆细根茎与根的长度、表面积、体积与根(茎)长密度逐渐降低。2)叶片特征: 随着源株竞争增强, 母株重度枯萎与总枯萎叶片数显著增加, 子株中度枯萎、重度枯萎与总枯萎叶片数显著增加; 源株竞争增强, 源株叶面积、源株与子株叶片数显著降低, 而源株叶面积比(leaf area ratio, LAR)显著增加。3)生物量及分配: 随着源株竞争增强, 细根茎、粗根茎、克隆繁殖、地上部分、地下部分及总生物量显著降低, 细根茎与地下部分分配降低, 母株粗根茎分配与地上部分分配显著增加。总的看来, 随着蝴蝶花源株竞争增强, 植株叶片生长状况受到更大的影响, 植株生长受限, 克隆繁殖减弱, 而其通过增加LAR, 提高叶片效率与增加母株粗根茎分配, 降低生长强度与消耗, 储备资源, 以待来年的生长与繁殖。     

两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响

研究了两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响.结果表明:(1)切断分株间的匍匐茎连接,会降低先端分株的生物量、分株数、总匍匐茎长度和总叶片数,但会显著增强基端分株的生物量.(2)对先端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低先端分株叶片的叶绿素相对含量,对基端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低基端分株的生物量和总匍匐茎长度.(3)对于基端分株的分株数、总匍匐茎长度和总叶片数来说,当进行基端分株践踏胁迫时,匍匐茎连接对其影响不大,而当进行先端分株践踏胁迫时,则明显对其不利.(4)对于整个克隆片段,践踏胁迫的差异和匍匐茎是否切断对其生长没有显著影响.     

Effects of Severing Rhizome on Clonal Growth in Rhizomatous Grass Species Psammochloa villosa and Leymus secalinus

A field experiment was conducted in Inner Mongolian dune to investigate the contribution of clonal integration to genet expansion and ramet establishment in clonal plants in semi-arid inland dune. In the experiment, the developing parts (plant observing unit) of two rhizomatous grass species Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor and Leymus secalinus (Georgi.) Tzvel. were subjected to the treatment of severing rhizomes. The 7 characters relevant to the elonal growth of the plant observing units were investigated such as total length of shoots, number of shoots, number of rhizomes, length of main rhizome, total length of rhizomes, number of main rhizome nodes and total number of rhizome nodes. The results showed that the increments in those plant characters were reduced by the treatment in P. villosa, while no effect of the treatment was observed in L. secalinus. The results suggest an interspecific difference in clonal integration and in its contribution to clonal growth. In P. villosa, clonal integration and clonal growth offer great contributions to the survival of the plants in the sandy grassland characterized where water shortage, strong transevaporation, infertility, habitat patchiness and frequent disturbance were most characteristic.     

Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in the rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an Inner Mongolian dune, China

In a field experiment, Psammochloa villosa plants were subjected to rhizome severing. Severing rhizomes reduced growth in the young, detached rhizome segments compared to the controls in terms of all measured clonal growth-related characters, i.e. number of rhizomes and shoots, total rhizome length and total number of rhizome nodes. In a container experiment, the control ramets received uniform water and nutrient supply but in heterogeneous treatments high and low levels of water and nutrient supply, respectively were established. The number of ramets, total rhizome length, dry weight per ramet and biomass allocation to the rhizome had higher values at high water and nutrient supply, while spacer length (length of rhizome between shoots) and rhizome internode length were not affected. The local response of ramets given low water supply was enhanced due to connection to a well watered parent ramet in terms of number of ramets, total rhizome length and dry weight per ramet. A remote effect was not observed in the other treatments or in the other measured characters.     

Trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora responding to inundation and clonal integration

The purpose of this article was to study the trade-offs among vegetative growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an aquatic invasive weed Spartina alterniflora that experienced different inundation depths and clonal integration. Here, the rhizome connections between mother and daughter ramets were either severed or left intact. Subsequently, these clones were flooded with water levels of 0, 9, and 18 cm above the soil surface. Severing rhizomes decreased growth and clonal reproduction of daughter ramets, and increased those of mother ramets grown in shallow and deep water. The daughter ramets disconnected from mother ramets did not flower, while sexual reproduction of mother ramets was not affected by severing. Clonal integration only benefited the total rhizome length, rhizome biomass, and number of rhizomes of the whole clones in non-inundation conditions. Furthermore, growth and clonal reproduction of mother, daughter ramets, and the whole clone decreased with inundation depth, whereas sexual reproduction of mother ramets and the whole clones increased. We concluded that the trade-offs among growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction of S. alterniflora would be affected by inundation depth, but not by clonal integration.     

Clonal integration increases performance of ramets of the fern Diplopterygium glaucum in an evergreen forest in southeastern China

Physiological integration is a major ecological advantage of clonal growth in angiosperms. Clonal growth is also common in pteridophytes, but almost no study has tested whether clonal integration increases performance in ramets of pteridophytes in natural populations. To test this hypothesis and also whether the positive effect of integration is greater on smaller ramets, we severed the connecting rhizomes of individual ramets of the common, understory fern Diplopterygium glaucum in an evergreen, broadleaf forest in southeastern China. In another experiment, we severed rhizomes around the edges of small plots each containing several ramets. After 19.5 weeks, survival was 100% in intact individual ramets but only 27% in severed ones. Among surviving ramets, final dry mass and lamina mass were also less in severed than in intact ramets, though stalk, rhizome, and root mass and maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) were not reduced. Individual ramets with fewer stalk nodes had lower dry mass but were not more affected by severing than ramets with more stalk nodes. Severance around the edge of plots did not significantly affect the combined final mass of the ramets within a plot. We conclude that clonal integration can have significant positive effects on both survival and growth of individual ramets of ferns in natural populations.     

克隆整合对无芒雀麦在异质性盐分环境中存活和生长的影响

无芒雀麦是浑善达克沙地植物群落中占优势的多年生根茎禾草.研究了克隆整合特性对无芒雀麦在异质性盐分环境中存活和生长的影响.结果表明,克隆整合显著提高了无芒雀麦分株在高盐环境中的存活能力,耗-益分析表明无芒雀麦在高盐斑块中分株的生物量、分株数、根茎节数和根茎总长显著受益于克隆整合,而与之相连的非盐分斑块中的分株却没有产生显著的损耗.因而,克隆整合特性是无芒雀麦对异质性环境形成的重要适应对策,它使无芒雀麦能够扩展到不适合植物生长的高盐分斑块中,从而增加了无芒雀麦在浑善达克沙地中的存活和生长,提高了其在半干旱沙化地区的适合度.     

Do rhizome severing and shoot defoliation affect clonal growth of Leymus chinensis at ramet population level?

Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. is a perennial species of Gramineae, usually subject to defoliation from grazing and mowing. We examined whether shoot defoliation and rhizome severing affected rhizome and ramet growth, and vegetative bud outgrowth of L. chinensis ramet populations. We also tested the hypothesis that clonal growth of the ramets subject to defoliation would benefit from clonal integration between interconnected ramets besides from possible compensatory growth. To 48 experimental plots, we applied six treatments resulting from interactions between two rhizome connection states (unsevered/severed) and three defoliation regimes (non-defoliated, mildly-defoliated and heavily-defoliated). Defoliation affected rhizome growth and bud outgrowth, but had little effect on shoot growth. Mild and heavy defoliation exerted similar effects on rhizome growth. Only heavy defoliation significantly reduced bud outgrowth while mild defoliation did not. The fact that shoot growth did not change after defoliation and that the bud numbers remained unchanged after mild defoliation suggest that the compensatory response enable the species to tolerate grazing to some extent. Neither rhizome severing nor the interaction of rhizome severing and defoliation had effect on any tested variables. Lack of the effect of rhizome severing falsified the first half of our hypothesis, that is, clonal integration was unimportant in our experiment. The probable reasons were suspected to be the short duration of the experiment and/or the buffer effect of carbohydrate reserves in rhizomes for shoot growth and bud production in time of defoliation.     

Clonal integration and effects of simulated herbivory in old-field perennials

Summary We compared the growth, phenology and leaf demography of partly defoliated, connected shoots with that of partly defoliated, severed shoots in four old-field perennials (Solidago canadensis, S. altissima, S. gigantea, Aster lanceolatus) with differing genet architectures (rhizome systems), in a common garden and in the field. Our main hypothesis was that defoliation would have fewer negative effects on shoot performance if shoots were connected than if their rhizomes were severed. Since degree of clonal integration is related to differences in genet architecture, our second hypothesis was that the effects of defoliation would be less pronounced in more integrated than in less integrated clones. Removing about 50% of the total leaf area from shoots had different effects depending on plant species, shoot density, and in particular whether rhizome connections between shoots were left intact or severed. In agreement with our prediction, experimentally isolated shoots in the field or in high density clumps in the garden suffered the most from defoliation, while shoots with intact connections or in low density clumps suffered the least. Our second prediction was neither confirmed nor falsified in the present study. Solidago altissima showed overcompensation in response to simulated herbivory in the common garden, i.e. defoliated shoots grew faster and were larger at harvest than their non-defoliated neighbours.     

克隆整合对无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)忍受沙埋能力的影响

无芒雀麦是浑善达克沙地植物群落中占优势的多年生根茎禾草。研究了克隆整合特性对无芒雀麦忍受沙埋能力的影响。结果表明,克隆整合显著提高了远端完全沙埋分株的存活,耗-益分析表明远端沙埋分株的生物量、分株数、叶片数、根茎节数和根茎总长显著受益于克隆整合,而与之相连的近端非沙埋分株却没有产生显著的损耗,并且随着沙埋程度增加时,远端沙埋分株的收益有增大的趋势。因而,克隆整合特性是无芒雀麦对严酷沙埋环境形成的重要适应对策,它能够缓解沙埋对无芒雀麦存活、生长的胁迫,提高其在半干旱沙化地区的适合度。     

松嫩平原赖草无性系构件的形成与空间扩展实验

在松嫩平原栽培条件下, 赖草无性系生长的可塑性较大.在移植当年,赖草经过153 d的生长,4个无性系中最大的为215个分蘖株,是最小（40个）分蘖株的5.4倍,均遵循着相同的指数生长规律.在2个年度8个赖草无性系样本中,其分蘖株、根茎和芽3种构件之间数量与生物量以及3种构件的数量特征与无性系空间大小的变化均有较好的规律性. 赖草分蘖株数量与直径之间为幂函数异速生长;分蘖株和根茎生物量及芽数与直径之间均为指数异速生长;分蘖株及根茎的数量和生物量与所占面积之间均为线性同速生长.在具有充分生长空间且没有种间竞争条件下,赖草无性系采用先生存后发展的构件生长策略,并充分发挥无性系的持续更新潜力.