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1.
中国鸟类特有种及其分布格局   总被引:47,自引:3,他引:44  
在广泛搜集有关分布资料、对我国鸟类特有种的地理分布情况进行系统整理并建立数据库的基础上,运用GIS(地理信息系统)技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国鸟类特有种的多样性及其分布格局。我们分析了我国现有鸟类特有种计100种,隶属于53属、16科、7目,约占我国现有鸟类总种数的8%。我国镳在特有种在水平分布上具有不均匀的特点,有3个分布中心,即:横断山中心、川北、秦岭及陇南山地中心和台湾岛屿中心。在垂直分布上则主要分布于从1800m到3400m的中、高海拔地区。  相似文献   

2.
袁秀  马克明  王德 《生态学报》2011,31(7):1955-1961
物种分布与多度间的正相关格局非常普遍,但该格局的生态机制却一直不太明确。研究者提出了很多假说来解释这种分布-多度关系,其中物种的生态幅和生态位(资源可利用性)机制的研究较多。为了验证物种的生态幅和生态位是否能解释物种的多度-分布格局,本文研究了黄河三角洲地区湿地植物分布、多度、生态位和生态幅间的关系,结果表明:该区物种分布与多度呈显著正相关,且均与生态幅显著正相关,物种分布与生态位显著负相关,但物种多度与生态位相关性不显著。这说明物种的分布越广,其多度越高,环境容忍度越大;而可利用资源更多的物种分布更广,环境容忍度越大的物种多度越多,资源可利用性对该区物种多度影响不大。本研究说明物种生态幅能解释物种分布-多度正相关格局,而生态位假说不能很好的解释这一格局;应该还有其他因素一起解释这一物种分布-多度正相关格局。  相似文献   

3.
经过7年5次野外系统调查并综合有关文献,贡嘎山东坡分布有鸟类336种,其中,留鸟204种(60.7%),夏候鸟89种(26.5%),冬候鸟18种(5.4%),旅鸟25种(7.4%);东洋界物种205种(61.0%),古北界物种105种(31.3%),广布种26种(7.7%);雀形目Passeriformes鸟类245种(72.9%);繁殖鸟类293种(87.2%)。本地区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类29种;横断山-喜马拉雅地区特有鸟类53种;CITES附录Ⅰ鸟类3种,附录Ⅱ鸟类25种;世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危鸟类1种,易危鸟类2种。研究发现,东洋界物种的海拔分布下限平均、上限平均、中点平均和海拔跨度平均都低于古北界物种,但仅海拔分布中点平均和上限平均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),体现了东洋界和古北界物种对高海拔环境适应能力的不同可能与其不同的生物地理演化历史有关;东洋界占优势的特有种(51/53)海拔分布下限平均、中点平均和上限平均显著高于非特有物种,体现出东洋界特有种对高山环境的适应也许与其特有化过程有关。贡嘎山东坡鸟类丰富度在中海拔1 800~2 800 m的落叶阔叶混交林和针阔叶混交林中最高,在高海拔和低海拔物种丰富度较低,物种丰富度呈中峰模式,鸟类生态群落随植物群落结构变化而呈现一定的垂直生态替代规律。  相似文献   

4.
物种多样性沿海拔梯度的垂直分布格局在生物多样性研究与保护中受到广泛关注,中峰格局是物种多样性垂直分布四类格局中最为普遍的格局。中喜马拉雅沟谷的研究表明,小型兽类的垂直分布格局符合中峰模型。中喜马拉雅和东喜马拉雅具有相似的自然地理和气候条件,由此,推断东喜马拉雅沟谷的小型兽类垂直分布格局可能也符合中峰格局。为此,在东喜马拉雅勒布沟对非飞行小型兽类开展实地调查,选取研究海拔范围为2 300~5 000 m,沿海拔梯度连续设置9个300 m海拔段45个样方采集点,累计布夹16 200次,共采集标本372号,分属 3目5科10种。研究结果显示:该沟谷非飞行小型兽类物种丰富度在2 600~2 900 m海拔段出现峰值,随后随着海拔的升高递减,即从最低海拔到中海拔段上升至峰值后开始递减至趋于平缓,即显示出中峰格局特点。喜马拉雅山脉东西走向导致其南翼各沟谷拥有相似的地理和气候特征,如各沟谷都南北走向,受印度洋暖流气候影响,拥有相似的植被垂直带分布等,这使得非飞行小型兽类物种多样性垂直分布呈现出相似的特点,推论:在大尺度背景下,地理和气候条件可能是影响物种多样性垂直分布格局的关键因素。  相似文献   

5.
基于鸟类特有种亚种分化的保护优先性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
我们以中国鸟类特有种为代表,基于鸟类物种分化程度来探讨多样性保护优先区。本文参照105种中国特有鸟种的分化等级来制作物种地理分布图。依据生物种的概念,给单型种赋值“1”,对具有n各亚种分化的物种赋值“n”。利用GIS叠加与制图功能对物种的分布做图以反映不同区域的物种分化等级。结果发现分布中心赋值很高并以同心圆形式向周边递减,反映了物种在中国西南部横断山区至秦岭高度分化的地理格局,并由此向外递减。作为全球25个生物多样性热点之一的横断山区,可能不仅是物种种级而且是种下级多样性的热点。因此,该地区的多样性保护优先性,不仅要考虑目前物种多样性分布的格局而且要考虑其未来发展  相似文献   

6.
高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化   总被引:27,自引:4,他引:23  
物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局成为生物多样性研究的热点。为探讨中尺度区域物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布,本文以高黎贡山为研究对象,利用该地区的地方植物志资料,结合通过GIS生成的区域数字高程模型(DEM)数据,分析了该区域全部种子植物和乔木、灌木、草本三种生活型种子植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局以及物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)全部种子植物和不同生活型植物物种丰富度随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最大值出现在海拔1500—2000m的范围;(2)物种密度与海拔也呈现单峰曲线关系;(3)物种丰富度和物种密度分布格局的形成主要受海拔所反映的水、热状况组合以及物种分布的边界影响。  相似文献   

7.
为了解贡嘎山东坡鸟类群落垂直多样性格局在繁殖季与非繁殖季的变化,本研究分别在繁殖季(2012年3至6月、2016年3至5月及2017和2018年两年的3至6月)、非繁殖季(2012年9和10月、2017及2018年两年的11和12月)用样线法对贡嘎山东坡海拔1 200 ~ 4 400 m区域开展了鸟类多样性调查。结果表明,繁殖季与非繁殖季的鸟类α多样性指数具有明显差异,季节变化对鸟类α多样性垂直分布格局有重要影响,且夏候鸟的迁徙、气温和植物花果期的季节性变化可能是影响鸟类α多样性分布格局的重要因子。尽管贡嘎山的山地季节性气候明显,但繁殖季和非繁殖季鸟类β多样性的垂直格局比较稳定,并与植被群落的垂直多样性格局有极显著正相关性,表明植被群落多样性是影响贡嘎山东坡鸟类β多样性的重要因子。繁殖季鸟类多样性热点在中海拔,而非繁殖季鸟类多样性热点则出现在中低和中高海拔。因此,山区不同季节的鸟类多样性变化与全海拔段的栖息地保护状况需要在今后的多样性研究和保护管理中引起重视。  相似文献   

8.
2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林阔叶林针阔混交林灌丛及灌草丛高山灌丛草甸水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2 600~3 000 m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。  相似文献   

9.
在小尺度范围内,地形差异导致的环境异质性是物种格局形成和演变的环境基础.在2009年7-8月野外调查的基础上,借助GIS和S-PLUS软件,利用广义相加模型(GAM)定量分析了黑河上游祁连山北坡天然草地亚洲小车蝗多度与海拔、坡向、坡度和剖面曲率等地形因子之间的关系.结果表明:亚洲小车蝗具有较好的模型结构和模拟效果,能够较好地反映亚洲小车蝗的多度分布状况;各地形因子对亚洲小车蝗多度分布的影响不尽相同,其中海拔和剖面曲率起主导控制作用;在海拔梯度上,亚洲小车蝗多度随海拔的升高大体呈现倒“V”型变化趋势,在2380 ~ 2560 m,多度与海拔呈正相关,海拔升至2560 m以上时多度开始降低,与海拔呈负相关;亚洲小车蝗多度主要集中分布在剖面曲率<0的区域,在剖面曲率<-1.6的区域,多度与剖面曲率呈正相关,在剖面曲率>-1.6的区域,二者呈负相关.亚洲小车蝗多度与地形因子之间的相互关系及分布状态,反映了地形因子对水热条件的重分配,使亚洲小车蝗空间分布格局出现异质化.  相似文献   

10.
云南横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的垂直分布格局   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
为探讨横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系垂直分布格局的基本规律以及影响它们分布的主要生态因子,本文以云南西部横断山区18个山峰为主体,对海拔高度在1000–5000m之间已知分布的9科43属142种(亚种)蚤类的垂直分布资料进行综合整理和统计分析。结果显示:(1)蚤类的属丰富度、物种丰富度、特有种丰富度和特有度以及不同区系成分物种丰富度的垂直分布都呈现随海拔先增高后降低的单峰分布格局,最大峰值出现在中山海拔2500–3800m之间;(2)东洋和古北两区系成分物种构成比的垂直分布格局截然不同,前者随着海拔梯度的升高基本递减,后者则随着海拔的升高递增,垂直分布格局反映了它们沿纬度梯度分布的一般规律;(3)聚类分析将横断山9个不同海拔带的蚤类归为6个生态类型,反映出海拔高度、气候环境和森林植被等重要因素对蚤类分布的影响以及蚤类群落的组成、分布沿海拔梯度变化的一般规律,表达了蚤类分布与环境条件的统一性;(4)β多样性沿海拔梯度呈现为双峰形分布格局,两高峰值都反映出蚤类的组成和分布在不同气候环境和植被带之间的过渡与转变,说明β多样性垂直分布格局与海拔梯度上的气候和生境的变化程度有关。研究认为,中山地段物种丰富度高峰的形成主要是由于两大动、植物区系过渡区的边缘效应和山地水湿条件的影响。影响该区域蚤类垂直分布格局的综合因素有山体海拔高度、动植物区系过渡区的边缘效应、山地雨量分配特征、气候环境条件以及人们的生产活动等。  相似文献   

11.
Aim To show that the frequently reported positive trend in the abundance–range‐size relationship does not hold true within a montane bird community of Afrotropical highlands; to test possible explanations of the extraordinary shape of this relationship; and to discuss the influence of island effects on patterns of bird abundance in the Cameroon Mountains. Location Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon, Western Africa. Methods We censused birds during the breeding season in November and December 2003 using a point‐count method and mapped habitat structure at these census points. Local habitat requirements of each species detected by point counts were quantified using canonical correspondence analysis, and the size of geographical ranges of species was measured from their distribution maps for sub‐Saharan Africa. We tested differences in abundance, niche breadth and niche position between three species groups: endemic bird species of the Cameroon Mountains, non‐endemic Afromontane species, and widespread species. Results We detected neither a positive nor negative abundance–range‐size relationship in the bird community studied. This pattern was caused by the similar abundance of widespread, endemic and non‐endemic montane bird species. Moreover, endemic and non‐endemic montane species had broader local niches than widespread species. The widespread species also used more atypical habitats, as indicated by the slightly larger values of their niche positions. Main conclusions The relationship detected between abundance and range size does not correspond with that inferred from contemporary macroecological theory. We suggest that island effects are responsible for the observed pattern. Relatively high abundances of montane species are probably caused by their adaptation to local environmental conditions, which was enabled by climatic stability and the isolation of montane forest in the Cameroon Mountains. Such a unique environment provides a less suitable habitat for widespread species. Montane species, which are abundant at present, may also have had large ranges in glacial periods, but their post‐glacial distribution may have become restricted after the retreat of the montane forest. On the basis of comparison of our results with studies describing the abundance structure of bird communities in other montane areas in the Afrotropics, we suggest that the detected patterns may be universal throughout Afromontane forests.  相似文献   

12.
A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the widely observed positive interspecific relationship between local abundance and extent of geographic distribution in animals Here, we use data on British birds to assess two of these hypotheses that the relationship results from the relative position of a study area with respect to the geographic ranges of the species which occur there, and that the relationship results from a simple difference between taxonomic groups, rather than any general tendency for more abundant species to have larger range sizes We find support for neither hypothesis Phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses reveal that the positive abundance-range size relationship is consistently found within taxa, even when abundance and range size are calculated at a variety of spatial and temporal scales Analyses both across species and within taxa show that bird species for which Britain is near to the centre of their distribution in Europe tend to have larger British range sizes and higher abundances than do species where Britain is close to the edge of their range in Europe However, these relationships do not cause that between abundance and range size, because this latter relationship persists within different range position categories Whether a species is near the centre or edge of its geographic range in Britain may affect its position on the abundance-range size relationship, but does not produce the relationship Range position in Britain does, however, seem to be related to the magnitude of temporal changes in the range sizes of British birds There is some evidence to suggest that species for which Britain is nearer to their European range centre have shown smaller changes in distribution over the period 1970–1990 than have species for which Britain is close to their European range edge  相似文献   

13.
We describe the elevational patterns of species richness and endemism of some important taxa in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. Species richness data came from publications, an online database, herbaria and field work. Species richness was estimated by rarefaction and interpolation. The Hengduan Mountains region was divided into a southern and northern subregion, and all species were assigned to four groups based on their distributional range within this region. The conditional autoregressive model (CAR) was used to relate species richness and explanatory variables. The elevational patterns of total, endemic and non-endemic species richness, at subregion and entire region scales, presented to be unimodal and peaked at similar elevations. Area size was strongly related with species richness, and was more powerful in explaining variation in species richness in the northern subregion than in the southern subregion. A single climatic variable (mean annual rainfall, potential evapotranspiration or moisture index) showed a weak relationship with the elevational pattern of species richness. Area and climatic variables together explained more than 67% of the variation in non-endemic richness, 53% in total richness, and 50% in endemic richness. There were three patterns of endemism at the generic level with increasing elevation: namely endemism increased, decreased, or peaked at middle elevations. All selected taxa have experienced rapid speciation and evolution within this region, which plays an important role in the uniform elevational patterns of total, endemic and non-endemic richness, and in the multiform elevational patterns of endemism. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

14.
Elevational patterns of species richness, local abundance and assemblage structure of rainforest birds of north‐eastern Australia were explored using data from extensive standardized surveys throughout the region. Eighty‐two species of birds were recorded with strong turnover in assemblage structure across the elevational gradient and high levels of regional endemism in the uplands. Both species richness and bird abundance exhibited a humped‐shaped pattern with elevation with the highest values being between 600 and 800 m elevation. While much of the variability in species richness could be explained by the species–area relationship, analyses of net primary productivity (NPP) and total daily energy consumption of the bird community (energy use) suggest that ecosystem energy flow or constraints may be a significant determinant of species richness. Species richness is positively correlated with local bird abundance which itself is closely related to total energy use of the bird community. We suggest the hypothesis that lower NPP limits bird abundance and energy use in the uplands (>500 m) and that low bird energy use and species richness in the lowlands is limited by a seasonal bottleneck in available primary productivity and/or a species pool previously truncated by an extinction filter imposed by the almost complete disappearance of rainforest in the lowlands during the glacial maxima. We suggest that some of the previously predicted impacts of global warming on biodiversity in the uplands may be partially ameliorated by increases in NPP because of increasing temperatures. However, these relationships are complex and require further data specifically in regard to direct estimates of primary productivity and detailed estimates of energy flow within the assemblage.  相似文献   

15.
We studied frog biodiversity along an elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Endemic and non-endemic elevational diversity patterns were examined individually. Competing hypotheses were also tested for these patterns. Species richness of total frogs, endemics and non-endemics peaked at mid-elevations. The peak in endemic species richness was at higher elevations than the maxima of total species richness. Endemic species richness followed the mid-domain model predictions, and showed a nonlinear relationship with temperature. Water and energy were the most important variables in explaining elevational patterns of non-endemic species richness. A suite of interacting climatic and geometric factors best explained total species richness patterns along the elevational gradient. We suggest that the mid-domain effect was an important factor to explain elevational richness patterns, especially in regions with high endemism.  相似文献   

16.
Aim To examine the species richness of breeding birds along a local elevational gradient and to test the following assumptions of the energy limitation hypothesis: (1) the energy flux through birds is positively correlated with above‐ground net primary productivity, (2) bird density is positively correlated with total energy flux, and (3) bird species richness is positively correlated with bird density. Location An elevational gradient from 1400 to 3700 m on Mt. Yushan, the highest mountain in Taiwan (23°28′30″ N, 120°54′00″ E), with a peak of 3952 m a.s.l. Methods We established 50 sampling stations along the elevational gradient. From March to July 1992, we estimated the density of each bird species using the variable circular‐plot method. Above‐ground net primary productivity was modelled using monthly averages from weather data for the years 1961–90. Results Bird species richness had a hump‐shaped relationship with elevation and with net primary productivity. Bird energy flux was positively correlated with net primary productivity and bird species richness was positively correlated with bird density. The relationship between bird density and energy flux was hump‐shaped, which does not support one assumption of the energy limitation hypothesis. Main conclusions The results supported two essential assumptions of the energy limitation hypothesis. However, when energy availability exceeded a certain level, it could decrease species richness by increasing individual energy consumption, which reduced bird density. Thus, energy availability is a primary factor influencing bird species richness at this scale, but other factors, such as body size, could also play important roles.  相似文献   

17.
《新西兰生态学杂志》2011,20(2):127-145
The relationship between fleshy-fruited indigenous species and adventive weeds in the diet of 500 mist-netted birds was studied in forest remnants of differing size and degree of modification. Fruit abundance Peaked in March and April, and most fruit was either red/orange or purple/black. The physical parameters of adventive and indigenous fruits were not significantly different. Six of the 15 passerine species netted are frugivores, and of those netted 77% had eaten fruit. They were divisible into three groups: endemic (bellbirds, Anthornis melanura; tuis, Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), non-endemic but indigenous (silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis), and adventive (blackbirds, Turdus merula; song thrushes, T. philomelos; starlings, Sturnus vulgaris). Bird diets varied between the groups and according to fruit availability as determined by sires and seasons. Endemic birds ate the least adventive fruit; bellbirds ate mainly Podocarpus hallii and Coprosma robusta fruits at all sites. Tuis had a varied diet, including some adventive fruits. Silvereyes ate the widest range of indigenous and adventive fruits. Blackbirds and, to a smaller extent, song thrushes ate many of the same indigenous fruits as the other bird groups, but their diet included more adventive fruits, e.g., Berberis glaucocarpa. Starlings were caught only when they fed on Sambucus nigra, but they also ate a few indigenous fruits. There was little seasonal variation in bird numbers caught. Adventive species extended the seasonal availability of fruits into winter, particularly in the forest remnant closest to a town, which had the highest proportion of adventive fruits. Several weed species distributed mainly by non-endemic and adventive birds are forming new secondary vegetation. Some have large fruit crops which generally offer little food for endemic birds. Where fruiting weeds pre-empt sites that may have been occupied by native species, they create an inferior habitat for endemic birds. However, the non-endemic and adventive birds also disperse indigenous fruits into early successional vegetation, and the importance of their seed rain for conservation of biodiversity will therefore depend on the site.  相似文献   

18.
Feather mites (Arachnida: Acari: Astigmata) feed mainly on secretions of the uropygial gland of birds. Here, we use analyses corrected for phylogeny and body size to show that there is a positive correlation between the size of this gland and mite abundance in passerine birds at an interspecific level during the breeding season, suggesting that the gland mediates interactions between mites and birds. As predicted on the basis of hypothesized waterproofing and antibiotic functions of uropygial gland secretions, riparian/marsh bird species had larger glands and higher mite loads than birds living in less mesic terrestrial environments. An unexpected pattern was a steeper relationship between mite load and gland size in migratory birds than in residents. If moderate mite loads are beneficial to a host but high loads detrimental, this could create complex selection regimes in which gland size influences mite load and vice versa. Mites may exert selective pressures on gland size of their hosts that has resulted in smaller glands among migratory bird species, suggesting that smaller glands may have evolved in these birds to attenuate a possible detrimental effect of feather mites when present in large numbers.  相似文献   

19.
Both breeding and wintering assemblages of birds in Britain exhibit positive interspecific relationships between population size and geographic range size, such that the average density of species is greater if they are more widely distributed Species in common to both assemblages, that is resident species, had greater population sizes, geographic range sizes, and densities in winter In contrast, whilst winter migrants had higher abundances than summer migrants, the range sizes of the former were disproportionately larger still, resulting in a lower density for species that only winter in Britain than for those that only breed Such differences aside, the overall form of the abundance-range size relationship is remarkably similar between the two assemblages and their constituent subsets of species  相似文献   

20.
为了了解鸟类组成和海拔分布状况,利用样线法和固定调查点法于2007~2015年对广西大明山的鸟类进行了研究。在大明山共记录鸟类337种,隶属于17目56科。繁殖鸟类(包括留鸟和夏候鸟)共计234种,占大明山鸟类种数的69.4%,具有明显优势,构成了大明山鸟类区系组成的主体。大明山具有典型的华南区向华中区过渡的鸟类区系特征,67.1%的繁殖鸟类属于东洋型的种类。随着海拔的增加,东洋型的种类逐渐减少。依据海拔梯度和植被的不同,可以将大明山鸟类分成6个类群,鸟类总种数和繁殖鸟类种数均以海拔500~900 m的范围内最多,海拔200~500 m范围内鸟类次之。由于大明山地处热带南缘,本研究将为今后监测气候变暖对鸟类的影响提供依据。  相似文献   

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