外源GA_3浸种处理促进火龙果种子发芽

火龙果种子播种育苗存在着种子发芽慢、发芽不整齐、发芽率低及幼苗细弱等问题。为了探讨提高火龙果种子发芽速度、发芽率和种子活力的方法,本试验以白肉火龙果(Hylocereus undatus Brit.t Rose)种子为材料,采用4个不同浓度(100mg/L,200mg/L,300mg/L和400mg/L)外源GA3对种子进行浸种处理,在适宜的光、温、水、气条件下催芽,通过对种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗鲜重和活力指数的测定,研究不同浓度外源GA3浸种处理对火龙果种子发芽的影响,不处理为对照。结果表明,不同浓度外源GA3浸种处理对火龙果种子的发芽势、发芽率和种子活力均有明显的促进作用,其中400mg/L处理效果最好,300mg/L处理次之,再次是200mg/L、100mg/L,对照最差。本文的研究结果,将为火龙果种子播种育苗及育种工作提供科学理论依据。     

两种光呼吸抑制剂对草莓若干生理指标及产量品质的影响

以"丰香"草莓为试材,在花期喷施不同浓度的光呼吸抑制剂NaHSO₃和异烟肼。结果表明,喷施一定浓度的NaHSO₃(100 mg/L)和异烟肼(0.5 mg/ml),可增加草莓植株叶面积、叶绿素总量和光合速率;同时可提高坐果率,增加单果重和产量,果实总糖、可溶性固形物含量也显著提高。     

火龙果溃疡病防治药剂的筛选

火龙果溃疡病是火龙果生产中常见的病害之一,对火龙果产量和品质的影响较大,近年来火龙果溃疡病的发生频率逐年增加.本研究通过菌丝生长抑制法测定9种杀菌剂对火龙果溃疡病病菌的杀菌活性.结果表明,戊唑·咪鲜胺、肟菌·戊唑醇、吡唑·毒氟磷有较强的抑菌作用,EC50分别为0.0209,0.0762,2.0358mg/L,本研究为生产上防治火龙果溃疡病药剂的筛选提供了参考.     

施硼和赤霉素对‘李广杏’坐果率及果实品质的影响

该研究以8年生盛果期的‘李广杏’植株为试材,于花蕾膨大期喷施0.1%(P1)、0.3%(P2)和0.5%(P3)硼砂和盛花初期喷施50(C1)、100(C2)和150 mg/L(C3)赤霉素,测定不同处理下李广杏的坐果率、果实品质及营养生长指标的变化,并用主成分分析不同处理的效果进行综合评价,为敦煌寒旱区‘李广杏’的栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)‘李广杏’叶面积增长量在C1浓度处理下显著高于CK,不同浓度的硼处理对其均具有抑制作用,但C1、P2浓度下新稍生长量高于其他处理。(2)适宜浓度的硼和赤霉素处理可一定程度减少‘李广杏’花的败育率,从而有效提高果树的坐果率,其中硼处理以P3浓度下最优,但P3与P2处理下坐果率无显著差异,赤霉素处理以C2浓度下最优。(3)适宜浓度硼和赤霉素能够明显提高‘李广杏’果实品质,C1浓度处理下的果实糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量显著高于CK,P2处理下的果实维生素C、可滴定酸含量显著高于其他处理;适宜浓度赤霉素和硼对果实的单果重、果形指数、侧径有明显的促进作用。(4)主成分分析结果显示,各处理效果的综合得分由高到低依次为P2(1.20)>C2(0.91)>P1(0.13)>C1(-1.01)>CK(-1.68)>P3(-2.13)>C3(-7.76);果实可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、糖酸比等主成分占比较高,可作为评价‘李广杏’果实品质的重要依据。研究发现,花期喷施适宜浓度的硼和赤霉素可有效提高‘李广杏’果树的生长状况、坐果率及果实品质,且甘肃敦煌地区以花蕾膨大期喷施0.3%硼和盛花初期喷施100 mg/L赤霉素效果最佳。     

海南省火龙果炭疽菌病病原鉴定及有效药剂筛选

从海南省火龙果主要种植区采集病样,分离纯化出多个炭疽病菌菌株,对其进行了形态学、分子生物学和致病性的测定。同时,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了生产上常用药剂对该病菌的毒力。结果表明:该病菌的病原为胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。在供试的6种药剂中,25%吡唑醚菌酯EC、50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG和430 g/L戊唑醇SC对火龙果炭疽病菌的抑制效果较好,EC50依次为0.007 5 mg/L、0.109 3 mg/L、2.651 7 mg/L和5.406 0 mg/L。50%多菌灵WP和70%甲基硫菌灵WP抑制效果较差。经回归曲线比较,病菌对25%吡唑醚菌酯EC敏感性最高,对50%多菌灵WP敏感性最低。     

桃下胚轴高频离体再生体系的建立及优化

以6个桃品种的下胚轴为外植体,研究不同基因型、不同基本培养基及植物生长调节物质组合等对桃下胚轴离体再生不定芽的影响.结果显示:不同基因型桃下胚轴再生率差异显著;QL为'97-8-4'和'甜桃王'的最适基本培养基,MS为'金童5号'的最适基本培养基;植物生长调节物质用2.0 mg/L BA+0.04 mg/L NAA或单独使用2.0 mg/L BA的再生效果好.'97-8-4'在QL+2.0 mg/L BA+0.04 mg/L NAA+100 mg/L肌醇的培养基中再生率最高,为94.44%;'甜桃王' 在QL+2.0 mg/L BA+0.04 mg/L NAA+100 mg/L肌醇+500 mg/L CH的培养基中再生率最高,为80.42%;'金童5号'在QL+2.0 mg/L BA+0.04 mg/L NAA+200 mg/L肌醇的培养基中再生率最高,为78.00%.     

姜花属种间杂交胚拯救研究

为提高姜花属种间杂交胚挽救中幼胚萌发率,以白姜花×金姜花的胚珠为试材,研究不同胚珠发育时期、不同培养基及低温处理果实对幼胚萌发率的影响.结果表明,白姜花×金姜花胚挽救的适宜培养基是MS+0.1 mg/L BA十0.1 mg/L NAA;接种时期以60 d的幼胚培养效果最佳;低温处理果实3～6 d能有效提高幼胚的萌发率.     

西伯利亚百合鳞片组织培养与快速繁殖

以西伯利亚百合鳞茎作为外植体试材,进行组织培养.结果表明,在改良MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖80 g/L的培养基上,分化率可达90.0％;在改良MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖60 g/L的培养基上增殖生长最好,增殖倍数为9.32;最佳生根培养基为改良MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L,生根率可达97.78％;最佳移栽基质为水苔,成活率达100％.     

人工授粉对火龙果果实发育的影响

于开花期对红皮红肉类型火龙果进行人工授粉与自然授粉处理,并对不同发育阶段的子房或果实进行解剖观察,以研究人工授粉对果实发育的影响.结果表明:人工授粉可提高火龙果的平均单果重和商品果率,平均单果重与果实内种子数呈显著正相关关系;火龙果子房为多胚珠结构,子房内有若干“珠柄-胚珠”单元,胚珠在开花后发育成种子,珠柄则发育成肉...     

向日葵离体再生体系的建立

为了建立高效的向日葵离体再生体系,从基因差异、外植体取材、生长素和细胞分裂素浓度、附加物的添加等方面出发,对向日葵愈伤诱导、分化、生根等过程进行了系统优化。结果表明：杂交材料相对于自交材料更容易实现再生;最佳外植体是生长4 d的子叶;最佳愈伤诱导培养基是MS培养基 (MS) +2.0 mg/L 6-苄基腺嘌呤 (6-BA)+0.5 mg/L奈乙酸 (NAA)+1.0 mg/L激动素 (KT),诱导率最高可达100％;最佳分化培养基是MS+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.3 mg/L KT+0.3 mg/L硝酸银 (AgNO3)+0.2 g/L活性炭 (AC),芽分化率可达71％;最佳生根培养基是1/2 MS+0.6 mg/L吲哆丁酸 (IBA),生根率最高为77％。方差分析表明,材料基因型、外植体生长时间、激素、AgNO3、AC对向日葵再生呈现显著性影响。     

长白落叶松种子园亲本生长与结实性状综合评价

生长与结实性状是种子园亲本重要的评价标准,本研究以长白落叶松种子园58个亲本无性系为试验材料,对其生长与结实性状进行测定及分析。方差分析结果表明,除通直度、节间距、0和1.3 m树皮厚度外,各性状在无性系间均存在显著差异,其表型变异系数变化范围为8.05%~54.97%,重复力变化范围为0.102 3~0.744 2。高变异、高重复力有利于优良无性系选育。利用主成分分析将各性状分为4个主成分（Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4）,不同无性系各主成分值差异较大。以生长与结实性状为评价指标,利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率,L59、L56、L77、L90、L92和L87等6个选为优良无性系,其主成分Y1值均较大,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为15.43%、8.25%和29.73%。本研究可为长白落叶松无性系种子园优良亲本建园材料选择提供理论基础。     

施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光特性和果实品质的影响

以蓝莓“美登”为试验材料,在我国大兴安岭地区研究了连续3年施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光参数以及果实品质的影响,为优化我国北方地区蓝莓人工栽培技术提供一些基础数据。结果表明：施肥处理可以明显促进蓝莓植株的生长,7.5 g/株施肥量对蓝莓株高和冠幅度的促进作用最明显,而不同施肥量对蓝莓枝条长度和粗度的影响差异不明显。施肥处理还明显促进了蓝莓叶片的实际光化学效率和电子传递速率,以及PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度,并且施肥处理下蓝莓叶片PSⅡ反应中心能量分配参数更倾向于光化学反应方向,与生长参数相似,施肥处理对蓝莓叶绿素荧光参数的影响也表现为7.5 g/株的施肥量作用效果最优。施肥处理还改变了蓝莓果实的品质,虽然不同处理下蓝莓果实的维生素C和花色素苷含量以及pH值没有发生明显的改变,但其总糖含量却明显增加,而总酸含量除10 g/株施肥处理外,均呈降低趋势,表现为糖酸比的增加,但与生长和叶绿素荧光参数的变化不同,以5 g/株的施肥量对蓝莓果实品质的提高更有利。因此,施肥虽然可以明显促进蓝莓植株的生长,改善其光合能力和果实品质,但控制施肥量时要综合考虑其生长和品质等因素。     

温州蜜柑果实生长动态特征及影响因子的分析

金衢盆地柑桔生产历史悠久。近10年来发展很快,已形成浙江第二个柑桔产区。由于受东亚季风气候影响,该区柑桔不但冬季易遭冻害,而且夏秋易受高温干旱危害,冬季的低温冻害和夏季的高温干旱是造成桔柑减产的两个主要     

Quantifying sink and source limitations on dry matter partitioning to fruit growth in peach trees

We describe an approach for determining the degree of sink and source limitations on peach ( Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruit growth during several growth periods. Source limitations on fruit growth may be due to either a shortfall in assimilate supply within the tree (supply limitation) or to a deficiency in the capacity of the translocation system to deliver assimilates in sufficient quantity to support the maximum fruit growth rate (transport/competition limitation). To ascertain the potential maximum rate of fruit growth, fruit thinning treatments were used. One month after bloom, the number of fruits per tree was adjusted to between 50 and 700 on an early and a late maturing peach cultivar (cvs Spring Lady and Cal Red, respectively). Rates of potential sink demand, potential source supply and actual fruit growth were estimated from sequential harvests of all fruits on 42 trees on two (Spring Lady) and three (Cal Red) dates. These values were used to estimate the proportion of potential growth achieved, and the supply and transport/competition limitations on fruit growth. The results indicated that source limitations were significant on trees with moderate to high fruit numbers. These source limitations were due to supply limitations during all harvest intervals and to transport/competition limitations during the early harvest intervals. Sink limitations occurred to the greatest extent during the mid-period of fruit growth on the later maturing cultivar.     

扁桃幼果发育的形态解剖学研究

以普通扁桃品种‘纸皮’为研究对象,观察测定了扁桃幼果生长发育动态,并采用石蜡切片法研究了扁桃幼果发育过程。结果表明,扁桃幼果鲜重、体积及果径增长均呈单“S”曲线。大体可分为3个生长时期,增长速率为:第Ⅱ期>第I期>第Ⅲ期。扁桃果实由单心皮上位子房发育而成,边缘胎座,横生胚珠。果皮由外果皮、中果皮和内果皮构成:外果皮是一种复合结构,由表皮毛和表皮细胞组成;中果皮主要是由薄壁细胞和分布其中的维管束组成;内果皮也有丰富的维管束组织分布,其木质化顺序由外向内。中果皮细胞分裂终止早于内果皮。     

Bioassay and Identification of Root Exudates of Three Fruit Tree Species

A laboratory bioassay was designed to determine the aileiopathic potential of root exudates of three fruit tree species on apple germination. The results showed that root exudates of apple （Malus pumila L.） and peach （Prunus persica L.）, each at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L, inhibited germination and radicle growth of apple seeds by 56.7%, 60.7%, 51.5%, and 59.3%, respectively. The corresponding shoot growth inhibition rate was 49.5%, 46.7%, 36. 4%, and 44%, respectively. Root exudates of jujube （Ziziphus jujuba Mill.） had no significant effect on apple seeds. Qualitative determination of root exudates of apple, peach, and jujube tree was developed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The root exudates of apple seedlings mainly contain organic acids, glycol, esters, and benzenphenol derivatives. Peach root exudates contained phenolic acids and benzenphenoi derivatives in addition to two unidentified compounds. The root exudates of jujube did not contain any phenolic acids.     

Growth and maintenance respiratory costs of cucumber fruits as affected by temperature, and ontogeny and size of the fruits

The rates of dry weight increase and respiration of fruits were measured throughout fruit ontogeny at 20, 25 and 30°C in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Corona). By maintaining one or five fruits per plant, which strongly affected fruit dry weight but not ontogeny, the effects of fruit size and ontogeny on respiration could be studied separately. The respiration rate per fruit followed a sigmoid curve during fruit ontogeny, while the specific respiration rate (respiration rate per unit dry weight) declined with time after anthesis. The specific respiration rate was almost linearly related to the relative growth rate. The specific respiratory costs for both growth and maintenance were highest in young fruits, but were not affected by fruit size. The average specific respiratory costs for growth and maintenance at 25°C were 3.3–3.9 mmol CO₂ g⁻¹ and 4.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. An increase in temperature had no effect on the specific respiratory costs for growth, while the costs for maintenance increased with a Q₁₀ of about 2. The costs for growth agreed reasonably well with theoretical estimates based on the chemical composition of the fruits but not with estimates based on only the carbon and ash content. The respiratory losses as a fraction of the total carbon requirement of a fruit changed during fruit ontogeny, but were independent of temperature and were similar for slow- and fast-growing fruits. The cumulative respiratory losses accounted for 13–15% of the total carbon requirement.     

文冠果人工种群的果实发育与落花落果特性研究

以甘肃定西生长的文冠果为对象,探讨了文冠果果实发育特征及落花落果规律。结果表明：（1）文冠果果实生长发育历经约2.5个月,生长发育主要在花期后的40 d内。果实发育特点为：在花期过后的10 d内生长最快,增长率达193%,此后一月仍保持较快的生长速度,月增长率达120%,而最后一月生长比较缓慢,月增长率仅为7%,整个发育期内横径发育速度一直大于纵径;（2）文冠果落花落果主要发生在果实生长发育的初期,且落花落果率高,达94.65%(落花率5.74%,落果率88.91%）,坐果率低,只有5.35%。其落果特点为：落果是一个持续的过程,自花期过后果实膨大到成熟一直在落果,但也存在一个落果的高峰期,即花期过后的10 d内,落果最严重,落果率约达40%。研究认为,从保花保果的角度考虑,开花末期是文冠果水肥管理的重点时期。但从文冠果开花过于繁茂和可孕花分布过于集中而大量消耗树体和顶花序养分,从而造成严重的落花落果的现实考虑,应在开花末期和幼果期疏花疏果或任其自然落花落果,但均应加强果实发育中后期的水肥管理,从而提高坐果率。     

苹果果实生长的数学模型及各生长指标间的相关性分析

以富士苹果(Malus domestica‘Fuji’)为试材,测定其果实生长发育期间各生长指标的动态变化,选择5种理论生长方程对纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重进行拟合,并根据拟合结果确定合适的生长方程建立各生长指标的数学模型,采用多项式拟合建立果形指数变化的数学模型,同时对果实各生长指标之间进行相关性分析。结果表明,果实纵径、横径生长适合选择Logistic方程,单果重、体积、干重适合选择Gompertz方程,果形指数的变化适合采用多项式拟合;果实纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重两两之间均呈显著正相关,果形指数、果实干物质相对含量均与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,果实密度与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,而与果形指数、果实干物质相对含量之间呈显著正相关。