高压静电场对小麦叶片保护酶系统及麦长管蚜种群动态的影响

为明确高压静电场胁迫小麦种子对其叶片以及麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius产生的影响。测定了小麦苗期叶片及麦长管蚜体内抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)的活性,并采用盆栽种群实验研究了麦长管蚜的种群动态。实验结果表明:(1)在未被麦长管蚜取食的小麦叶片中,SOD和POD活性最大值均出现于4 k V/cm处理组,且与对照组差异显著(P0.05),CAT活性在未被取食的叶片中无显著差异(P0.05);而被取食过的叶片中,4 k V/cm处理组的SOD和POD活性均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而CAT活性结果显示4 k V/cm和6 k V/cm处理组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(2)静电场处理组中麦长管蚜的SOD和CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但POD活性均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(3)种群动态和逻辑斯蒂模型参数显示4 k V/cm处理组的小麦环境容纳量(K)最小。研究的创新点在于对影响麦长管蚜的介质(小麦)的抗氧化酶活性进行了测定,进一步明确了高压静电场对动植物的影响,说明了4 k V/cm是影响小麦和麦长管蚜的关键强度,为高压静电生态控蚜提供了新思路。     

小麦籽粒灌浆期冠层温度分异动态及其与源库活性的关系

选用18个小麦品种为材料,从开花期到乳熟末期,对品种间冠层温度进行比较,并对冠层温度与旗叶源活性指标(丙二醛含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、净光合速率、叶绿素含量、单茎有效绿叶数、顶三叶绿叶面积比率)和库活性指标(籽粒蔗糖合成酶活性、ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、籽粒淀粉积累速率)进行相关分析.结果表明:小麦品种间冠层温度在各生育时期均有显著性差异,且随灌浆进程的推进差异程度越来越大;从乳熟初期到乳熟末期,冠层温度与各源活性指标的相关系数均有增加的趋势,并在乳熟后期和末期均达到极显著水平;冠层温度与各库活性指标的相关系数在乳熟末期均达到显著水平.研究发现,小麦籽粒灌浆期品种间冠层温度差异随生育期推进而愈加显著,冠层温度与源库活性的关系以乳熟后期和末期最密切.     

糜子根系与旗叶协同衰老的生理生化机理研究

以榆糜3号糜子为试验材料,测定了拔节至成熟期糜子根系与旗叶生长指标、保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等变化,初步分析了其根系与旗叶协同衰老的生理生化机制.结果表明:从拔节期到成熟期,糜子根系活性、表面积和干物质重,旗叶绿叶面积和干物质重,以及根系与旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,并均在拔节后34~41 d(籽粒灌浆前期~中期)达到最大值;根系与旗叶的可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量却持续大幅度上升;糜子旗叶的保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量始终极显著高于同期根系,而其MDA含量却始终极显著低于同期根系.研究发现,在糜子生育后期,其光合产物分配中心转移,造成根系和旗叶中光合产物亏缺;同时其旗叶和根系中保护酶活性逐渐降低,清除活性氧的能力减弱,引起细胞内活性氧积累和膜氧化伤害逐渐加重,最终导致植株逐渐衰老;在植株衰老过程中,根系与叶片衰老密切相关,并且根系抗氧化酶的活性相对较弱.     

基于生理指标与籽粒产量关系的小麦品种抗冻性分析

以20个冬小麦品种为材料进行盆栽试验,对其在低温胁迫条件下功能叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及籽粒产量、千粒重和籽粒形态性状进行测定.结果表明：拔节初期麦苗经-4 ℃低温胁迫后,不同品种冬小麦籽粒形态性状和产量性状均发生变化,绝大多数小麦品种籽粒长宽比、圆度和不育小穗数均增加,籽粒等效直径和面积及千粒重和籽粒产量均下降.通径分析表明,拔节初期低温处理后,功能叶SOD活性和可溶性糖含量是影响籽粒产量的主导因素,其中SOD活性对籽粒产量的直接影响较大,直接通径系数为-0.578.以籽粒产量下降的百分数作为小麦抗冻性评价的标准,可将20个小麦品种划分为3类：强抗冻类型的济麦19、济麦20、良星99、山农1135、山农8355、泰山23、泰山9818、汶农6号和烟农21,弱抗冻类型的临麦2号、潍麦8号、烟农19和淄麦12号,而其余7个品种属中度抗冻类型.苗期综合评价值（D值）与籽粒产量下降的百分数之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.512*),说明小麦苗期抗冻性强有利于获得较高的籽粒产量.苗期是小麦抗冻性鉴别选择的重要时期.     

外磁场对小麦萌发期过氧化物酶合成的影响及其激活效应

外磁场处理小麦种子可以提高萌发期过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;电泳图谱中,磁场透发出两条(POD)同工酶新带。在萌发初期(12h),亚胺环己酮(CHM)对外磁场提高POD活性的作用影响很小,外磁场可使POD酶蛋白的比活力增长,表明在萌发初期,磁场对种胚内的POD可能具有活化作用。萌发1d后,CHM逐渐削弱外磁场对POD活性的提高作用,而放线菌素D(AMD)则无影响。     

转反义Trx s基因小麦灌浆期间籽粒和成熟后种子萌发期间的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化

检测转反义Trx s基因小麦灌浆期间籽粒和萌发期种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及其同工酶变化的结果表明,在籽粒成熟过程中,转基因小麦籽粒中POD和CAT活性均低于非转基因小麦:在小麦种子萌发过程中,转基因小麦种子中的POD和CAT活性也均低于非转基因小麦.     

小麦白粉病菌对小麦幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为探讨小麦白粉病菌对不同抗性小麦品种幼苗光合生理特性的影响,本研究采用白粉病强致病力生理小种E09感染高抗小麦白粉病品种青春38、高感小麦白粉病品种龙麦33幼苗,研究接菌后0 d、1 d、2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d、10 d小麦叶片总叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、叶片可溶性蛋白、叶片细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。研究数据表明,接种小麦白粉病菌后,两小麦品种青春38和龙麦33的体内相对叶绿素含量、光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的降低,且感病品种龙麦33降低幅度较抗病品种青春38高。接菌后,两个品种的相对SOD、POD及CAT活性均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,相对SOD活性表现为感病品种龙麦33的峰值高于抗病品种青春38的峰值;相对POD活性则是抗病品种青春38的增加幅度极显著高于感病品种龙麦33的增加幅度;相对CAT活性则表现为两品种出现峰值的时间不同,但峰值幅度差异不显著。     

五种黄精属植物的蛋白水解酶谱研究

用蛋白水解酶复性电泳方法 (G- PAGE)分析了 5种黄精属植物根状茎和叶的蛋白水解酶的种类和活性。结果表明 :(1)它们的根状茎均含有 85k D和 55k D的蛋白水解酶 ;叶均含有 82 k D的蛋白水解酶 ;(2 )根状茎和叶的蛋白水解酶种类和活性有很大差异 ,叶的蛋白水解酶活性为根状茎的 10倍 ,它们的活性均受 p H影响 ,其最适 p H为 7;(3)每种植物都含有自己特有蛋白水解酶 ;(4 )蛋白水解酶在植物鉴定中有参考价值     

南美斑潜蝇为害对黄瓜体内4种防御酶活性的影响

植物对昆虫取食产生的防御反应,在昆虫与植物相互作用关系中起着重要的作用。为明确南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)取食与植物防御之间的作用关系,本文分别测定了南美斑潜蝇幼虫持续为害1、3、5、7及9d后黄瓜叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化。结果表明：在南美斑潜蝇幼虫持续取食下,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD等4种酶活性显著上升;PAL、PPO和POD等3种酶活性随受害程度的加重而上升幅度加大,即重度受害>轻度受害>系统对照>健康对照,而SOD活性变化没有规律。在系统对照黄瓜叶片中,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD等4种酶活性最大值分别在第5、1、5和5d;在轻度受害黄瓜叶片中,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD等4种酶活性最大值分别在第5、9、5和9d;在重度受害黄瓜叶片中,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD等4种酶活性最大值分别在第7、7、5和5d。黄瓜叶片受害后,POD和PPO活性上升幅度较大,PAL和SOD活性上升幅度较小,说明POD和PPO对取食胁迫响应比PAL和SOD更灵敏。     

低温胁迫下玉米幼苗的几种生理生化指标的变化

胚芽期和三叶期的玉米自交系‘齐319’幼苗经0、2、4、6℃冷处理后,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（soD）活性以及可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）含量的结果表明：POD、CAT、SOD活性以及MDA和蛋白质含量均增加,0、2℃下胚芽期幼苗的抗寒性比三叶期的高,4和6℃下三叶期幼苗的抗寒能力更强;无论是胚芽期还是三叶期,温度越低,幼苗受冷伤害越大。     

渍水对四川小麦生理性状及产量的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,连续2年（2011-2012和2012-2013年）以川麦104和内麦836为对象,在小麦苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期分别进行35 d的渍水处理,研究渍水对四川小麦生长和产量形成的影响.结果表明： 苗期渍水减产最大,减产10%～15%,随渍水时期的后移,对产量的影响减小.苗期渍水降低了第3～6叶SPAD值、单株分蘖力和单株成穗数,降低了有效穗数、花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质量.拔节期渍水降低了第4～7叶SPAD值,孕穗期渍水降低了倒4、倒3、倒2叶SPAD值,拔节期和孕穗期渍水导致花后旗叶SPAD值下降,渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）和平均灌浆速率（R_mean）下降,千粒重下降.开花期渍水对产量影响较小.表明苗期渍水是四川稻茬小麦渍害临界期.     

Heat Stress-Induced Cell Death, Changes in Antioxidants, Lipid Peroxidation, and Protease Activity in Wheat Leaves

Six wheat genotypes were evaluated for heat tolerance in terms of seedling growth, antioxidant response and cell death. Based on the heat susceptibility index (HSI), response of the genotypes varied from heat tolerant (Inqilab-91) to heat sensitive (Sitta) along with moderately tolerant (Nesser and Sarsabz) and sensitive (Fareed and FD-83). Heat stress-induced programmed cell death (probably necrosis) in wheat leaves was evident by DNA smear. MDA content increased above twofold in most of genotypes under heat stress, with the lowest increase in the heat-tolerant genotype Nesser. Catalase activity diminished under heat stress in all genotypes. Peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), protease, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities increased under heat stress. Apparently, heat stress-induced reduction in catalase activity was compensated by a parallel increase in peroxidases to quench H₂O₂. Heat stress-induced decrease (%) in catalase and increase in protease activities showed significant positive correlations, whereas increase (%) in APX activity showed a significant negative correlation with HSI or relative heat tolerance of genotypes. All these correlations signify that catalase, protease and ascorbate peroxidase can be used efficiently as biochemical markers to assess the relative heat stress tolerance of wheat genotypes at the seedling stage. In conclusion, using a multiparametric approach involving morphophysiological and biochemical assays, the sensitivity of wheat genotypes to heat stress could be evaluated to a sufficient level of certainty at the seedling stage.     

Intercellular chitinase and peroxidase activities associated with resistance conferred by geneLr35to leaf rust of wheat

The effect of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) infection on intercellular chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities was studied in resistant [RL 6082 (Thatcher/Lr35)] and susceptible (Thatcher) near isogenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines at seedling, stem elongation and flag leaf stages of plant growth. The levels of activity of these enzymes were low during the seedling and stem elongation stages. Resistant plants at the flag leaf stage, during which the Lr35 resistance gene was maximally expressed, exhibited high constitutive levels of chitinase and peroxidase activities, in contrast to the lower constitutive levels of susceptible plants. The results suggest that chitinase and peroxidase, constitutively present in the intercellular spaces of Thatcher/Lr35 wheat leaves, may play a role in Lr35 mediated resistance to leaf rust.     

Production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide following introduction of nitrate and nitrite into wheat leaf apoplast

Infiltration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling leaves with excess of nitrate, nitrite, or the NO donor sodium nitroprusside leads to increase both in content of hydroperoxide and activity of peroxidase and decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaf apoplast. Polymorphism of extracellular peroxidases and the presence of Cu/Zn-SOD have been shown in apoplast. Using an ESR assay, a considerable increase in the level of NO following infiltration of leaf tissues with nitrite has been demonstrated. These data suggest development of both oxidative and nitrosative stresses in leaves exposed to high levels of nitrate or nitrite. A possible interplay of NO and reactive oxygen species in plant cells is discussed.     

PEROXIDASE LOCALIZATION,ACTIVITY, AND ISOZYME PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPING SEEDLING OF VANDA (ORCHIDACEAE)

Peroxidase activity in the seedling of Vanda was investigated at various stages of development. Active sites were demonstrated histochemically and soluble proteins and peroxidase isozymes were resolved by disc electrophoresis at progressive stages of growth. Activity, which is highest in the early stages of development and lowest at the stage when maximum differentiation occurs, is confined to the epidermal layer and outer surface of the seedling in early stages of development, It is also present in the vascular tissues of the leaves, root, and parenchymatous region at later stages. Indoleacetic acid raises peroxidase activity when present in the growth medium in physiological concentrations. The number of isoperoxidases varies with developmental stage and is lowest in the stage at which leaves and roots are initiated. These observations are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the peroxidases play a role in morphogenesis as a part of the indoleacetic acid-oxidase system.     

Biochemical changes in primary wheat leaves during growth and senescence

Changes in the different forms of the total activity of peroxidases (soluble, ionically and covalently bound), in the soluble isoperoxidase composition, and in the content of protein and chlorophyll during growth and senescence of the intact primary leaves of spring wheat were studied. The forms of peroxidases are in inverse relationship to the growth and increase during development and senescence, especially towards the end of senescence. The activity of peroxidases does not follow the physiological age of wheat leaves during the whole period of vegetation unlike the contents of protein and chlorophyll. The intensity of anodic and cathodic peroxidase isoenzyme bands 1 and 5 increases during senescence, but anodic bands number 2 and 4, cathodic bands 2 and 3 decrease. Changes in the activity of peroxidases and in the content of protein and chlorophyll as indicators of senescence are discussed.     

Wound-induced apoplastic peroxidase activities: their roles in the production and detoxification of reactive oxygen species

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a widely reported response of plants to wounding. However, the nature of enzymes responsible for ROS production and metabolism in the apoplast is still an open question. We identified and characterized the proteins responsible for the wound-induced production and detoxification of ROS in the apoplast of wheat roots ( Triticum aestivum L.). Compared to intact roots, excised roots and leachates derived from them produced twice the amount of superoxide (O₂^•−). Wounding also induced extracellular peroxidase (ECPOX) activity mainly caused by the release of soluble peroxidases with molecular masses of 37, 40 and 136 kD. Peptide mass analysis by electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry (ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) following lectin affinity chromatography of leachates showed the presence of peroxidases in unbound (37 kD) and bound (40 kD) fractions. High sensitivity of O₂^•−-producing activity to peroxidase inhibitors and production of O₂^•− by purified peroxidases in vitro provided evidence for the involvement of ECPOXs in O₂^•− production in the apoplast. Our results present new insights into the rapid response of roots to wounding. An important component of this response is mediated by peroxidases that are released from the cell surface into the apoplast where they can display both oxidative and peroxidative activities.     

Peroxidase Activity in Leaves of Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC.

The peroxidase activities in leaves from resistant and susceptible cultivars of wheat infected and non-infected by Erysiphe graminis DC were studied. In non-infected wheat, soluble and ionic bound peroxidase activity level was found to be higher in the resistant cultivar than that in the one susceptible to Erysiphe graminis DC. After infecting wheat leaves with Erysiphe graminis DC a remarkable increase in the activity of soluble and ionic bound peroxidases was detected 5 days after inoculation only in the resistant cultivar. In the susceptible cultivar a high increase in the activity of the soluble and ionic bound peroxidases occurred only 15 days after inoculation. Using ion exchange chromatography four peroxidase fractions were obtained from infected susceptible and resistant cultivars as from non-infected ones. The fraction II in non-inoculated resistant cultivars was much higher than that in the susceptible one. This fraction increased after inoculation in both cases reaching a higher level in resistant cultivars. Fraction I was higher in the susceptible cultivar. Electrofocusing profiles of peroxidase from the susceptible and resistant cultivar differed from one another. New peroxidase bands after inoculation appeared only in the resistant cultivar.     

Peroxidase Release Induced by Ozone in Sedum album Leaves: Involvement of Ca

The effect of ozone was studied on the peroxidase activity from various compartments of Sedum album leaves (epidermis, intercellular fluid, residual cell material, and total cell material). The greatest increase following a 2-hour ozone exposure (0.4 microliters O(3) per liter) was observed in extracellular peroxidases. Most of the main bands of peroxidase activity separated by isoelectric focusing exhibited an increase upon exposure to ozone. Incubation experiments with isolated peeled or unpeeled leaves showed that leaves from ozone-treated plants release much more peroxidases in the medium than untreated leaves. The withdrawal of Ca(2+) ions reduced the level of extracellular peroxidase activity either in whole plants or in incubation experiments. This reduction and the activation obtained after addition of Ca(2+) resulted from a direct requirement of Ca(2+) by the enzyme and from an effect of Ca(2+) on peroxidase secretion. The ionophore A23187 promoted an increase of extracellular peroxidase activity only in untreated plants. The release of peroxidases by untreated and ozone-treated leaves is considerably lowered by metabolic inhibitors (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and sodium azide) and by puromycin.     

小麦与条锈菌互作中过氧化物酶的细胞化学研究

采用细胞化学方法对小麦与条锈菌互作过程中过氧化物酶的分布及其活性大小进行了研究,结果表明：过氧化物酶主要分布于细胞壁和细胞间隙中;在未行接种的小麦叶片中,抗病品种和感病品种的过氧化物酶活性均比较低;条锈菌侵染后,诱导抗、感病品种叶片中的过氧化物酶活性升高,且抗病品种升高的幅度明显大于感病品种;感病品种中过氧化物酶活性在侵染位点附近细胞壁上表现升高,而抗病品种中该酶的活性在侵染点细胞以及远离侵染点的叶肉细胞的细胞壁和细胞间隙中均显著升高。高活性的过氧化物酶是小麦抗条锈性的生化标记和重要机制之一。