寄主挥发物、叶色在B型烟粉虱寄主选择中的作用

在室温条件下,研究B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)对不同寄主植物和颜色的行为趋性。笼罩实验的结果显示,烟粉虱雌虫对共存的5种寄主植物偏好存在显著差异,总体上表现为对番茄的趋性最强(35·0%),甘蓝次之(27·7%),烟草和棉花再次之,辣椒最低(7·1%);且随着时间的延长,烟粉虱数量在番茄上逐渐增加,在甘蓝上呈下降趋势,在烟草、棉花和辣椒上变动幅度不大,但数量总体上仍是番茄(48·8%)>甘蓝(18·4%)>烟草、棉花>辣椒(3·4%)。但烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的产卵量则表现为:甘蓝>番茄>棉花、烟草>辣椒;其中甘蓝和番茄上卵量分别占总卵量的56·8%和28·2%;而烟草、棉花和辣椒上的卵量均不到总卵量的6·0%。"Y"型嗅觉仪进一步测定表明:寄主植物番茄和甘蓝气味对烟粉虱具有显著引诱作用,且表现为番茄>甘蓝,辣椒不具引诱作用;烟粉虱对3种植物(番茄、甘蓝、辣椒)的叶片颜色均有显著趋性,选择率在75%左右,但在三者之间的趋性差异不明显;烟粉虱雌虫对黄色和绿色均具有显著趋性,且对黄色的趋性显著大于对绿色的趋性,但对红色无趋性。综合分析表明,在对寄主定向和定位过程中,B型烟粉虱的视觉和嗅觉均起作用,但在对同种颜色(绿色)的寄主进行选择和定位的过程中,嗅觉起主要作用,而对不同种颜色(红、黄、绿)的选择和定位时,其视觉起决定作用。     

浇水与施氮肥对烟粉虱成虫趋性的影响

[目的]探讨土壤浇水与施氮肥对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci成虫趋性的影响,为通过调节水肥控制烟粉虱种群数量提供理论依据。[方法]设置250、500、750、1 000 mL/盆4个浇水处理和0、0.23、0.46、0.92 g/kg 4个氮肥浓度处理,测定棉花上烟粉虱的成虫数量和叶片含水量。[结果](1)浇水、施氮肥以及两者交互作用对烟粉虱趋性都有显著影响;(2)浇水1 000 mL和施肥0.92 g/kg处理的烟粉虱数量最多(202头/株);(3)经赋值排序后,浇水量对烟粉虱趋性顺序为1 000 mL750 mL500 mL250 mL;施氮肥对烟粉虱趋性顺序为0.23 g/kg0.92 g/kg0.46 g/kg0 g/kg;(4)叶片含水量与浇水量、施氮量呈正相关,烟粉虱数量与浇水、施氮肥呈正相关,与叶片含水量呈正相关。[结论]浇水和施氮肥会加重烟粉虱的发生,要通过合理的水肥管理措施,控制烟粉虱的危害。     

豇豆轻斑驳病毒CPMMV感染菜豆对B型烟粉虱寄主选择和生物学特性的影响

豇豆轻斑驳病毒（Cowpea mild mottle virus,CPMMV）的流行与其媒介昆虫烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci密切相关,但CPMMV感染寄主植物对B型烟粉虱寄主选择行为和生物学特性的影响尚不清楚。本研究探究了1）CPMMV感染菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris不同时间对B型烟粉虱寄主选择和产卵偏好性的影响;2）CPMMV感染菜豆对B型烟粉虱生物学特性的影响。结果发现：1）相较于健康菜豆,摩擦接种CPMMV后1周,B型烟粉虱却偏好在CPMMV感染的植株上停留和产卵;而摩擦接种后4周,B型烟粉虱却偏好在健康的植株上停留和产卵;2）无论是在摩擦接种后1周和4周的CPMMV感染植株上,B型烟粉虱在健康和CPMMV感染植株上的产卵量和存活率差异不明显。可见,CPMMV感染菜豆对于B型烟粉虱的寄主选择偏好性具有时间效应,而CPMMV感染菜豆对于B型烟粉虱的生物学特性没有显著影响。     

烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布及寄主选择性

烟粉虱是云南省农业生产上的重要害虫之一。通过田间系统调查和室内观察相结合,研究了烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特性和在8种寄主作物上的取食、产卵趋性。（1）烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特征为上部＞中部＞下部,8月中旬为种群高峰期,上、中、下部叶片的成虫密度分别为15．1、10．9、6．7头？片-1;（2）烟粉虱成虫的取食趋性表现为大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞一品红＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,各处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）;（3）产卵趋性表现为一品红＞大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,一品红与南瓜、甘蓝、茄子、甘薯、番茄、烟草处理间,以及大豆与烟草处理间存在显著差异（P＜0．05）,其他处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。在所测定的8种寄主植物中,烟粉虱成虫对烟草的选择性最差,烟区规划烟田种植范围时,应避免与大豆、南瓜、甘薯、番茄等作物间作或距离太近。     

B型烟粉虱的入侵机理与控制基础——国家重点基础研究发展计划“农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究”进展

针对B型烟粉虱入侵后的暴发性及生态系统的可侵入性,开展了B型烟粉虱的入侵机制、成灾机理和控制基础研究.结果显示,目前我国至少存在6种生物型（B,Q,ZHJ-1,ZHJ-2,ZHJ-3,FJ-1）,其中B型烟粉虱在我国大部分地区、Q型烟粉虱在我国长江流域已成为优势种群,给蔬菜、花卉和棉花生产造成严重危害.寄主植物、地理环境及杀虫剂可诱导B型烟粉虱产生遗传分化,使其种群遗传结构发生快速演变;黄瓜和南瓜可诱导羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽S-移酶（GSTs）活性升高,增强B型烟粉虱抗药性;植物次生物可诱导B型烟粉虱解毒酶活性升高.B型烟粉虱所具有的较强的高温胁迫适应能力和热激蛋白基因的表达与响应密切相关.B型烟粉虱可取代土著烟粉虱,B型烟粉虱与土著烟粉虱间的非对称交配干扰及其与植物双生病毒间的互利共生加剧了B型烟粉虱的入侵;特定条件下B型烟粉虱可取代温室粉虱,较强的逆境适应能力、较快的种群增长力可能是B型烟粉虱取代温室粉虱的主要机制;较强的对寄主转换的适应能力与B型烟粉虱寄主谱扩张有关.土著天敌对B型烟粉虱具有较强的控制潜能;B型烟粉虱3,4龄若虫及蜜露可诱导丽蚜小蜂产生强烈的搜索行为,若虫利它素在丽蚜小蜂寄主搜索和定位中具有重要作用.研究结果为阐明B型烟粉虱入侵种群在我国的遗传分化与快速演变机制和分子生态适应机制、探明种群形成与扩张过程中生态对策的调整及其效应提供了理论依据,为B型烟粉虱的生物生态控制途径和持续治理策略提供了保障。     

烟粉虱B型与Q型种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是由多种生物型或物种组成的复合种。Q型烟粉虱在我国部分地区正在取代B型烟粉虱成为优势生物型。烟粉虱Q型与B型遗传多样性比较研究为解析这2种生物型入侵的遗传学基础具有重要的意义。本文利用AFLP技术研究了Q型(包括Q1型、Q2型)、B型烟粉虱种群的遗传多样性。结果表明:Q型烟粉虱遗传多样性高于B型烟粉虱;Q1型烟粉虱各项遗传多样性指数均接近于Q2型。最后探讨了AFLP与SSR分子标记的各自特点。     

B型烟粉虱对不同茄子品种的选择及适生性分析

【目的】研究烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)对同种寄主不同品种的选择性及适生性,可为该寄主抗性品种的选育和烟粉虱的综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】在温度(29±2)℃、湿度80%±5%的自然光照温室内,进行B型烟粉虱对不同茄子品种的选择性以及这些品种对其生长发育、繁殖、存活和生命表参数的影响实验。【结果】B型烟粉虱对茄子不同品种的选择及适生性具有一定的差异,在14个茄子品种或材料中,B型烟粉虱对黑马紫长茄的选择性最强,对龙茄1号的选择性最弱;B型烟粉虱从卵发育到成虫的存活率在辽茄3号上最低,在龙茄1号上最高;世代发育历期在辽茄3号上最短,在徐州长茄上最长。此外,B型烟粉虱在苏崎茄、扬茄1号和紫圆茄上的种群趋势指数(I)分别为68.7215、37.4675、25.6245,表明B型烟粉虱对这3个品种的适生性为苏崎茄>扬茄1号>紫圆茄。     

北京和湖南烟粉虱生物型及其抗药性监测

烟粉虱是蔬菜等园艺作物上为害严重、最难以防治的害虫之一,生产上防治该虫主要还是依靠化学药剂。本研究鉴定了北京、湖南地区设施蔬菜上烟粉虱的生物型,并监测了其对6种不同杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,北京、湖南地区蔬菜烟粉虱生物型分别是Q型和B型。两地烟粉虱对阿维菌素尚处于敏感状态;对烯啶虫胺及其他烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的抗药性达中抗到高抗水平,湖南地区抗性水平比北京地区更高,抗性倍数最高达到71.58倍;传统杀虫剂毒死蜱和联苯菊酯对湖南、北京两地烟粉虱的毒杀活性差。     

烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性

广东省感染木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMuV)的朱槿上烟粉虱隐种为MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7混合种群,并且AsiaⅡ7是该病毒有效传毒介体,明确这两个隐种的寄主选择性差异,能够为介体烟粉虱的防治提供依据。本研究选择锦葵科的棉花、黄秋葵和茄科的茄子、番茄4种寄主植物为供试寄主,通过笼内自由扩散、实验室嗅觉测定、发育观察,比较了MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性。结果表明:烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7对4种寄主存在明显的寄主选择性,MEAM1成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>茄子>番茄>黄秋葵;AsiaⅡ7成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>黄秋葵>茄子>番茄。MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7在4种寄主上的发育历期、存活率有显著差异,MEAM1的存活率(卵到成虫)在棉花、茄子、黄秋葵上均较高(80%以上),番茄上最低(59%);AsiaⅡ7的存活率(卵到成虫)为棉花(90%)>黄秋葵(71%)>茄子(64%),在番茄上发育至1龄全部死亡。上述结果表明,4种作物均适宜MEAM1生长发育,锦葵科的2种作物适宜AsiaⅡ7隐种生长发育,茄科的2种作物不适宜。应避免棉花与黄秋葵近距离种植,防止传毒介体烟粉虱将黄秋葵作为桥梁寄主将病毒传播至棉花。     

mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术鉴别中国入侵型和土著型烟粉虱种群的有效性分析

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)是世界范围内最重要的入侵生物之一,准确地鉴别烟粉虱入侵生物型和土著生物型具有十分重要的现实意义。mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术具有快速、高效的特点,是当前应用最广泛的烟粉虱生物型鉴定技术,但是,不同限制性内切酶为基础的mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术在鉴定我国烟粉虱种群中的有效性仍不明了。本文比较了已报导的5种mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术在鉴别中国烟粉虱种群入侵生物型和土著生物型(B型、Q型,ZHJ1型、ZHJ2型、ZHJ3型)的有效性。结果表明,内切酶AluI不能区分B型和ZHJ2型烟粉虱;内切酶TaqI不能准确区分ZHJ3型和Q型烟粉虱个体;而内切酶VspI不仅不能准确区分ZHJ1型和Q型烟粉虱个体,也不能准确区分B型和ZHJ2型烟粉虱;内切酶MseI和Tru9I则不能有效鉴别上述5种烟粉虱生物型,因此不适宜推广使用。     

不同作物田烟粉虱发生的时空动态

2008～2009年连续2年系统调查了番茄、茄子、棉花、大豆、玉米等寄主植物上烟粉虱种群发生的时间与空间动态。结果表明：不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱成虫及其伪蛹数量有显著性差异,其密度大小依次为：茄子>棉花>番茄>大豆>玉米。其中,在玉米上除了发现极少量的成虫逗留外,没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫。在发生的时间序列上,烟粉虱成虫及伪蛹的数量呈现为先逐渐上升后又下降的变化过程,发生高峰期集中在8月5日到8月31日,9月初以后烟粉虱数量慢慢减少。在空间分布上,表现为烟粉虱成虫喜食寄主的上部叶片。统计分析显示,寄主对烟粉虱成虫和伪蛹的数量的影响极显著,而年份对其数量的影响没有显著差异。由此得出的烟粉虱发生和达到高峰的时间,可为烟粉虱预测预报和区域性综合治理提供重要理论依据。     

Establishment of a silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) population in western Sydney

A field survey in western Sydney found populations of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (silverleaf whitefly) that have the potential to damage greenhouse vegetable crops prevalent in the region. Adult whiteflies were collected from five farms at 2-week intervals and the proportion of silverleaf whitefly in the overall whitefly population was determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. High levels of silverleaf whitefly were detected at most sampling dates on two of the farms surveyed and a third farm exhibited lower but relatively continuous silverleaf whitefly abundance. The presence of permanent silverleaf whitefly populations must be considered by the greenhouse industry when formulating whitefly management plans for western Sydney.     

Further spread of and domination by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q on field crops in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), causes severe crop losses to many crops. The worst of these losses are often associated with the invasion and establishment of biotypes B and Q of this pest. Previous research in 2007 showed that biotype Q occurred with other biotypes in most field populations in China. To determine the current status of the biotype composition in the field, an extensive survey covering mainly eastern parts of China was conducted in 2009. Using polymerase chain reaction primers specific for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I of biotypes B and Q and gene sequencing, we determined the biotypes composition in 61 whitefly populations and their distribution across 19 provinces in China. Our research revealed that only biotypes B and Q have been found in the field in 2009 in China. Among them, biotype Q was dominant in 44 locations (100.0%) and biotype B was dominant in 17 locations (100.0%). The current survey indicates that biotype Q has rapidly displaced biotype B in most locations in China.     

Extraordinary resistance to insecticides reveals exotic Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci in the New World

A strain of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) possessing unusually high levels of resistance to a wide range of insecticides was discovered in 2004 in the course of routine resistance monitoring in Arizona. The multiply resistant insects, collected from poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) plants purchased at a retail store in Tucson, were subjected to biotype analysis in three laboratories. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of naphthyl esterases and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (780 bp) confirmed the first detection of the Q biotype of B. tabaci in the New World. This U.S. Q biotype strain, referred to as Poinsettia'04, was highly resistant to two selective insect growth regulators, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, and to mixtures of fenpropathrin and acephate. It was also unusually low in susceptibility to the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam, relative to B biotype whiteflies. In 100 collections of whiteflies made in Arizona cotton (Gossypium spp.), vegetable, and melon (Cucumis melo L.) fields from 2001 to 2005, no Q biotypes were detected. Regions of the United States that were severely impacted by the introduction of the B biotype of B. tabaci in the 1980s would be well advised to promote measures that limit movement of the Q biotype from controlled environments into field systems and to formulate alternatives for managing this multiply-resistant biotype, in the event that it becomes more widely distributed.     

Life history and life table analysis of the whitefly predator Delphastus catalinae （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae） on collards

Abstract The ladybeetle, Delphastus catalinae (Horn), is one of the most commonly used predacious natural enemies being commercially reared for controlling whiteflies, including Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (= B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring), on various ornamental and vegetable crops under greenhouse conditions. The development, survivorship, and fecundity of D. catalinae feeding on B. tabaci biotype B on collard plants were determined in the laboratory, and the age-specific life table parameters were analyzed based on the life history data. Developmental time was 4.0, 1.9, 1.1, 1.4, 5.2, and 5.3 days for eggs, first, second, third, fourth instars, and pupae, respectively, with an average of 18.9 days from oviposition to adult emergence for both sexes, 19.0 days for females, and 18.8 days for males. Adult longevities averaged 146.6 days for both sexes, 122.6 days for females, and 170.5 days for males. After an average 4.9 days preoviposition period, females laid a mean of 5.6 eggs per day over a 97.0-day period. Net reproductive rate ( R ₀) and gross reproductive rate (ΣM m_x ) were estimated by life table analysis at 276.8 and 325.1, respectively. Generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were 35.6 and 4.8 days respectively, and the intrinsic rate of natural population increase ( r_m ) was estimated at 0.158, or l = 1.171 for the finite rate of increase. The r_m value of D. catalinae is similar to or higher than those of the whitefly feeding on most vegetable and ornamental crops, indicating that the ladybeetle is capable of regulating populations of B. tabaci biotype B and other whiteflies under greenhouse conditions.     

Resistance of soybean genotypes to Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B has become a serious problem for soybean cultivation because it can significantly reduce soybean productivity. The use of soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly attack is an important strategy in an integrated pest management (IPM) program. This study evaluated the preference for oviposition and colonization by B. tabaci biotype B on different soybean genotypes. In the free-choice test, the genotypes studied were 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 19' as the standards for resistance and 'IAC Holambra Stwart' as the standard for susceptibility, as well as BABR01-0492, BABR01-0173, BABR01-1259, BABR01-1576, BABR99-4021HC, BABR99-4021HP, 'Barreiras', 'Conquista', 'Corisco', 'BRS Gralha', PI274454, PI227687, and PI171451. In the no-choice test, the four best genotypes selected in the free-choice test, in addition to the susceptible and resistant standards were evaluated. Our data indicated 'Barreiras' as the most resistant genotype against B. tabaci biotype B. 'BRS Gralha', which was the least attractive to whitefly adults in the free-choice test, did not show resistance to insect attack when they were confined in cages in the no-choice test. Despite the high number of eggs observed, BABR01-1576 and BABR99-4021HC showed a reduced number of nymphs, indicating antibiosis. The genotypes with a high level of resistance can be used as a tool against B. tabaci in IPM or as a source of resistance in plant-breeding programs.     

烟粉虱对四种蔬菜寄主的选择性

为探讨利用趋避作用防治烟粉虱的可能性,进行了3方面试验：1）烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 对黄瓜、花椰菜、油菜和莴苣等4种蔬菜的寄主选择性; 2）互喷烟粉虱不同嗜好的寄主植物汁液对其寄主选择性的影响; 3）不同间作方式对黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫密度的影响。结果表明,烟粉虱对供试植物有明显的选择性,其嗜好程度为花椰菜>黄瓜>油菜>莴苣。喷施莴苣和花椰菜汁液对烟粉虱的寄主选择性均有显著影响,喷施莴苣原液后,花椰菜和黄瓜上的成虫数分别减少79.6%和87.4%,花椰菜上的着卵量减少84.3%;喷施花椰菜原液后,莴苣上的成虫数和着卵量分别增加82.4%和79.2%,表明不同蔬菜中的内含物是引起烟粉虱对寄主选择性的重要原因。在黄瓜中间作莴苣可使黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫数平均减少76.5%;间作花椰菜时,通过诱集作用,也可使黄瓜叶上的成虫数平均降低69.7%。这些结果为利用喷施蔬菜汁液和间作方式控制烟粉虱危害提供了理论依据。     

烟粉虱的分类地位及在中国的分布

烟粉虱广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带地区。近20多年,烟粉虱的一些遗传群入侵世界各地,严重危害作物生产。烟粉虱遗传结构的多样性和复杂性早已被关注,但其分类地位,尤其是烟粉虱到底是一个包含多个生物型的种还是一个包含许多隐种的物种复合体,一直颇受争议。近几年,有关烟粉虱种系发生和系统学的研究取得长足进展,有证据推论其是一个包含至少31个隐种的物种复合体,但生殖隔离证据仍显不足,种系发生分析结果也因仅依据COI一个基因而受到质疑。因此,在大多数从事烟粉虱研究的同行接受其为一个物种复合体的概念的同时,仍有同行沿用生物型的概念。在我国境内已先后报道了包括13个本地种和2个全球入侵种在内的15个烟粉虱隐种。本地种主要分布在我国南部及包括海南岛和台湾岛的东南沿海地区,隐种的多样性由南向北逐渐降低。入侵种“中东一小亚细亚1”隐种（MEAMl）（即“B型”）和“地中海”隐种（MED）（即“Q型”）分别于20世纪90年代中后期和2003年前后入侵我国,并在许多地区迅速取代了本地种而占据优势地位。全国范围内的调查数据显示,这2个入侵种可在大部分区域共同存在,但自2005年以来,MED在许多地区陆续取代MEAMl,这很可能与MED对大量使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂有较强抗性有关。本文还讨论了烟粉虱隐种复合体分类所面临的命名等难题以及大范围抽样调查的数据偏差问题。     

Differential indirect effects of two plant viruses on an invasive and an indigenous whitefly vector: implications for competitive displacement

The role of vector–begomovirus–plant interactions in the widespread invasion by some members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci is poorly understood. The invasive B biotype of B. tabaci entered China in the late 1990s and had become the predominant or only biotype of the whitefly in many regions of the country by 2005–2006. Meanwhile epidemics of begomoviruses have been observed in many crops including tomato for which Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) have been identified as two major disease-causing agents. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments to compare the performance of the invasive B and indigenous ZHJ1 whitefly biotypes on uninfected, TYLCCNV-infected and TYLCV-infected plants of tomato cv. Hezuo903, a cultivar that has been widely cultivated in many regions of China. The infection of tomato plants by either of the viruses had no or only marginal effects on the development, survival and fecundity of the B biotype. In contrast, survival and fecundity of the ZHJ1 biotype were significantly reduced on virus-infected plants compared to those on uninfected plants. Populations of the B biotype on uninfected and TYLCCNV-infected plants increased at similar rates, whereas population increase of the ZHJ1 biotype on TYLCCNV-infected plants was affected adversely. These asymmetric responses to virus infection of tomato plants between the B and ZHJ1 biotypes are likely to offer advantages to the B biotype in its invasion and displacement of the indigenous biotype.