新疆伊犁六个民族的初潮年龄

1983年7月至1984年7月,用回忆法调查了新疆伊犁地区3972名12—23岁的女性的初潮年龄,其中哈萨克族924人,维吾尔族864人,锡伯族486人,回族209人,蒙古族216人,汉族1273人。其平均初潮年龄是:哈萨克族14.37±1.09岁,维吾尔族14.34±1.41岁,蒙古族14.21±1.05岁,回族13.89±1.32岁,锡伯族13.78±1.02岁,汉族13.61±1.11岁。各族中均以七、八、九三个月来月经的最多。此外,还发现六个民族中1969—1972年出生的与1961—1964年出生的相比,平均初潮年龄都明显提前。在八年中,回族提前2.67岁,蒙古族提前1.90岁,锡伯族提前1.78岁,汉族提前1.64岁,哈萨克族提前1.17岁,维吾尔族提前1.13岁。     

新疆伊犁地区五个民族的皮纹调查

从1979年4月至1982年3月,在伊宁市、新源县、尼勒克县以及察布查尔锡伯族自治县等地,对5个民族共5,166名正常人的皮纹进行了调查。其中汉族1,001人,维吾尔族1,020人,哈萨克族1,092人,蒙古族1,032人,锡伯族1,021人,在这些人中,男2,590人,女2,576人。     

新疆伊犁地区五个民族的皮纹调查

从1979年4月至1982年3月,在伊宁市、 新源县、尼勒克县以及察布查尔锡伯族自治县 等地,对5个民族共5,166名正常人的皮纹进行 了调查。其中汉族1,001人,维吾尔族1,020人, 哈萨克族1,092人,蒙古族1,032人,锡伯族 1,021人,在这些人中,男2,590人,女2,576人。     

免疫球蛋白同种异型Gm因子在四十个中国人群中的分布

根据免疫球蛋白同种异型Gm因子在维吾尔族、哈萨克族、回族、蒙古族、朝鲜族、藏族、鄂伦春族、壮族、侗族、白族、汉族等40个人群中的分布,计算Gm单倍型频率及遗传距离,提出了“中华民族以北纬30度为界,分南北两大发源地”的假说。     

新疆维、哈、蒙古族-HTT基因启动子区多态性的研究

采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,对我国新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族和蒙古族三个正常群体5-HTT基因启动子区(5-HTTLPR)的一个插入/缺失多态性进行了研究。结果显示:5-HTTLPR等位基因及基因型频率分布在三个民族中没有较大差异,短片段等位基因S有较高的分布频率。X2检验证明,三个民族群体的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。经分析,维吾尔族的观测杂合度(Hobs)、期望杂合度(Hexp)、多态信息量(PIC)分别为0.4167、0.4845和0.3759;哈萨克族的Hobs、Hexp和PIC分别为0.4141、0.4338和0.3396;蒙古族的Hobs、Hexp和PIC分别为0.4639、0.4386和0.3425。结果可为人类学、法医学鉴定及疾病的关联研究提供遗传学数据。     

新疆"克里雅人"ABO血型分布的调查

本文报告了居住于塔克拉玛干沙漠当中克里雅河下游地区的待识别封闭人群"克里雅人"(93例)ABO血型分布的调查结果."克里雅人"ABO血型的分布特征为O＞B＞A＞AB,与中国西北地区诸省的分布相一致,其基因频率为r(0.6095)＞ q(0.2019)＞ p(0.1886),与维吾尔族、哈萨克族、蒙古族等族的ABO血型基因频率较为接近.     

哈萨克族、维吾尔族和锡伯族中的红绿色盲率

1984年9月至12月,我们对伊宁市和察布查尔县的民族中、小学男学生中的色盲率进行了调查。其中维吾尔族1,347人,哈萨克族838人,锡伯族837人,共3,022人。被调查者的年龄范围是8—19岁。     

哈萨克族、维吾尔族和锡伯族中的红绿色盲率

1984年9月至12月,我们对伊宁市和察 布查尔县的民族中、小学男学生中的色盲率进 行了调查。其中维吾尔族1,347人,哈萨克族 838人,锡伯族837人,共3,022人。被调查者 的年龄范围是8-19岁。     

关于不同民族耳聋人群耳聋基因常见突变的筛查分析

目的:分析不同民族(即维吾尔族、汉族、哈萨克族、回族)耳聋人群耳聋基因常见突变的一般特点。方法:选取4个不同民族共计714例耳聋患者(全部属于非综合征性耳聋患者),利用DNA技术对其耳聋基因突变进行分析。结果:在常见耳聋基因检出率方面,汉族为30.83%,哈萨克族为20.00%,回族为16.00%,维吾尔族为12.50%;235delC是汉族、维吾尔族、回族耳聋患者常见突变,35delG是维吾尔族、哈萨克族耳聋患者常见突变,IVS7-2AG是汉族耳聋患者常见突变,187delG是维吾尔族耳聋患者中第一次检测到的病理性突变。结论:在耳聋基因突变方面,4个民族表现出不同的特点,存在一定的差异。     

维吾尔族体质类型:来自喀什的资料

隋唐以前欧洲人种的地中海类型一直是喀什地区古代居民的主要种族类型.北亚蒙古人种回鹘人西迁进入新疆后,与其他族群发生长期融合,逐渐形成维吾尔族.目前维吾尔族人种学特征如何,是学术界关注的问题.在维吾尔族最具代表性的喀什地区,采用人体测量方法对喀什维吾尔族560(男273,女287)例成人进行了测量.研究发现,维吾尔族体质中包含明显的欧亚人种的因素,也包含部分南亚与北亚成分,但更多的是东亚类型成分.从体质指数分型来看,喀什维吾尔族男性、女性身高均为中等型(男性已经达到中等型的上限),体重值较大,头较圆、较高,面较狭,中鼻型,头宽度中等(男)或较狭(女),胸较宽,肩较宽,骨盆较宽,躯干较长,腿长中等(男)或较短(女).在中国13个族群中,维吾尔族男性眼外角高率、鼻根中等率中等,有蒙古褶、凹鼻背率较低,维吾尔族女性眼外角高率、凹鼻背率中等,圆耳垂率高、鼻基部上翘率低.南疆维吾尔族比北疆维吾尔族更接近东亚类型族群.南疆维吾尔族头型、鼻型和蒙古族接近,北疆维吾尔族和蒙古族面型相对接近.维吾尔族上眼睑有皱褶率很高,一部分人眼内角有蒙古褶,眼外角多高于眼内角,眼色多为褐色,提示其具有蒙古人种的基本特征.维吾尔族与东亚类型族群面宽、头长、形态面高、头宽值相对接近.维吾尔族头较圆、头较高,上身相对较长,腿相对较短,具有东方人群体质的基本特征.研究发现,维吾尔族体质类型既具有亚洲东方人群特点,也具有欧亚人群特点.在亚洲东方各个类型中,维吾尔族体质更接近东亚类型族群,也具有一定的南亚类型、北亚类型族群的特点.维吾尔族体质特征反映出其多族群融合的历史进程.     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族的体质特征研究

作者对新疆伊犁地区的哈萨克族大、中专学生进行了活体观察和测量,观察30项（551名,男262,女289）测量92项（404人,男226,女178）,所得数据进行了统计学处理和分析,计算了头面部和体部的31项指数,并进行了指数分型处理。     

Structure of the gene pool of ethnic groups from the Altai-Sayan region from data on mitochondrial polymorphism]

Using the data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism, genetic structures of the four Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of Altai-Sayan highlands, Southern Altaians (Altai-Kizhi), Khakassians, Shorians, and Sojots, were described. Mitochondrial gene pools of the populations examined were characterized by different ratios between Mongoloid (M*, C, D, E, G, A, B, and F) and Caucasoid (H, U, T, J, and K) mtDNA lineages. All the populations studied had a strongly pronounced Mongoloid component, the frequency of which was 88.2% in Sojots, 75.9% in Khakassians, 67.4% in Altaians, and 64.3% in Shorians. Maximum frequency of the Caucasoid component (35.7%) was observed in Shorians. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses of the mtDNA group frequency distribution patterns in the gene pools of the ethnic populations of Altai-Sayan highlands and the adjacent territories showed that the populations of the region fell into three groups. The first group included Khakassians, Tuvinians and Altaians, the second group consisted of Sojots, Buryats, and Mongols, while the third group was composed of Uigurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyzes. The isolated position of Shorians among the populations examined can be explained by their different anthropological composition and their presumptive relatedness to Finno-Ugric populations of Siberia.     

The Structure of the Gene Pools of the Ethnic Populations of Altai–Sayan Region Based on of Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism Data

Using the data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism, genetic structures of the four Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of Altai–Sayan highlands, Southern Altaians (Altai- Kizhi), Khakassians, Shorians, and Sojots, were described. Mitochondrial gene pools of the populations examined were characterized by different ratios between Mongoloid (M*, C, D, E, G, A, B, and F) and Caucasoid (H, U, T, J, and K) mtDNA lineages. All the populations studied had a strongly pronounced Mongoloid component, the frequency of which was 88.2% in Sojots, 75.9% in Khakassians, 67.4% in Altaians, and 64.3% in Shorians. Maximum frequency of the Caucasoid component (35.7%) was observed in Shorians. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses of the mtDNA group frequency distribution patterns in the gene pools of the ethnic populations of Altai–Sayan highlands and the adjacent territories showed that the populations of the region fell into three groups. The first group included Khakassians, Tuvinians and Altaians, the second group consisted of Sojots, Buryats, and Mongols, while the third group was composed of Uigurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyzes. The isolated position of Shorians among the populations examined can be explained by their different anthropological composition and their presumptive relatedness to Finno-Ugric populations of Siberia.     

新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族人群HLA-DQA1、-DQB1两基因座多态性的研究及与25个种族或民族的比较分析

应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ基因分型技术,首次对我国新疆地区维吾尔族和哈萨克族２个少数民族群体的ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１、－ＤＱＢ１两个基因座的多态性进行了研究。结果显示,在ＤＱＡ１８个等位基因中,维族和哈族均表现为ＤＱＡ１＊０３０１最常见。最少见的ＤＱＡ１等位基因,在维族中为ＤＱＡ１＊０４０１和＊０６０１,而在哈族中为ＤＱＡ１＊０６０１;在ＤＱＢ１１６个等位基因中,ＤＱＢ１＊０２０１和＊０３０１在维族和哈族中均表现为最常见。在维族中未观察到ＤＱＢ１＊０５０２、＊０５０３２和＊０５０４,在哈族中未观察到ＤＱＢ１＊０５０３２、＊０５０４和＊０６０５等位基因。统计分析表明,维族和哈族ＤＱＡ１、ＤＱＢ１各等位基因的分布无显著性差异,说明维、哈族间具有较密切的亲缘关系。在以２７个种族或民族的ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１、－ＤＱＢ１两基因座基因频率构建的分子系统树上,维族和哈族独立于其他群体而聚类,独处一支。维族和哈族接近蒙古人种,而离高加索人种较远。     

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in yakut population

To study the mitochondrial gene pool structure in Yakuts, polymorphism of mtDNA hypervariable segment I (16,024-16,390) was analyzed in 191 people sampled from the indigenous population of the Sakha Republic. In total, 67 haplotypes of 14 haplogroups were detected. Most (91.6%) haplotypes belonged to haplogroups A, B, C, D, F, G, M*, and Y, which are specific for East Eurasian ethnic groups; 8.4% haplotypes represented Caucasian haplogroups H, HV1, J, T, U, and W. A high frequency of mtDNA types belonging to Asian supercluster M was peculiar for Yakuts: mtDNA types belonging to haplogroup C, D, or G and undifferentiated mtDNA types of haplogroup M (M*) accounted for 81% of all haplotypes. The highest diversity was observed for haplogroups C and D, which comprised respectively 22 (44%) and 18 (30%) haplotypes. Yakuts showed the lowest genetic diversity (H = 0.964) among all Turkic ethnic groups. Phylogenetic analysis testified to a common genetic substrate of Yakuts, Mongols, and Central Asian (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uigur) populations. Yakuts proved to share 21 (55.5%) mtDNA haplogroups with the Central Asian ethnic groups and Mongols. Comparisons with modern paleo-Asian populations (Chukcha, Itelmen, Koryaks) revealed three (8.9%) haplotypes common for Yakuts and Koryaks. The results of mtDNA analysis disagree with the hypothesis of an appreciable paleo-Asian contribution to the modern Yakut gene pool.     

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in Yakuts

To study the mitochondrial gene pool structure in Yakuts, polymorphism of mtDNA hypervariable segment I (16,024–16,390) was analyzed in 191 people sampled from the indigenous population of the Sakha Republic. In total, 67 haplotypes of 14 haplogroups were detected. Most (91.6%) haplotypes belonged to haplogroups A, B, C, D, F, G, M*, and Y, which are specific for East Eurasian ethnic groups; 8.4% haplotypes represented Caucasian haplogroups H, HV1, J, T, U, and W. A high frequency of mtDNA types belonging to Asian supercluster M was peculiar for Yakuts: mtDNA types belonging to haplogroup C, D, or G and undifferentiated mtDNA types of haplogroup M (M*) accounted for 81% of all haplotypes. The highest diversity was observed for haplogroups C and D, which comprised respectively 22 (44%) and 18 (30%) haplotypes. Yakuts showed the lowest genetic diversity (H = 0.964) among all Turkic ethnic groups. Phylogenetic analysis testified to common genetic substrate of Yakuts, Mongols, and Central Asian (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uighur) populations. Yakuts proved to share 21 (55.5%) mtDNA haplotypes with the Central Asian ethnic groups and Mongols. Comparisons with modern Paleoasian populations (Chukcha, Itelmen, Koryaks) revealed three (8.9%) haplotypes common for Yakuts and Koryaks. The results of mtDNA analysis disagree with the hypothesis of an appreciable Paleoasian contribution to the modern Yakut gene pool.     

Restriction polymorphism of the major noncoding region of mtDNA in the indigenous population of the TUVA republic]

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was examined in three rural populations of the indigenous inhabitants from the Tuva Republic. The frequencies of restriction sites within the D-loop region of mtDNA were determined. The three populations studied demonstrated similar patterns of mtDNA polymorphism. Like other Siberian populations, Tuvinians were characterized by high frequencies of the HaeIII 16517 and AspS9I (Cfr13I) 16516 restriction sites (about 75%). Moreover, in Tuvinians, a relatively low (71 to 81%) frequency of the KpnI 16129 restriction site was observed. The frequency of the mitotype differing from the Cambridge sequence by the HaeIII 16517 and KpnI 16129 sites in Tuvinians was higher than in Mongols and Russians. The features of mtDNA polymorphism point to the similarity between Tuvinians and other Siberian ethnic groups (Sel'kups in particular). This can be explained by the contribution of the Samoyed component, along with the Turkic and Mongoloid ones, to the formation of the Tuvinian ethnic group.     

Genetic structure of people from the Volga-Ural region and Central Asia from data of Alu-polymorphism

Nine Alu loci (Ya5NBC5, Ya5NBC27, Ya5NBC148, Ya5NBC182, YA5NBC361, ACE, ApoA1, PV92, TPA25) were analyzed in six ethnic populations (Trans-Ural Bashkirs, Tatars-Mishars, Mordovians-Moksha, Mountain Maris, Udmurts, and Komi-Permyaks) of the Volga-Ural region and in three Central Asian populations (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Uigurs). All Alu insertions analyzed appeared to be polymorphic in all populations examined. The frequency of insertion varied from 0.110 in Mountain Maris at the Ya5NBC5 locus to 0.914 in Tatars at the ApoA1 locus. The data on the allele frequency distribution at nine loci point to the existence of substantial genetic diversity in the populations examined. The value of the observed heterozygosity averaged over nine Alu insertions varied from 0.326 in Mountain Maris to 0.445 in Kazakhs and Uigurs. The level of the interpopulation genetic differences for the Volga-Ural population (Fst = 0.061) was higher than for the populations of Central Asia (Fst = 0.024), Europe (Fst = 0.02), and Southeastern Asia (Fst = 0.018). The populations examined were highly differentiated both in respect of linguistic characteristics and the geographical position. The data obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the marker system used for the assessment of genetic differentiation and the relationships between the ethnic groups.     

蒙古族的体格,体型和半个多世纪来的变化

对内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔盟４０４名（男２０８名,女１９６名）２０－６０岁蒙古族进行了活体观察与测量,总结了蒙古族的体格特征和类型,并与半个多世纪以前蒙古族的体质资料进行了比较。