濒危植物三棱栎四个居群的核型

报道了濒危植物三棱栎 4个居群的染色体数目和核型 ,4个居群的核型公式均为 2n =14 =10m 2sm 2st 2bs,核型类型均为 2A。间期核为复杂染色中心型 (complexchromocentertype) ,细胞有丝分裂前期染色体为中间型 (interstitialtype)。 4个居群在前期染色体中 ,可观察到2个B染色体 ,但在中期染色体中较少发现。根据核型分析结果 ,4个居群间核型变异不明显     

唐古特大黄五个居群的核型

报道了唐古特大黄(Rheum tanguticum)5个居群的染色体数目和核型,结果如下:大武、柯曲、达卡三个居群均为2n=2x=22=2sm 20m;吉卡居群为2n=2x=22=20m 2M;松潘居群为2n=2x=22=2sm 18m 2M。大武,柯曲和吉卡居群核型类型属于1A型,达卡和松潘居群属于2A型。Q型聚类分析结果表明,5个居群在核型上存在一定分化,这可能是由不同的生境造成的。     

青藏高原二种车前属植物的核型和C-值报道

对青藏高原平车前(Plantago depressa)18个居群和大车前(Plantago major)2个居群的染色体数目、核型和C-值进行了研究。结果表明:西藏亚东县和林芝县的平车前居群染色体数目为2n=4x=24;其它平车前和大车前居群的染色体数目均为2n=2x=12;染色体基数均为x=6;核型类型均为1A型,核型组成和前人的研究结果不尽相同。平车前的2C-值为首次报道,随着倍性水平的增加1Cx-值降低。大车前的2C-值和前人的研究结果存在着差异。平车前和大车前不同居群的2C-值发生了变异。流式细胞仪不能用来估测车前属植物的倍性水平。     

华南地区3种兔儿风属植物(菊科-帚菊木族)的细胞学研究

首次报道了华南地区兔儿风属(Ainsliaea DC.)(菊科-帚菊木族Asteraceae-Pertyeae)3种植物共4个居群的染色体数目和核型。其中长穗兔儿风(A.henryi Diels)的染色体数目为2n=24,核型公式为2n=16m+8sm;三脉兔儿风(A.trinervis Y.C.Tseng)的染色体数目为2n=26,核型公式为2n=16m+10sm;莲沱兔儿风(A.ramosa Hemsl.)2个居群的染色体数目均为2n=26,核型公式为2n=26=22m+4sm。所有居群的染色体由大到小逐渐变化,核型没有明显的二型性。这些结果表明兔儿风属植物确有x=12和x=13两个基数,其中x=13可能是该属的原始基数。     

部分中国野生百合的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对野生百合6个种、20个居群的染色体进行了核型分析,结果显示:(1)中国野生百合20个居群中有1个居群的染色体数为2n=22,其他19个居群的染色体数均为2n=24。(2)20个居群中有4个居群含有B染色体,有12个居群含有数目不等的随体。(3)核型类型中有17个为"3B"型,2个为"3A"型,1个为"4B"型。(4)20个居群的核型不对称系数在77.16%～83.83%之间,最长染色体/最短染色体臂比值介于1.85～3.07之间;同一个种下面的不同变种或居群的核型变异也较大。研究表明,中国野生百合不同种或居群的遗传多样表现在染色体数量、是否含有B染色体、不同类型染色体数量以及它们在核型中的排序位置、随体的位置等方面的差异。     

伞形科3个种5个居群的核型分析

对伞形科前胡属(PeucedanumL.)2个种以及羌活属(NotopterygiumH.Boiss.)1个种3个居群的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。研究表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式可分别表示为长前胡:2n=2x=22=22 m(1 SAT),属1A型;松潘前胡:2n=2x=22=20 m 2 sm,属2A型;宽叶羌活的3个居群分别是:马边大风顶居群1为2n=2x=22=6 m 12 sm 4 st,属2A型;马边大风顶居群2为2n=2x=22=12 m 4 sm 6 st,属2B型;屏山老君山居群为2n=2x=22=4 m 14 sm 4 st,属2A型。其中长前胡和松潘前胡的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

黄山和九华山产草芍药的核型

本文报道了安徽黄山和九华山产草芍药Paeonia obovata Maxim．的校型,两个居群植物的核型均为k(2n)=2x=10=6m+2sm+2st, 未见随体。它们的最长和最短染色体的比值均为1．47;臂比大于2的染色体的百分比均为0.2,属Stebbins的2A核型。这说明草芍药种内不同居群植物的染色体数目和核型都是极其稳定的,而且和芍药属Paeonia内已报道的其它种的染色体数目一致。     

不同居群山丹的核型分析

采用常规压片法对25个居群的山丹(Lilium pumilum DC.)进行了核型分析研究。结果表明:25个山丹居群间的核型存在一定的多样性。各居群山丹均为二倍体种,染色体基数为x=12,根尖细胞中的染色体数目为2n=2x=24。山丹染色体类型有st、sm、t、m、T。最长与最短染色体的比值在1.73~5.90之间,多数在2~4之间;不对称系数介于75.60%~89.60%之间;核型有3A、4A、3B、4B、3C、4C 6种类型,其中以3B类型最多,占60%。     

中国喜马拉雅地区特有植物黄花木属的细胞学研究

对中国喜马拉雅特有类群黄花木属（Piptanthus）的黄花木（P.rvepalensis）和绒叶黄花木（P．to-mentosus）的5个居群进行了核形态学研究。黄花木属染色体基数z=9,染色体数目2n=18,均为二倍体;该属种间核型存在显著差异,即黄花木居群属于1A型,绒叶黄花木属于2A型;另外,黄花木种内居群间核型公式也表现出一定的差异。该研究结果从细胞学印证和支持了前人系统学和生物地理学的推论,即绒叶黄花木（2A核型）是由黄花木或祖先（1A核型）在喜马拉雅隆升过程中由西向东扩张分化形成的。     

黄牡丹七个居群的细胞学研究

本文对产于云南中部至西北部的黄牡丹Paeonia delavoyivar. lutea 7个居群进行了细胞学研究。7个居群的染色体数目均为2n=10,核型都属“2A”型。在7个居群中,第二、第三和第五对染色体相对稳定,而第一和第四对染色体存在着变异。第四对染色体的变异较大,存在着结构上的杂合性,其杂合性不仅表现在其长度上,而且表现在臂比值上。这种结构上的杂合性可能与其形态变异有着相关性。在居群之间,随体和次缢痕的数目及位置也有着差异。     

国产黄连属植物的染色体核型分析

中国黄连属6种1变种分属叶掌状三全裂和叶掌状五全裂2个类群,前者包括三角叶黄连、峨眉黄连、云南黄连、黄连和其变种短萼黄连;而分布于滇东南的五裂黄连和产于台湾的五叶黄连则归于后者。采用根尖压片法和卡宝品红染色法,对除五叶黄连外的中国黄连属5种1变种,以及日本黄连进行染色体核型比较分析,从细胞学角度为探讨中国黄连属植物的系统分类提供新的线索和证据。结果表明:(1)五裂黄连(2n=2x=18=2M+16m)、短萼黄连(2n=2x=18=8m+10sm)和日本黄连(2n=2x=18=12m+6sm)的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。(2)7个材料的染色体基数均为9,除三角叶黄连为三倍体外,其余均为二倍体。(3)叶为掌状三全裂的二倍体种核型一致,为2A型,染色体类型以及不对称系数均很相似;叶为掌状五全裂的五裂黄连与五叶黄连的核型更接近,为1A型,核型特征的共性表明了这2个类群的自然属性。(4)三倍体三角叶黄连的不对称程度较高,核型为3A型,其染色体大小与峨眉黄连最接近。(5)根据核型不对称程度和染色体大小,结合地理分布,推测叶掌状五全裂种为本属的原始类群。     

Karyomorphology of four species in Ancylostemon,Briggsiopsis and Lysionotus (Gesneriaceae)

Reported in the present paper are chromosome numbers and karyotypes of three genera of the Gesneriaceae, i.e. Ancylostemon Craib. , Briggsiopsis (Franch.) K. Y. Pan and Lysionotus D. Don. The former two genera are endemic to China. The karyotype of Ancylostemon aureus (Franch.) Burtt is formulated as 2n = 34 = 20m(1sat) + 14sm, with the same chromosome number as its allied species A. convexus Craib. This species is characterized by the interphase nucleus of complex chromocenter type and the proximal type of chromosomes in the mitotic prophase. The chromosome number of the monospecific genus Briggsiopsis is 2n = 34, the same as the lowest chromosome number reported in Briggsia. The karyotype of Briggsiopsis, which is formulated as 2n = 25m + 6sm + 3st, also seems to be primitive among the species of the two genera. Briggsiopsis is characterized by the interphase nucleus of simple-complex chromocenter type and the interstitial-gradient type of chromosomes in the mitotic prophase. The chromosome number of Lysionotus carnosus Hemsl. is the lowest reported in this genus. Its karyotype is formulated as 2n= 30 = 21m + 5sm + 3st + lt. Lysionotus serratus var. pterocaulis, with the karyotype being formulated as 2n= 32 = 2lm + 10sm + lt, has the same chromosome number as var. serratus. These two species show a remarkable differentiation of karyotypes and are characterized by the interphase nuclei of simple-complex chromocenter type and the gradient type of chromosomes in the mitotic prophase. _ .     

Genetic variation in the African rodent subfamily Otomyinae (Muridae). II. Chromosomal changes in some populations of Otomys irroratus.

Chromosome-banding studies have been carried out on 31 specimens of Otomys irroratus from six localities. Light-microscope preparations of chromosomes were obtained from cultures of fibroblasts, spleen lymphocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and directly from bone marrow. Karyotypic variability, both numerical and morphological, was detected in three populations. Diploid numbers ranged from 2n = 23 to 2n = 32. Intrapopulation differences were chiefly caused by variation in the number of copies in two pairs of small, biarmed, partly heterochromatic autosomes suggestive of B chromosomes. A major morphological variation in the karyotypes involved the presence of seven pairs of biarmed autosomes with totally heterochromatic short arms in the populations distributed to the west of 26 degrees 57' E. To the east of this longitude, populations of this species exhibited mostly acrocentric autosomes. G-banding patterns of these karyotypes and those of a karyotype from a previous study (Robinson and Elder, 1987) were compared. A chromosome originating from a tandem fusion, possibly leading to partial reproductive isolation, was found in one population. Possible implications of these results for mechanisms of speciation are discussed.     

Cytogeography and chromosomal variation of the endemic East Asian herb Lycoris radiata

Information on the spatial distribution of cytotypes and karyotype variation in plants is critical for studies of the origin and evolution of polyploid complexes. Here, the spatial distribution of cytological races and intraspecific variation in the karyotype of Lycoris radiata, an endemic species to East Asia, is investigated. Conventional karyotype analysis methods were used to determine ploidy level and karyotypical characteristics in 2,420 individuals from 114 populations of L. radiata nearly covering the whole distribution areas in China. Of 114 populations studied, 52 (45.61%), 58 (50.88%), and 4 (3.51%) are diploid, triploid, and mixoploid populations, respectively, with 1,224, 1,195, and 1 individuals being diploid, triploid, and tetraploid, respectively. The triploid possesses a much wider distribution range than the diploid, with the former almost occupying the entire range of this complex species in East Asia and the latter distributing in the middle and east regions of China. Triploids tend to occur at high altitudes, and the relationship between the ploidy and altitude is significantly positive but low (r² = 0.103, p < 0.01). About 98.6% of examined bulbs have a common karyotype consisting of 22 or 33 acrocentric (A) chromosomes. Some aberrant chromosomes which should be generated from A‐type chromosome have been found including metacentrics (m), small metacentrics (m′), and B‐type chromosome. The results can provide a fundamental cytogeographic data for further studies on the evolutionary origins and adaptive divergences of polyploids, especially the triploid, within L. radiata using molecular and/or ecological methods in the future.     

Karyotype variation within some native populations of oriental spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea orientalis</Emphasis>) in Turkey

Karyological studies have been investigated within 8 native Anatolian populations of oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link) in Turkey. The somatic chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 24 has been observed in all accessions. The karyotypes are generally asymmetrical with most of the chromosomes having median to median-submedian centromeres. Inter-population variability of the karyotype was summarized with cluster analysis. We found that the karyotypes have positively correlated with the altitudes of the natural habitats. The high value of karyotype asymmetry may be attributed to both microenvironment and natural regeneration methods used in oriental spruce.     

匍茎百合的细胞地理学分析

匍茎百合(Lilium lankongense)是青藏高原的一个特有百合物种。为了研究其核型特征以及不同居群间的演化关系,该研究采用常规压片法对8个居群的核型进行观察分析。结果表明:(1)8个居群的染色体核型均为3B型,染色体基数为12,核型不对称系数(As.K%)为81.28%~83.53%。(2)结合前人的研究表明,匍茎百合各居群在地理分布上沿着察隅县-茨中村-香格里拉市-木里县一线从西向东迁移、扩散的分布扩张,同时分布于贡山县至香格里拉市一线的居群在地理分布上还存在纬度上的向北和向南迁移、扩散的分布扩张态势。(3)该研究首次发现匍茎百合存在B染色体的情况,其B染色体对适应特殊生境具有重要意义,匍茎百合是一个正处于高度分化过程中的物种。     

A Cytological Study of Six Populations of Disporum cantoniense (Liliaceae)

Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. is widely distributed in the area from the Himalayas to Indonesia, via south China, Indo-China and Taiwan, especially in the various parts of Yunnan Province. In this paper, the karyotype variation of six populations of the apecies from southeastern, middle and northwestern part of Yunnan are studied. The result shows that the chromosome number of all the populations are 2n= 14. The species was reported to have 2n= 16, 30 (Hasegawa 1932, Mehra and Pathamia 1960, Kurosawa 1966, 1971, Tang et al. 1984) and 2n= 14 (Kurosawa 1971, Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a). 2n= 14, 2n= 16 and 2n=32 were observed in the material from Taiwan (Chuang, et al. 1962, Chao, 1963, Hsu, 1971, 1972, Chang, 1974). Based on the cytological study of D. megalanthum Wang et Tang and seven other species in this genus reported by other authors, Hong and Zhu (1990) consider that the basic number of this genus is x= 8, because species with 2n= 16 was more than those with 2n= 14, despite some number variation of chromosomes in this genus. Based on the results of the present paper, we consider that x= 7 might be one of the basic numbers of this genus. In the karyotypes studied here, the relative chromosome lengths and the ratio of the longest/the shortest chromosomes of the six populations are rather approximate. Moreover, all the karyotypes belong to Stebbins’3B type. However, karyotype variation was detected in these populations. The homologues of the 2nd, 3rd and 6th pair of chromosomes are different from each other, the numbers and popsition of satellites are found very different, among the populations except for the Lijiang population, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th pair of all the populations exhibited heterozygosity. Although all the karyotypes belong to Stebbins ‘3B type, the homologues were more regular in the Lijiang population than in the other populations, and the most irregular in the Wenshan population, because it hadfour pairs of heterozygous chromosomes.     

葱属宽叶组植物细胞分类学研究

百合科Liliaceae葱属Allium的宽叶组Sect．Anguinum包括5种3变种。通过对该组的5种1变 种的23个地方居群的研究,得出以下结果。(1)宽叶组植物的染色体基数为8,核型类型一致,为2A 型,染色体类型以及不对称系数都很相似。核型特征的共性表明该组是一个自然的分类群。(2)虽然 总体上组内的核型表现出较大的相似性,但在种间和种内各居群间也存在一定的差异。主要表现为：有 的种内存在染色体的倍性变化;B染色体的有无以及数目和形态,在种内不同居群间存在变化;随体染 色体上衔接随体的有无,在种间及种内都表现出多态性。(3)三倍体卵叶韭Allium ovalifolium高度不 育,靠新产生的地下走茎进行无性繁殖,以此扩大居群。(4)根据善葱A．victorialis分布区广而地史相 对古老的分布格局,推测它为本组的原始类群。它通过地理的(渐进的)物种形成方式,逐步演化形成现 在的各个分类群。(5)根据该组植物的分布格局和演化过程,提出我国横断山区至秦岭一带为本组植物的现代分布中心和分化中心。