不同种源及基质对水青树种子萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响

通过对4个不同种源地的水青树种子进行形态与生理特征的研究,探讨了不同种源、基质及温度对水青树种子萌发和幼苗初期生长的影响,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因。结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子,其千粒重、饱满度及形态学方面存在显著差异。(2)不同种源的种子的萌发率分别为:74.67%(雷波)、41%(马边)、67%(九寨沟)、0%(美姑),对应的发芽势分别为38.33%、10%、27.33%、0(P<0.01);(3)在不同的萌发基质中,腐殖土中的萌发率、萌发势及幼苗的长势均优于生境土和沙土,而沙土中种子的萌发与幼苗的生长最差,因此水青树生境地的土壤不是其自然更新的限制因素;(4)常温下不同基质中,水青树种子的萌发率均高于恒温条件,表明适宜的变温处理有利于种子萌发及幼苗存活;(5)综合分析可知,雷波的水青树种子品质较好,马边的则较差。     

温度和土壤含水量对青冈栎种子萌发的影响

运用直播法,研究应用人工气候箱控制温度和土壤含水量对野生青冈栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在12h光照条件下,青冈栎种子在变温为10℃/15℃时,萌发率很低,仅为(12±12.29)%;变温为30℃/35℃时,萌发率达最大,为(81±13.7)%。土壤含水量为30%～40%时,萌发率为(79±15.9)%;土壤含水量为90%～100%时,萌发率为(56.67±19.36)%。青冈栎种子萌发呈现出迅速萌发和推迟萌发的特点;温度对青冈栎幼苗的苗高、叶长和叶宽影响显著,对幼苗的地径、叶片数量影响不显著。恒温下,不同梯度土壤含水量处理对幼苗的苗高、地径、叶长、宽影响不显著。     

西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种子萌发特征

珍稀濒危灌木长叶红砂是我国西北干旱地区荒漠植被中的古老残遗物种,对维持荒漠植被稳定具有重要作用.本文研究了长叶红砂种子特性,及其在不同光照、温度、土壤水分和沙埋等环境因子中的萌发策略.结果表明:长叶红砂种子具有高活力、高萌发率、耐贮存的特点,在光照和黑暗条件下均能很好地萌发.种子萌发的适宜温度为恒温20 ℃～25 ℃或变温15 ℃/25 ℃,萌发率高达93%.土壤含水量为2%时,种子开始萌发;土壤含水量为12%时,其萌发率最高,达89%.长叶红砂种子适宜的沙埋深度为1 cm,＞5 cm沙埋不出苗.沙埋深度对出苗率和幼苗生长高度的影响显著,而对幼苗质量的影响不显著.水分条件和沙埋深度是制约长叶红砂种子萌发和出苗的主要因素,而种子的高萌发率增加了幼苗生存的风险,不利于其应对荒漠极端环境变化.这种特性是长叶红砂濒危的重要原因之一.     

沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发对土壤含水量的适应性

以中国特有种沙芥[Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.]和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Max-im.)的种子为研究材料,利用自然生境的沙土在室内进行种子萌发人工模拟试验,研究沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的适应性。结果表明:沙芥和斧形沙芥果实适宜萌发的土壤含水量范围均为6%～12%,适宜出苗的土壤含水量范围均为6%～16%。当土壤含水量低于2%时,果实不能萌发;当土壤含水量低于3%时,幼苗不能出土定居;当土壤含水量为6%～12%时,最有利于幼苗的生长。当土壤含水量分别为3%～8%和4%～8%时,沙芥和斧形沙芥植株根冠比最大。因此,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发机制对沙生环境有着极强的适应性;植株将更多的同化物用于根系生长,以吸收更深层次的水分,从而适应含水量低的土壤。     

喀斯特地区珍贵树种黄枝油杉的种子萌发特性

黄枝油杉为中亚热带喀斯特地区珍贵树种,该物种分布范围狭窄,野生种群幼苗数量少,严重限制了其自然更新。为探求该物种濒危的原因,同时为其保护和利用提供参考,该文对黄枝油杉的种实性状进行了测定,并研究了温度、光照、土壤含水量、基质、贮藏温度和时间、不同地理种源等因素对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)黄枝油杉球果平均结种率为7.45%±6.54%,种子有较长种翅[(2.27±0.32)cm],种子平均长度为(1.55±0.15)cm(不含种翅),平均宽度为(0.62±0.05)cm,平均厚度为(0.46±0.04)cm,平均千粒重为(214.81±14.76)g,风干种子平均含水量为15.28%±1.66%。(2)黄枝油杉种子萌发的适宜温度为25 ℃,在20 ℃和30 ℃下萌发率显著降低(P<0.05); 种子萌发不需要光照,但周期性光照条件下的萌发率显著高于持续光照和持续黑暗条件(P<0.05); 种子在土壤含水量为10%～30%条件下均能萌发,且能耐一定程度的干旱; 适宜萌发基质为质地疏松、透气性好的泥炭土和珍珠岩; 种子不耐贮藏,采集后应及时播种; 3个不同地理种源中以桂林恭城县三江乡种群种子萌发率最高。黄枝油杉球果结种率较低,种子萌发对温度要求严格,且种子易失去活力,这可能与其濒危有很大关系。     

珍稀植物连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)的种子萌发特性

连香树（Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.）属第三纪孑遗植物,被列为国家二级保护植物,种群的自然更新困难。在实验室条件下研究了连香树种子萌发的生物学特性,以了解该种自然种群更新困难的原因和机制,为其有效保护提供理论依据。经测定,连香树种子千粒重为（0.5821&#177;0.0166）g,种子重量极轻且产量大。四唑染色法对种子生活力的测定表明有活力种子比率仅为19.8%&#177;1.3%。种子吸胀时吸水量达种子干重的482.13%&#177;8.54%。将种子划分为6种表面形态类型进行萌发实验,发现不同形态种子萌发率显著不同,大小适中的黄褐色饱满种子萌发率最高,可达91.25%&#177;2.36%。仅用饱满种子进行萌发实验,验证主要环境因子对种子萌发过程的影响,结果表明,以滤纸置床时萌发率高且有利于种子萌发整齐;种子表面可能存在促进种子萌发的物质;种子萌发对于湿度的响应最为明显,适宜的萌发湿度是20%～25%;萌发具有广泛的温度和光照适应性,除5℃萌发率降低外,10～30℃之间的萌发率无显著差异,随温度升高,萌发开始时间提前,萌发速率加快,幼苗活力指数增加;过弱光照不利于幼苗生长。种子萌发特性导致连香树种群自然更新困难的原因可能是：（1）虽然占有更多安全位,但小种子在竞争中处劣势;（2）生境片断化减少了种子产量也降低了种子质量;（3）较低温度条件下启动萌发有利于幼苗的物质积累,但增大了种群的风险;（4）林下光照不足使幼苗根茎生长严重失衡;（5）湿度依赖易造成爆发型萌发。     

三峡地区柏木种子萌发和幼苗更新的研究

对三峡地区柏木(Cupressus funebris)林柏木种子的萌发、幼苗存活、幼苗生长进行了研究.结果表明,(1)柏木种子的萌动期约为10 d,播种35-45 d后进入萌发高峰期,柏木种子的平均萌发率为47.7%.土壤基质对种子萌发的影响是极显著的,光照对萌发则没有显著的影响.(2)幼苗平均死亡率为52.6%.土壤类型和光照强度对幼苗的存活都有显著影响,在林下土和80%光照条件下幼苗的存活率最高.(3)柏木幼苗生长初期茎的生长动态呈"S"型,而叶片数量的增长动态近于直线型.幼苗生长初期生物量形成主要受光照条件的影响,土壤类型的影响不显著.土壤和光照条件对柏木林柏木幼苗的更新都有显著影响,但是土壤条件主要影响种子萌发和幼苗的存活,而光照条件则主要对幼苗的生长和存活产生影响.     

沙冬青种子萌发及幼苗生长特性

 沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）是亚洲中部荒漠特有种,由于其分布的环境条件特殊,现存植被天然更新困难,人工育苗、造林存在一定问题。为改善种皮透水性,获得整齐一致的发芽,分别用21.5 (室温)、40、60、80和90 ℃的温水浸种5 min。结果表明：60 ℃温水浸种效果最好,与对照相比,显著地提高了种子发芽势,并有效地降低硬实率。对比分析了15、20、25、30、35和40 ℃环境温度下种子萌发的特性,种子发芽最适温度是30 ℃,而胚根及下胚轴伸长最快的温度为25～30 ℃ 。较低温度下种子发芽延续时间较长,并且种子萌发后下胚轴和胚根伸长缓慢,易形成畸形（胚根严重扭曲、缢裂）幼苗。15 ℃时畸形幼苗占发芽种子数的28.1％,而30～40 ℃时 仅占5.2%～8.6%。温度过高不利于种子萌发及幼苗生长,40 ℃时,吸胀种子绝大部分丧失活力,发芽种子在35 ℃以上温度下生长2～3 d,胚根胚轴组织呈水渍状坏死。另外,催芽后的种子播种在河沙中子叶出土最快,出土率可达63%,显著高于在粘质壤土中出土率（11%）。不同粒径的种子播种后幼苗生长特性表现出一定的差异,粒径5 mm以下小粒种子播种后幼苗长 势弱,苗期成活率低,生长70 d后幼苗成活率仅为35.4%,而粒径5 mm以上种子同期幼苗成活率达 56.2%。据上述试验结果,结合自然分布区内环境条件的资料,分析了沙冬青濒危原因,并为植被恢复育苗措施提出建议。     

环境因子对黄顶菊种子萌发的影响

黄顶菊是一种入侵性极强的外来杂草,其种子对环境的适应是其成功入侵的前提.通过室内条件下黄顶菊种子的物理特性、环境因子对其种子萌发及幼苗生长影响等方面的研究,可为探讨黄顶菊快速蔓延的原因与揭示黄顶菊成功入侵机制提供理论依据.结果表明,黄顶菊种子极多而轻与黄顶菊大面积扩散密切相关,温度、光照和种子埋藏深度是决定黄顶菊种子萌发的关键因素.黄顶菊种子萌发的温度范围为5～40℃,25℃最适于种子的萌发,25～35℃条件下有利于幼苗的生长;黄顶菊种子是光敏感型种子,在土壤表面的萌发率最高(74.44%),大于3cm的深层土壤中则不能萌发;pH 对黄顶菊种子的萌发影响不明显,但其幼苗在酸性条件下生长较好;黄顶菊种子的萌发能忍受一定的盐胁迫和干旱胁迫,但随着胁迫程度的加重,根长和苗长逐渐降低,50%的土壤含水量对黄顶菊种子萌发和幼苗生长比较适宜.     

紫花苜蓿和羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的响应

土壤含水量是种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段的关键环境因子。采用室内模拟方法,研究了不同土壤含水量(2.5%、5%、7.5%、10%、20%和30%)对紫花苜蓿和羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:苜蓿和羊草种子的出苗率和幼苗的生长均显著受土壤含水量的影响;随着土壤含水量的增加,苜蓿和羊草的出苗率均呈先上升后下降的趋势;其中,苜蓿种子在土壤含水量为10%~20%时出苗率最高(93%),土壤含水量为30%时最低(2%);在5%土壤含水量时羊草出苗率最大(76%),在30%含水量时最低(9%);随着含水量增加,紫花苜蓿和羊草幼苗根苗长均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,土壤含水量7.5%~10%更适宜于紫花苜蓿种子出苗及幼苗生长,羊草种子的最适土壤含水量为5%~7.5%;综合出苗率和幼苗的生长情况,适宜苜蓿和羊草播种和幼苗生长的土壤水分含量分别为7.5%~10%和5%~7.5%。     

The Effect of Low Temperature during Imbibition on Germination Characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Tetracentraceae) Seeds

In this paper, the effects of low temperature, soil moisture and freezing time on the germination of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. seeds were studied by simulating wild environment conditions, and the factors influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population were discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The imbibition process of Tsinense seed can be divided into four stages, the water absorbing capacity of Tsinense seed after imbibition would increase with the increase of soil moisture, and the seeds would be fully imbibed under the condition of 30% soil moisture; (2) The germination rate, germination force and water content of Tsinense seed increased with the increase of storage time, and the vigor index gradually decreased after increasing before; (3) At different low temperature, the germination rate of Tsinense seed reached the highest when the soil moisture is 20% or 30%; (4) When treated at 20% soil moisture for 2-4 days or 21-28 days, 0℃ is best for the germination rate of Tsinense seed; when treated at 30% soil moisture for 14-28 days, -7℃ is best fort he germination rate of Tsinense seed; (5) When treated at the same condition of freezing time, the germination rate of seeds in fallen leaves had no significant difference with the decrease of low temperature; under the same condition of low temperature (0℃ low temperature except), the germination rate increased after frozen 28 days. The results showed that there is no significant influence of low temperature during imbibition on germination characteristics of Tetracentron sinense seeds and indicating that low temperature during imbibition is not the main factor influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population.     

矮沙冬青种子特性和萌发影响因素的研究

 对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)种子的特性和萌发影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明：种子不易传播;虫蛀率高,室温贮藏60 d的种子虫害率为38%;易形成硬实,含水量为7.68%的种子在30 ℃温水中浸泡90 h,只有33.33%能吸水膨胀。种子萌发时不需光,在15～30 ℃和室温（18～32 ℃）条件下,经9 d的萌发,发芽率均可达80%以上,30℃时萌发最快;在1～2 cm深的沙壤中,种子出苗率可达75%以上,超过3 cm显著降低,超过6 cm则低于20%;种子在沙壤中萌发时,沙壤的适宜湿度为19.35%～28.75%,高于32.43%或低于3.85%,很少有种子萌发;含水量分别为19.36%、10.64% 和7.68%的种子发芽率无显著差异,在-10 ℃和5 ℃下贮藏7个月,发芽率也无显著降低,但在室温和35 ℃下贮藏7个月则显著下降,发芽率下降的速度与种子本身的含水量和贮藏温度正相关;在湿度分别为7.41%、13.79%和28.57%的沙壤中播种育苗,幼苗死亡率高达77.49%、81.25%和89.49%,即使用三唑酮拌种,死亡率亦高达50.27%、69.53%和76.03%,幼苗死亡率与沙壤湿度正相关。     

白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究 II. 环境因素的影响

白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Kraseh．)是中国西北部沙漠的流动及固定沙丘上广泛分布的优势种灌木。白沙蒿种子为需光种子,种子在光下萌发而在黑暗中受到抑制。种子萌发的适宜温度为25℃,在10℃和30℃萌发速率和萌发率都很低,萌发在5℃受到抑制。种子在沙中被埋越深,其萌发速率和萌发率就越低。在沙平面下2cm或更深层沙土下出苗率为零。但是,当将种子上层沙土移走,只保留0.5cm沙土覆盖种子,这些种子的萌发率达到原先就位于沙土下0.5cm的种子的萌发率,但是后者的萌发速率较高。土壤水分含量越高,从1.7％到14.7％,其萌发就越快。土壤水分含量从19.4％起,种子的萌发受到了延迟,苗的发育受到了抑制.     

The chemical nature of P accumulation in agricultural soils��implications for fertiliser management and design: an Australian perspective

Sand burial, persistent seed bank and soil water content (SWC) are three factors that potentially can affect regeneration in sand dune plant populations. To evaluate the effects of these three factors on population regeneration of Eremosparton songoricum, a rare and endangered legume, we investigated seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival in greenhouse and controlled field experiments in different sand dunes microsites. Freshly matured seeds are physically dormant, and the highest germination was only 9.3?±?5.8% at 25/10°C. Seed germination occurred at burial depths from 0 to 10 cm, but the maximum depth from which seedlings emerged was 6 cm; from 1 to 6 cm, the deeper the burial, the lower the percentage of seedling emergence. Only 36.2% of the total soil seed banks occurred at depths of 0?C6 cm. For artificially sown seeds at different dune microsites, mean seedling emergence percentage was 6.8%. Of 150 seedlings that emerged in the field investigation at the study site, only those germinating in flat sandy areas survived, and mean survival percentage was only 2.0%. Thus, the proportion of non-dormant seeds in soil seed banks that developed into seedlings and survived to the end of the growing season was only 0.2%. Minimum SWC for seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival was 2.0%. During monitoring of emergent seedlings in the field, low seedling recruitment was at least partly due to the rate of root extension (1.6?±?0.3 cm day^?1) into the sandy soil, which was slower than that of the downward movement of plant-available moisture (2.8?±?0.6 cm day^?1). Thus, population regeneration under natural conditions rarely occurred via sexual reproduction, owing to the limited water resources available for seedling establishment. Rational field seeding practices, including manually scarified or dry stored seeds before sowing, sowing the seeds at right time and suitable place, are suggested for ecological restoration of endangered E. songoricum populations.     

温度和水分及盐分胁迫对银沙槐种子萌发的影响

利用控制实验研究了温度、湿度、干旱和盐分胁迫等生态因子对银沙槐种子萌发的影响,以探索银沙槐种子对各种生态因子的适应性。结果显示:(1)银沙槐种子在20℃、25℃恒温和15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃、10℃/20℃变温环境中的发芽率较高且无显著差异,其在20℃恒温、15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃变温条件下的发芽指数较高,但差异不显著。(2)土壤含水量在1%～5%之间,各水分处理间种子发芽率差异显著(P<0.05),而在5%～25%间种子发芽率变化不显著。(3)盐胁迫和水分胁迫对银沙槐种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低种子萌发率(P<0.05);种子发芽指数和活力指数均随渗透势和NaCl浓度增大而显著减小(P<0.05);恢复萌发率随渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。研究发现,银沙槐种子萌发最适温度为20℃恒温和15℃/25℃变温,最适土壤含水量为10%～25%;种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,萌发过程中主导抑制因素为渗透胁迫,离子毒害作用甚微;银沙槐种子休眠机制和萌发特征表现出它对生境的良好适应性。     

濒危植物多毛坡垒种子萌发的生理生态特性

研究了多毛坡垒（Hopea mollissima）种子在自然条件下的寿命及成熟度、温度、光照、土壤水分条件对多毛坡垒种子萌发的影响,结果表明：多毛坡垒种子适宜萌发的温度范围是20～30℃,最适宜温度为25℃;光照对多毛坡垒种子的萌发没有显著性影响,但在周期性光照条件下以25～30℃萌发结果最好,全黑暗条件下以20～25℃萌发结果最好;种子适宜萌发的土壤含水量为20％～60％,最适含水量为50％～60％;种子成熟后在树上长时间宿存明显降低了种子的发芽率和活力;在室内自然摊放条件下,10天后发芽率减半,16天后完全丧失发芽能力。研究认为,该物种对热带湿性季节性雨林原生境有很强的依赖性,目前多毛坡牟的濒危状态主要是由于滥砍乱伐和森林破坏造成的,由于其种子具有顽拗性种子的一些特点,日前该物种宜采取活体保仔的方法,以就地保护为主,活植物迁地保护为辅。     

花楸树种子散布、萌发与种群天然更新的关系

花楸树是我国东北林区重要的非木质资源树种,其实生天然更新不良.本文通过研究花楸树种子散布、土壤种子库及种子萌发出土过程,分析花楸树实生天然更新的影响因素.结果表明：自然散落的花楸树果实96.1%分布于母株2 m范围内,凋落物层和土壤表层（0～2 cm）的种子数占土壤种子库总数的97.0%;不同季节花楸树土壤种子库种子数量差别很大,当年11月上旬种子数量最多,达(257.7±69.2)粒·m^-2;翌年7月下旬种子数量最少,仅为(2.9±2.9)粒·m^-2;温度不是花楸树种子萌发出土过程的限制因子,0 ℃～5 ℃时幼苗出苗率达(67.5±6.6)%,但对其出苗速率影响显著.土壤含水量为50%时,花楸树出苗率最高,达(74.7±4.2)%;含水量为60%时,幼苗死亡率最低,为(32.6±0.6)%.花楸树种子的散布格局和土壤种子库的时空分布格局影响种子的萌发出土过程,进而影响其种群的天然更新.     

THE NINETY-YEAR PERIOD FOR DR. BEAL'S SEED VIABILITY EXPERIMENT

In 1879 Dr. W. J. Beal selected seeds of 23 different species of locally common plants, mixed 50 seeds of each species with moist sand in unstoppered one-pint bottles, and buried the bottles in a sandy knoll to be unearthed and the viability of the seeds tested periodically. The year 1970 marked the ninetieth year the seed had been buried, and the thirteenth bottle was recovered to test for seed viability. Of the three species which had germinated in the 1960 test (curly dock, Rumex crispus; evening primrose, Oenothera biennis; and moth mullein, Verbascum blattaria), only V. blattaria had viable seed with 20% germination. No other species germinated. All ten seedlings of V. blattaria were grown to maturity, and seeds were then harvested to study the possible deviations from normality and the requirements for seed germination. All seedlings emerging from the first progeny seed appeared normal. The most prominent requirement for germination was light, and this is a possible explanation of why the seeds had remained viable but dormant for so long a period. One-third of the freshly harvested seed germinated in darkness and, furthermore, redrying of dark-moistened seed in the absence of light induced additional germination. Germination of dark-moistened seed was not completely restored when the still moist seeds were subsequently exposed to light. However, when dark-moistened seeds were dried and then remoistened in the light, germination was about 95 %. About 5 % of the seed did not germinate under the conditions used. We find that 5 % of the population of V. blattaria seeds are dormant for unknown reasons, that 30 % will germinate if supplied only with moisture, and that 65 % are inhibited and require light and moisture simultaneously for germination. Supplying this 65 % of the population with moisture in darkness results in the development of a second type of inhibition which is no longer light reversible. It appears that the simultaneous requirement for light and moisture is an important factor in permitting V. blattaria seeds to remain dormant during prolonged burial.